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    English.. Unit 1

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    Toasted Englist SEW acon cae Teel eyAN ele RK. Narayan: Rasipuram —Krishnaswami Narayanswami, who generally prefers the abbreviated name R. K. Narayan, was bor onl0 October 1906, in Madras. He is a recipient of the Sahityadkademi Award and the Padma Bhushan, continues to be one of the most well-known and widely - read Indian novelists. One of India's greatest English - language novelists, he is credited with introducing English - language Indian literature to the world as a whole, His tales were simple, fictitious and praised the humour and vitality of everyday life. In 1935, hhe published his first book, Swami and Friends. The majority of his works, such as Swami and Friends are set in the fictitious town of Malgudi, which represents all things Indian while retaining its own identity. RK. Narayan's writing style was characterised by simplicity and understated wit. On 13 May 2001, he passed away. He narrated tales of common people attempting to live simple lives in a universe that was constantly changing, Eas In the text “Toasted English,’ R. K, Narayan shows the difference between American and British English, He begins by describing how ‘Toasted English’ authentic sandwich derived from the English Then, using his witty sense of humour, he continues to poke fun at the fact that Americans have discarded everything British, but continue to speak English. He further explains the differences between American and British English, which he calls "toasting." He continues to add that American English is composed of "Passive English” and provides examples such as "Freshly planted, do not enter” instead of "Trespassers will be prohibited." R. K. Narayan provides additional examples of such American passive constructions, is an language. The author believes that by ‘toasting,’ Americans have developed certain basic key phrases that can be used by anyone, anywhere and whose meaning can be universally accepted with little modification. The author uses the word "check" as an illustration, explaining its various connotations, such as "I'l check" meaning "T'l investigate, look into, analyse, etc." This phrase refers to your boarding pass, token, etc. A "Check girl” is a person who cares for our belongings, such as jackets, umbrellas and other items we bring when we travel to a location. The author provides a few additional examples, similar to those provided previously, to demonstrate that American English can be used in any discussion and still have ‘meaning in the universal lexicon, Other adjectives he provides are "Fabulous" and "Okay." He relates how a woman he met described her cats as "fabulous," implying that they are eccentric, but we understand the gist and accept it. A young man who is described as "Fabulous" is delightful, disciplined, etc, The author is also fond of the word "Okay." According to him, “Okay” is the simplest - sounding word that does not Tequite a prefix in order to acknowledge the listener. He believes that studying the modification of English words in a nation where it is widespread spoken is worthwhile. A ticket colle ‘ctor in England does not say ‘Ticket, Ticket"; instead, he approaches Passengers with “ourtesy and expresses gratitude when he obtains the fare. This sentence illustrates ; the difference between the English being spoken in India and London, In addition to how the tone of a phrase emphasises the significence ete SEARIEE Of an emotion. He continues to provide sialer examples to facilitate comprehensie ° ion. From wh he ‘emphasizes the root of our I ne ‘anguage problem: ee @ scanned with OKEN Scanner English for Skill Enhancement : The author concludes his essay with the provocative statement that the Bharat variety of English could also exist among us. That English should develop, adapt to Indian tastes and be utilised in everyday conversation. He concludes that Bharat English must adhere to the conventions and integrity of the English language and its grammatical structures, while also bearing the stamp of Swadeshi culture, such as the Madras handicraft industry check shirt or Tirupati doll. The essay ‘Toasted English’, deinonstrates the distinctions between American and British English with exemplary examples. The author immediately reminded us that, like the Native Americans, the Americans expelled the British from their nation but allowed the English to remain, By renouncing Passive Voice, the English language has been simplified by the Americans. On the notice board, for example, they wrote "Newly planted, do not walk” instead of "Trespassing Prohibited.” This method of modifying the English language is referred to as "toasting" by R. K. Narayan. The Americans have created a set of fundamental core words that can be used anywhere and at any time, words with global multipurpose application. Okay. "Yeah" and similar statements are used more frequently. He then analyses the "bazaar status” of En English language is used with finesse in London. After having received the fare and going to issue the ticket, the conductor on a London bus will simply approach the traveler and say “Thank you’ after never saying "Ticket, Ticket," Finally, he concludes by creating a "Bha English" by having to adapt English to our requirements. He states categorically that he opposes "mongrelisation” and the transfection of English. The author thinks that Indian English ought to have its own identity, a "Swadesh Stamp." The writer believes that Indians will develop their own English which is more unique and original than current English. The yrat brand of Toasted English Q.1 What does ‘toasted English’ refer to in American restaurants ? Ans. : ‘Toasted English,” according to the author, refers to English muffins that, despite being created in America, still bear the ‘English’ label as a nod to their heritage. Q.2 What has happened as a result of the ‘toasting’ of English in America ? Hans. : The ‘toasting’ of English in America has resulted in the loss of formalism surrounding the use of the English language. @Q3 How have the Americans simplified the language ? Give examples. BlAns. : The Americans simplified the language by separating it from the suffocating tyranny of the Passive Voice. For example, in America, the phrase ‘Trespassing Prohibited’ on signboards has been replaced with ‘Newly Planted’, ‘Do Not Walk’, which is less straightforward than British “ English and provides no space for speculation. Many American office doors bear a notice that reads, ‘Do Not Enter.’ Simultaneously, the traffic signs at pedestrian crossings are unambiguous; they imply say ‘Go’ or ‘Wait’ Q.4 What does the author mean by ‘the American National Expression’ ? Why does it say so 7 Tl Ans. : The author expresses how Americans have evolved specific keywords that can be utilised anywhere in the world by using the phrase “the American National Expression.”He says this because expressions like ‘check,’ ‘anywhere’ and ‘anyhow’ can be used carelessly and still be considered acceptable for the situation. Q@.5 The author approves and disapproves of American English in certain senses. Give examples to elaborate. Gl Ans. : The author agrees that Americans have, built their own versions of English to fit their tastes and lifestyles, making it simpler, more conversational and more informal. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner a-9 English for Skil Enhancement They liberated themselves from the suffocating tyranny of the Passive Voice in their use of the English language, making it simpler to express themselves. The author, on the other hand, disapproves since it does little to uphold the rule of law and the dignity of grammar. Giving out simplified instructions on the signboard where itis written ‘Absolutely Little Parking’ is an example of where the author approves of American English, as it provides no space for conjecture and one does not need to spend too much time peeking out’ and studying the signboard. Another point of contention for the author is the way American English disrespects the rule of law and the dignity of grammar when someone says something like, ‘Were U going, man ?” can ented 2 Q.6 How according to the author, the mongrelisation of English can be pré Hl Ans, : The mongrelisation of English, in the opinion of RK. Narayan can be avoided by respecting the rule of Jaw and preserving the dignity of grammar, which keeps the English language on track. Q.7 How does the author visualize Bharat English 2 Gans. : The author envisions Bharat English as upholding the rule of law and the dignity of grammar. He stated that the Bharat brand would have to come to the dusty street, the market place and under the banyan tree with an unmistakable swadeshi stamp, much like the Madras handloom check shirt or the Tirupati doll. os 2.8 Humour is the quality of a literary work that the character and situations seem funny, amusing and ridiculous. Do you appreciate humour in the text ? Support your answer with examples. SI Ans. : Yes, being a reader, I enjoy humour of the text R. K. Narayan proficiently communicated his thoughts through an interesting narrative that would have otherwise been a completely different case, There are many examples to show humour in the essay R. K. Narayan refers to American form of English as ‘toasted’ English because, Americans preserved English language “after TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS Toasted Engg removing the British, modified it and made it their om, language over time. His exaggeration, one can say ‘ches in every setting and believe that it will fit in, is also a, amusing way of ensuring the readers the word's vast rng. of meanings in different contexts. The essay has a splendid sense of humour. The auth. uses humour skillfully throughout the text to show variou scenarios. Many examples can be cited to show humour i the text. For example, the essay’s portrayal of the English language’s transformation into ‘Toasted English illustrates humour. Besides, I find the author's ‘overemphasis of the term ‘check’ as an American Nationa] Expression, to be amusing, Yet the different examples of signboards mentioned in the text are humorous, to be appreciated. 9 Answer the following questions in about 50 to 100 words each. i) What is the process of ‘toasting of language, according to R.K. Narayan ? 4 @ Ans. : Americans in their restaurants call English as ‘toasted English’, referring to English muffins which, though being made in America, now retain English’ as a sort of concession to their origin. The same may be said of the Americans language too. They also went through @ phase of throwing out the British but retaining their own language and letting it flourish on American soil : The resultant language is somewhat different from its British counterpart; it may be said to have gone through a process of toasting. One noticeable result of this toasting is that much of the formalism surrounding the use of English has been abandoned. The ‘toasting’ of English can also be achieved through other means also, Americans have developed certain basic keywords having universal, multi-purpose use, which may be used anywhere, anyhow. EE Te WiC anny be used anywhere, anyhor ll) Why does the author label the word ‘check’ as the ‘American National Expression’ ? Gans. : R. K. Narayan gives an example of the word ‘check’ that may safelybe labelled the American National Expression. The British usage confines it to its bare dictionary definitions, while Americans use it anywhere, the expression being so devised that one may blindly utter it and still find that it is suitable for the occasio wpthust er knowledge @ scanned with OKEN Scanner _English for Skill Enhancement ‘T'll check’ means till find out, investi; serutinise, verify or probe. Your check coat token or whatever you may have to produce Check wn is where you leave your possessions for a while, "Check git! is one who takes care of your coat, umbrelin se anything else you may leave in custod: ‘Check in’ and Check out' (at first the author heard it as ‘Chuck out’ and felt rather disturbed) refer to one's arrival in a hor! ng departure therefrom. There are scores of other incidental uses forthe word. If you are ever hard up fora wan verb you may safely utter the word confident that it will ft in, ora ‘check’ and feel Se ii) How are questions used as suggestions in English 7 BAns. : The refinements of usage in countries where English has a bazaar status are worth a study. London bus you will never hear the conductor ery, ‘Ticket, Ticket,’ He approaches the passenger and says “Thank you’ and on receiving the fare says again, ‘Thank you, sit.’ The author found out that one could calculate the number of passengers in a bus by having the total number of ‘Thank you’ heard. In any Western country if a receptionist asks, ‘Can I help you ? it means, “Have you any business here 2” Or it may mean evidently you have wandered off into a wrong place, go away’ A man who wants to pass you always says ‘Excuse me,’ while he may with all justice burst out, ‘What do you mean by standing there gaping at the world while you block everybody's passage ? Stand aside, man!’ When you send your card in, the busy man's secretary appears and whispers in your ear, would You like to wait ? Though the tone is one of consultation, you have really no choice in the matter. The thing to do is Not to answer the question but say "Thanks' and look for a Comfortable seat in the waiting room, although you may feel like saying, No, I wouldn't like to wait. I have other things to do. Bitesto do ') What is the author's attitude in the text 7 Comment on the tone and style of the text. Bans. : The tone of speaker, in the essay is satirical and ironic because he attempts to make fun of usage of word ‘okay’ and many other words. The authors attitude is Positive towards English as he wants. it to become the language of common man, A part of grasping nature Seems to be evident in Narayan's attitude towards the 2 a- o Toasted English Narayan's position in this regard is quite ambivalent and complex. He is aware that English is the language of the Englishmen, yet he found to have accepted it for Practical reasons. The author points the reality of society and how it should be. The author views that the britishers are thrown away from the country by the Indian, but kept the English in them. According to R. K. Narayan, the phrase ‘toasted English’ refers to English muffins; though being made in America, now retain ‘English’ as a sort of concession to their origin, Further, Narayan feels that the time has come ‘when English should come out in the open and become the language of the common man. America, now retain ‘English’ as a sort of concession to their origi Q.10 Answer the following questions 250 to 300 words each. in about i) What has happened to English in America through the process of ‘toasting’ ? In your opinion, what has language gained and what has it lost through such toasting, Ans. : Americans have freed the language from the stifling tyranny of the passive voice. Where we should say ‘ceremoniously, Trespassing Prohibited, their signboards, as the author noticed in the parks of Berkeley, merely say Newly Planted, Don’t Walk. No Parking leaves, no room. for speculation and no motorist need to spend too much time peering out and studying the notice. Similarly, authorities are likely to plant a twenty - line inscription across the landscape to say under Municipal Act so and so the area has been reserved, etc. etc, and any vehicle stationed thereon will be deemed to have contravened sub-section so and so of the Motor Vehicles Act, etc. etc. I saw on many American office doors’ just ‘Do Not Enter. The traffic signs at everyday crossings never mince words; they just say ‘Go or Wait.’ In a Hollywood studio, the author was rather startled to read Mark Stevens-‘Keep Out.’ Mark Stevens is a busy television personality; who does not like to be disturbed by visitors. Incidentally, it left him wondering why, if Mr. Stevens did not like interruption, he announced his name at all on the door! But it is one of the minor mysteries that make travel ‘TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®- up-test for knowledge @ scanned with OKEN Scanner A , Toasted English OS ° English fr Skill Enhancement li) What does R. K. Narayan mean by stating that there should be a Bharat brand of English ? Has English in India developed unique expressions and usages 7 : Ans. : According to the author, the time has come to consider the question of a ‘Bharat brand’ of English. As hhe has said in the essay on ‘English in India’, so far English had a comparatively confined existence in our country-chiefly in the halls of leaming, justice or administration. Now the time is ripe for it to come to the dusty street, marketplace and under the banyan tree. English should adopt the complexion of our life and assimilate its idiom. The author is not suggesting here a mongrelisation of the language. He is not recommending that we should go back to the days when we heard, particularly in the railways, where are you going, man?” Bharat English will respect the rule of law and maintain the dignity of grammar, but still have a swadeshi stamp unmistakably, like ‘the Madras handloom check shirt" or ‘the Tirupati doll.’ How it can be achieved is a question for practical men to tackle. Q.11 What do you mean by the word ‘contravened’ ? Anunfairuse [Bb] Tyranny [e) Violated [@)_ ina very polite and formal way lid the author startled to read ‘Mark ‘Stevens -- Keep Out' 7 Hollywood studio [Bollywood studio Photo studio Gi ans. : (a) Q.13 Which of the following does not mean according to R. K. Narayan ? ‘Til check” f@ fing ) investigate {el I prove [@ Wiscrutinize @ Ans. : (d) Q.14 In which bus you will not hear the conductor \f\ crying ‘TICKET, TICKET’ ? [@] american (2) indian London [@ African © Ans. : (c) Q.15 Which of the following words does not mean ‘fabulous’ in American English 7 [a] Eccentric [B Sincere compliment to insinuation [2] Originated by vocal cords @ Ans. : (c) Q.16 What do you mean by the word ‘tyranny’ ? [a] Anunfair use [B) An act of thinking about something and planning before doing it ‘Something that you allow sa) oo Q.17 Where did R. K. Narayan hear a lady declare, ‘Oh, those cats of mine are fabulous' 7 [a] Pennsylvania [) Wisconsin [dq Alabama [@ Minnesota Ans. : (b) 8 Which American word from the following, is used mostly 2 [a] Thank you [B] Okay Please move aside [q] Ticket, Ticket @ Ans. : (b) icine ae TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®. an updrust or mowed @ scanned with OKEN Scanner English for Skill Enhancement a-9 Q.19 What does the receptionis! it mo: ir western countries 7 ie @. Cant help you ? [B] Do you have any business over here 7 [You came to the wrong place @ Ans. : (a) Q.20 What does the consultant whisper in your ear ? [2] Would you like to wait 7 [B] Excuse me Wait, you are the wrong person. Oops. Q.21 What does RK Narayan not want to change in India? [2] The political affairs (E) Anew Bharat brand of English [G]_ English to be spoken everywhere in India. @ Ans. : (a) eee eee Q.22 What does not R. K. Narayan suggest in the text ? Mongrelisation of English (B_ Not changing the language ‘Speaking like Americans Bans. : (a) Q.23 According to the author, which of the foll is unthinkable ? [a] Yes sir Thanks, sir 2.24 What does the word ‘sibilant’ mean Eccentric lowing [B] Yeah sir [@_ Thank you, sir Toasted English [e] Mixing of languages [emanated @ Ans. : (b) poe oleh: Sm Se Q.25 What do Americans refer to ‘Toasted’ English’ in the restaurants ? [2] stifing tyranny of the passive voice [B] English cookies [a] English muffins [charming tunacy @ Ans. : (c) .26 What is word formation ? © Ans. : Word formation is the process in which new words are formed by adding an affix, another word or converting from one-word class to another by removing and adding alphabets. Q.27 Explain the four types of word formation ? TH Ans. : The four types of word formation are as below Adding prefix © Adding suffix Change from one-word class to another © Making compound words .28 From Narayan's essay, find two examples of words created through derivation (that have not already been mentioned in this section). [lAns. : Concession, Formalism, comprehensive, mongrelisation, ete. .29 What Is the difference between the following processes of word formation ? Illustrate your ples of each word answer with three exam formation process. i) Back-formation and clipping Ans, : Back-formation is the opposite ates wing. a prefix or (m new words are created by removing @ Preise fix from an existing ceo ms to be a noun borrowed from 1B) Characterized by a hissing sound existing, longer word happe cENTGAL PUBLIGATIONS® on opstrt fr @ scanned with OKEN Scanner English or Skill Enhancement French, Latin or Greek without a corresponding verb in English and the process of back-formation fills the gap in English vocabulary by creating the verb form. Back-formation usually relies on applying the model of an existing pair of words in English to, saynoun that doesn't have a corresponding verb. For example : ‘© Liaise from liaison * Televise from television * Enthuse from enthusiasm © Loaf from loafer Clipping creates words by shortening an existing word, The meaning of the original word (or its grammatical class) doesn't change. For example : advertisement = ad; refrigerator = fridge, spectacles = specs; intemet = net; mathematics = maths, ete. EE etre Tene 15 gia iB ii) Compounding and blending @ Ans. : Compounding creates words by simply joining two existing words. Neologisms created through compounding often start off as hyphenated words, but over time the hyphen gets dropped from the compound word, Key + word = keyword; well + known = wellknown; market + place = marketplace self + sufficient = self-sufficient, Blending creates words by combining parts of two or more words. These neologisms are referred to as portmanteau words. A portmanteau word fuses both the sounds of the original words and the meanings of its components. For example : * Breakfast + lunch = brunch * fog + smoke = smog © spoon + fork = spork iil) Clipping and creating acronyms Blans. : Clipping creates words by shortening an existing word. The meaning of the original word (or its ‘grammatical class) doesn't change. For example : © Gymnasium = gym © popular = pop © telephone = phone a-7 Toasted Engg Acronyms are words formed by combining the fiy letters or syllables of a longer phrase; for example, rade, which is a shortening of radio detection and ranging, Foy example : * Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation = laser © Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus = scubg © Graphics interchange format = GIF © Personal Identification Number = PIN ee 1.30 Which methods of word formation are illustrated by the following examples ? @ Ans. : 1. robot = bot -- clipping . loan + word = loanword -- compounding 4, access (noun) = access (verb) derivation babysitter = babysit clipping 6. British + exit = Brexit blending Se Se cys Q.31 Look up the meanings of each of the portmanteau words given below. Figure out the original words from which each portmanteau was created, each portmanteau in sentences of your own. @ Ans. : 2. 3, mist spell = misspell---- blending 5, Use 1. biopic : biography + picture . romcom : Romantic comedy . infomercial : information + commercial . hangry : hungry + angry emoticon : emotion + icon guesstimate = guess + estimate ‘malware = malicious software frenemy = friend + enemy yen awe en edutainment = education + entertainment —_e—_ TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®. an up-thue for inowiedge @ scanned with OKEN Scanner English for Skill Enhancement .32 Give some examples of word formation. Ans. : Here are some examples of the various types of word formation : «Practical - impractical (adding prefix) # Purpose - purposeful (adding suffix) «Silent - silence (making conversion) * Dining + room - Dining room (making compound word) «Small - smaller - smallest (by degrees of comparison) Q.33 What is prefix ? Explain with examples, Blans. : The term ‘prefix’ refers to one or more alphabets added to the stem of a word, mostly to make it negative, The most commonly used prefixes include ‘in-’, ‘un’, ‘dis’, tim-', ‘ir-’, ete, Look at the examples given below for a clearer understanding of how prefixes are used to form new words. Examples of Word Formation by adding prefixes : * Just - unjust © Tidy - untidy * Happy - unhappy * Polite - impolite © Experience - inexperience * Practical - impractical © Respect - listespect * Understand - misunderstand * Comfortable - uncomfortable * Comfort - discomfort * Responsible - irresponsible * Honest - dishonest * Discipline - indiscipline © Legal - illegal * Ethical - unethical Potent - impotent © Important - unimportant a-9 Toasted English Q.34 What is Suffix 7 Explain with examples. Ans, : A suffix isa short syllable added at the end of a basic word. Addition of suffixes changes the word class of the particular word. The most common suffixes in practice are ‘ment’, ‘ness’, ‘ity’, ‘ous’, ‘tion’, ‘sion’, ‘al’, able’, ‘ible’, ‘ive’, ‘ly’, ‘ate’, er", ‘-or', ete. The following examples illustrate the use of suffixes. © Comprehend (v,) - comprehensible (adj.) comprehension (n,) - ‘© Inform (v.) - information (n.) - informative (adj.) © Invest (v.) - Investment (n.) - Investor (n,) © Write (v.) - writer (n.) © Authorise (v.) - authorisation (n.) © Move (v.)- movement (n.) © Add (v.) - addition (n.) © Happy (adj.) - happiness (n.) © Conserve (v.) - conservation (n.) © Wide (Adj.) - widen (w.) © Manage (v.) - manageable (adj.) - manager (n.) © Courage (n.) - courageous (adj.) © Brave (adj.) - bravery (n.) ‘© Profit (n.) - profitable (adj.) © Quick (ad) - quickly (adv.) ‘© Happy (adj.) - happily (adv.) © Sad (adj.) - sadness (n.) Q.35 Fill in the blanks by adding a suitable affix to the words on the right (as instructed). In some cases, the original words may need to be modified to ensure grammatical correctness, ete, @ Ans. : 1. He wants to beffiend me on Facebook. prefix + friend 2. She guesstimate her strength; she lacks confidence. prefix + estimate 3. Our team won the hockey champions. Champion + suffix —_— Oo TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®:- an upstvust for krowiedge @ scanned with OKEN Scanner " a-9 Engh for SED Exheneene ; : g, Iris egal to kill endangered animals. Prefix legal 7 ‘She was given 2 handful of sweets. hand suflix & You need = combination of hard work and " determination to succeed. combine ~ suffix 7. Dont be childish. child = suffix Toasted English 2.38 Guess the answer from the given clues, Each word is taken from R.K. Narayan's essay Toasted English. Then, complete the rest of the table as shown in the example. Mans. TS] 36 Make three words each by using the following prefixes. The meanings of these prefixes are provided. Bans: a. contra - (against) : contradict, contra contrary milli - millionaire, millions, milli(thousandth part) mega - (large) : megaflop, megavolt, megadose, etc dimes - (throvgh) transliteration. wansmission, tansnational, ¢. uni- (one): union. unisex, united, mono - (one) : monosyllabic, monolithic, monotonous: © post - (after) : Premancy Postamarten, postdelivery, post e Bro - (in front of) : prognosticating. professionalism, Prosper mul > (many) : multinational, multistor multistep 37 Make three words each by using the following Suffixes. The meanings of these suffixes are provided. Dans, * -an-ian (belonging to) : Indian, Asian, Canadian -ship (condition of, quality) : fellowship. “ous (having, full of): callous, courageous, “nt (one who does an action) : restay accountant. friendship, relationship, various turant, consultant, 2 (one who receives an action) imerviewee, examinee, employee, * -ance-ence (state, quali * Guality, process) : perm, nent assonance, vigilance, rence, [ Clue [Answer | Word/root | Suffix Eg. One who drives | mororist | motor ~ist| an automobile One who receive visitor visit | tor | visitors or answers | | | calls { : The actofusing | authority | authorize | -ity something one owns or the act of owning | | Having more than | universal | universe | al one use | | A device with a | television | televise | -ion sereen for receiving broadcast signals 2.39 Guess the answer from the clues and complete the rest of the table. Each word is taken from Toasted English. @ Ans. Clue I The action of | turbing | someone/something| ApanoF something already divided Answer | Word/root | Suffix wespass | -ing trespassing segment | segmentum | -ment Too unlikely to be premeditation considered a premeditate | -ate TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS. an upto owiadge possibility (2.40 identity the prefixes and suffixes in the following words by splitting them as shown in the examples below : + ate, Dans, : ny unfortunate = un- + fortune disappear: dis ~ appear autobiography = auto + bio + graphy unbelievable : un + believe + able happiness : happy + ness @ scanned with OKEN Scanner oe English for SKIL Enhancement ay Toasted nal ly : inform + oe ey 3. I had to be away from office because of doing 6.. inexhaustible : in + ex + haustible (pressing) personal work. cae es 7, Correction : correct + action 4. The bus slowed down at the point. (junction) 8. contentment : content + ment : : " 5. We longed (Craved) for a cold drink after the long 9, methodical : method + identical Samii bility : visible + abil tO ae 6. What a useless (pitiless) man you are! Q.41 Match each word on the left with its most commonly used synonym on the right. Q.43 State the rules of word formation with proper illustrations 7 1. abate a. useless 2. year E BAns. : Formation of words can be a very interesting yearly approach exercise but one has to be very careful while adding 3, meticulous c. compulsory affixes. There are a few things, one should bear in mind 4, appear a. basic while forming words. Before making any change to the triad aie stem of the word, try to analyse what kind of meaning you ane = ‘want the word to convey and what role the word will have ane ta) to play in the sentence. In most cases the beginning of the 7. Lucid g. seem base word remains the same. Only when prefixes are 8, elementary h, wide added, the word has a syllable added to the beginning of 9, wreck i destroy it 10, Mandatory j._ annually When suffixes are added, there are many examples ae Where we have to remove the last one or more alphabets of ; the word and add the suffix. However, there are words like 1. careful ‘movement’ where the suffix is added without any change Dans.: in the spelling of the base word. * Abate - lessen © Yearly - annually * Meticulous - careful * Appear - approach * Broad - wide + Futile - destroy * Lucid - clear * Elementary - basic + Wreck - useless $ Mandatory - compulsory 242 Complete the sentences using words that mean the same as those in brackets. Note that there ‘may be more than one correct answer. Dans. : 1. She hardly (rarely) plays the violin now. 2. It was a dangerous (hazardous) journey and we were * Most often, nouns ending in ‘er’, ‘or, “st, ‘ian’, ‘ment’, ‘ness’ and ‘ity’; verbs end in ‘ise’, ‘ate’ and ‘en’; adjectives end in ‘able’, ‘ible’, ‘ive’, ‘ic’, ‘ed’, ‘ing’ and ‘al’; and adverbs normally end in ‘ly’. When words are formed by conversion, they should be converted accurately, using them in a sentence properly. © While forming compound words, use the right combination of words. * Changing from one tense to another also can also be considered a type of word formation as the word is inflected to indicate the twelve different tenses in the English language. * Forming degrees of comparison is also considered as word formation, Here, the comparative and superlative degrees are formed by adding ‘er’ and ‘est’ to the end of the adjective. The comparative and superlative degrees of polysyllabic words are always formed by using ‘more’ and ‘most’ respectively along with the lucky to have escaped unharmed. adjective. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®. an uptvust for nowedgo @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 2.44 Add prefixes and suffixes to the following words. 1. Entertain___ II, ___representation ML Neat__ IV. Invent__ VV. __interpret VIL. Passion___ VII. Remember__ VIII, __conscious IX. Sense__ X. __acceptable Ans. : 1. Entertainment IL Misrepresentation IIL. Neatly / Neatness IV. Invention V. — Misinterpret VL. Passionate VII. Remembrance vill. IX. Sensible / Senseless ‘Unconscious / Subconscious X.__ Unacceptable Q.45 Go through the following words and convert them as directe: 1. Money (change into adjective) I. Brave (change into noun) TI. Clean (change into noun) IV. Prayer (change into adjective) 'V. _ Resemblance (change into verb) Vi. Slow (change into adverb) VIL. Treat (change into noun) ae / Toasted English VIII. Confession (change into verb) IX. Vary (change into adjective) X. Beauty (change into verb) Ban: 1. Monetary I. Bravery MI. Cleanliness IV. Prayerful V. Resemble VI. Slowly VIL Treatment vi. IX. Various/variable Confess X. Beautify Q.46 What is a synonym ? Bans. meanings, ‘Synonyms are different words that have similar Synonyms occur in all parts of speech, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs _ and prepositions. In short, the more synonyms you know, the better you'll be at choosing the best word for what you ‘want to communicate. For example : One of the most commonly used words, ‘good’ has a lot of synonyms that mean : fine, excellent, satisfactory, wonderful, superb, etc. Q.47 What are the types of synonyms ? El ans. : There are three different types of synonyms, based on how similar the words’ meanings are as below O Absolute synonyms : * These mean exactly the same thing; there is n° difference in meaning, We can use absolute synonyms interchangeably; one can replace another without changing the meaning, Examples : © identical - indistinguishable ik - beverage © insect - bug TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®. an up-ttust for inowledge @ scanned with OKEN Scanner English or Skil Enhancement O Partial synonyms : + If we replace a word with its partial synonym, the meaning changes a little, © car-vehicle © mun- sprint © big- gigantic O\Near synonyms * These are the words having their meanings are still relate interchangeably; different meanings, but ed. These cannot be used if we replace a word with a near synonym, the meaning becomes different. A near synonym is more accurate word choice than the original. © smart - witty © river- creek © hairy - furry Q.48 What is an antonym 7 Dans. : These are the words sharing opposite meanings. For example, an antonym of bright is dark and an antonym of up is down. The term ‘antonym’ comes from “antonymy’, which is the technical grammar term sharing contradictory meanings. For example : The antonym of big is small; because big and small are opposites. .49 What are the types of antonyms 7 Bans. : As there are different types of opposites, so there are different types of antonyms. The following are Some of the notable types : O complementary antonym: * They are also known as contradictory antonyms; these are word pairs where the positive use of one means the In other words, they have an © alive - dead OGradabie antonyms : * These are opposite amounts of the same quality. For example, far and near are gradable antonyms because they are opposite amounts of distance, Examples : © new-old © hot-cold © Tong - short O Relational antonyms : * These antonyms play opposite roles in a mutual relationship. For example, teacher and student are relational antonyms : Neither can exist without the other and yet their roles are completely different. Examples : © buy-sell © left-right © parent - child eee ee 2.50 In each set, select the word that Is the closest antonym of the italicised word on the left. Use a dictionary to look up the meanings of words that you are not familiar with. 1, diffident | — | difficult _| tolerant 2. extempore | careful | extraordinary _ 4. amicable | negative | surprising — 5. ambiguity |_| guilt liveliness 6. Subside | initiate _| ignore = TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®. an up-tvus for knowledge @ scanned with OKEN Scanner a1) Toasted Englisy English for Skil Enhancement Dans. : 1. confident 2, well-prepared 3. forbid 4. unfriendly 5. clarity 6. increase Q.51 Form antonyms for the words given below by either adding, removing or modifying prefixes or suffixes : @ Ans. : 1, accurate : inaccurate 2. injustice : justice 3. proper : improper 4. interior : exterior 5. careless : careful 6. understand : misunderstand Q.52 Fill in the blanks by using the antonym of the italicised word given alongside each sentence. The clue words are taken from R.K. Narayan's essay Toasted English. An example is provided for you to follow. Note that more than one correct answer is possible in most cases, BD Ans. : OISENTENCE : Are you free right now 2 CLUE : busy Ans, : free 1. This tool can only be used for this private purpose. universal 2. 1 found the book very boring. engrossing 3. The survey was... in its scope. right now ? * comprehensive 4. His habits and routines are quite eceentrie 5. She is careful to always the rules contravene & Pay attention! We are discussing isues that are incidental 2.53 Sometimes, adding, of producing its antonym. For example UNEARTH -prefix UN = EARTH (which is not the antonym of UNEARTH; the antonyms of UNEARTH are : BURY, CONCEAL, HIDE, IMPLANT, etc). Given below are a list of similar words. Look up the meanings of these words and find the correct antonyms for each of these, Note that there will be multiple correct answers, Bl aAns.: * Inflammable incendiary © Heartless : ruthless, merciless, callous, compassionless, cruel, unfeeling, * Reckless : cautious, careful, prudent, safe, wary. © Underhanded : aboveboard © Egoless self-critical ignitable, combustive, bumable, fi honest, straight, ethical, honorable, humble, diffident, meek, unassertive, * Disgust (verb or noun) : revulsion, horror, repulsion distaste, hatred, nausea, 0.54 Identifying common errors in writing with reference to articles and prepositions, Ans. : O Common errors in the use of articles : © Wrong : We live in village. © Right : We live in a village. * Wrong : She works in pub. * Right : She works in a pub. * A singular common noun (e.g. boy, girl, tree, country, feacher, village etc.) must have an anicle. A plural common noun can be used with or without an article. * Wrong : He is best player in the team, * Right : He is the best player in the team, © Wrong : She is fastest runner. * Right : She is the fastest runner. * The definite article the must be used with superlative adjectives, * Wrong: The Paris is big cit TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS®. phn for knonedge @ scanned with OKEN Scanner gags for Skill Enhancement {Right : Paris is a big city, «4 Wrong : [live in the Mumbai, Right : I live in Mumbai, «Ifthe noun is proper it will take no article. Note that a proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing. Examples are : Sam, Mary, India, Paris, London ete. ‘+ Wrong : The iron is a useful metal «+ Right : Iron is a useful metal «Wrong : The gold is yellow. «Right : Gold is yellow. # Anticles are not used with material nouns. Examples are : gold, silver, iron, wheat, rice ete «Wrong : We should not make noise. # Right : We should not make a noise. # Wrong : Ihave an urgent business. «Right : Ihave urgent business. + Note these fixed expressions. © Wron }o you sell eggs by kilo or by dozen ? + Right : Do you sell eggs by the kilo or by the dozen Q.55 Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with A, AN Or THE. In case more than one article can be used, use the one you think would be more appropriate than the other(s). If the blank space does not need an article, indicate this with an X. Bans. : 1. A peacock is in X danger of extinction. 2. There is an European and Ethiopian among the tourists. 3. X Sanaz I know li Bhubaneswar. 4. Sumita found a wallet on her way home. She took the wallet to the police station. 5. We must work to save the tigers from becoming extinct. A tiger is an important part of Ecosystem. 6. Have you had a breakfa Toasted English There's no school today. The school is being used as polling station 8. This is a painting of the Westem Ghats and that is a photograph of the Mahabaleshwar peak. 9. Mary will go to a school when she is three. 10. Our library has three copies of the Mahabharata wherever necessary. 1. There is a book in my backpack. The Book is very heavy 2. Do you know where I left car keys ? I enjoy reading detective novels, especially ones by the famous author Arthur Conan Doyle 4. French drink wine, while Americans drink beer. Group of MBA students from university of Mumbai Visited Harvard University in the United States 6. The Bible was the first book to be printed by Gutenberg in fif nth century Iam fond of the music of Mozart. My grandfather owns an antique piano, Cloth is sold by a metre. The Metre of this fabric cost ‘me moon. 9. The Sun is at the highest point in sky at noon. 10. After humans, chimpanzee is the most intelligent among animals. 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