- Impact of two-wheelers and four-wheelers on traffic

congestion

### 3.5 Encroachments and Illegal Parking

- Street vendors and encroachments
- Effects of illegal parking on road space

### 3.6 Traffic Management and Regulation

- Inefficient traffic management systems
- Lack of enforcement of traffic rules

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## 4. Impacts of Transport Congestion

### 4.1 Economic Impact

- Loss of productivity and time
- Increased transportation costs

### 4.2 Environmental Impact

- Increased vehicle emissions and air pollution
- Noise pollution