EE4101 RF Communications

Part B
House Keeping
Scattering Parameters and Transmission Line Revisions

Prof TS Yeo

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REE4101 RF Communications Part B –
House Keeping
•Prof T S Yeo
•eleyeots@nus.edu.sg
•6516 2119 or ext 62119
•E4-07-14

•Assessments
•Examination – 60%
•Class Tests (Prof Qiu + Prof Yeo) – 20% each

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REE4101 RF Communications Part B –
References

•References:
•David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons
•Robert E Collin, Foundations for Microwave Engineering,
McGraw-Hill
•Kai Chang, Microwave Solid-state Circuits and Applications,
John Wiley & Sons
•Samuel Y. Liao, Microwave Circuit Analysis and Amplifier
Design, Prentice-Hall International
•Supplementary materials (download from LumiNUS)

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REE4101 RF Communications Part B -
Content
generation

modulation

amplification

radiation

propagation

reception

amplification

demodulation 4
EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Network Parameters - Revision

Forward and Backward Waves

− jβ z
a ae =
o
z
+ jβ z
b be =
o

a is the forward travelling wave on a transmission line

b is the backward travelling wave on a transmission line

β is the propagation constant of the transmission line

Notes: Transmission line assumed lossless, e jωt understood

Note: physicists have different notations 5

EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Network Parameters - Revision

Power of forward travelling wave 1 * 1 2

Pi = a a = a
2 2

Power of backward travelling wave 1 * 1 2

Pr = b b = b
or reflected wave 2 2

a=V b=V
+ −

For voltage waves ,

Z o Z o

For current waves

a = I + Z o, b = I − Zo
Where Zo is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line
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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Network Parameters - Revision

Recall………..for a transmission line………

V ( z) V e
− jβ z + jβ z − jβ z + jβ z
Ve I Ze IZe
+ − + −
= + = −
o o

V −V
+ −

I ( z) I e I e
− jβ z + jβ z − jβ z + jβ z
e e
+ −
= + =
Z o Z o

where
1
V (0) = V + + V − = Z o ( ao + bo ), I ( 0) = I + + I − = ( ao − bo )
Zo
Remember the –ve sign? The reflection coefficients for voltage (or E) and current (or H) waves
have opposite signs
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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Network Parameters - Revision

1 1 1 2 1 2
P = Re[V I ] = Re[a − b + (b a − a b )] = a − b
* 2 2 * *
2 2 2 2

where (ba*-ab*) is purely imaginary.

Conclusion:- Power delivered into circuit (port) = incident
power – reflected power (intuitively correct !!)

Unless otherwise stated, our discussions in this course will

be centered on Two-Port Networks (the usual Input – Output
Network). However, the concept and formulae are easily
extendable to n-Port Networks.
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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Network Parameters – S Matrix

S – Matrix definition: am
 b1   S11 . . S1 N   a1  bm
.  . an
. . .  . 
 =   bm bn
.  . . . .  .  → S mn =
b N   S N 1 . . S NN  a N  an ak = 0 for k ≠ n
  
If Zon = Zo, for n = 1, 2, …N:

V 1−   S11 . . S1 N  V 1+ 
.   . V m−
. . .  .  → S mn =
 =   V n+ V+k = 0 for k ≠ n
.   . . . .  . 
V −N   S N 1 . . S NN  V +N 
  
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 EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Network Parameters – S Matrix

•S parameters defined under condition where all ports are

matched
−
Vn represents voltage reflection coefficient looking
S nn = +
Vn into port n when other ports are matched, i.e.
V+k = 0 for k ≠ n

−
Vn represents voltage transmission coefficient from
S nm = +
Vm port m to port n when all other ports are matched

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 EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Network Parameters – S Matrix

2 – Port network
Zg

a1 a2
Vg b2 ZL
b1

b1 = S11a1 + S12a2 b2 = S21a1 + S22a2

b1 represents reflection coefficient looking into

S11 = port 1 when port 2 is match-terminated
a1 a =0
2

represents transmission coefficient from port 1

b2
S 21 = to port 2 when port 2 is match-terminated
a1 a =0
2

How are S12 and S22 defined? 11

EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Network Parameters

S Matrix is the most used network parameters for RF circuits.

However, there are other network parameters that are easier
to use for specific applications. The next few slides will
summaries these network parameters. However, please note
that they are given herewith for information only. There is
no need to memorize these network parameters. You need to
know that they do exist and should always refer to
handbooks or reference books before embarking on circuit
analysis if you are not sure which is the best network
parameters to use when starting a project.

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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Network Parameters – For Information Only

S parameters T parameters

 b1   S11 S12   a1   b1 T 11 T 12  a2 

=
b2   S 21 S 22  a2  =
a1 T 21 T 22   b2 
         
y parameters z parameters

 I 1   y11 y12  V 1  V 1   z11 z12   I 1 

 I 2 =  y y 22  V 2  V 2  =  z21 z22   I 2 
   21     
h parameters ABCD parameters

V 1  h11 h12   I 1  V 1  A B V 2 

 I 2  = h21 h22  V 2   I 1  = C   
        D   −I 2 
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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
y Parameters – For Information Only

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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
ABCD Parameters – For Information Only

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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
ABCD Parameters – For Information Only

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EE4101 RF Communications Part B – Network
Parameters Conversions – For Information Only

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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Simple S Parameters – Example #1

Section on a uniform TL of length L

a1 a2
b1 b2

L
Reference plan #1 Reference plan #2
In this case, we can assume both ports are match-terminated.
Hence S11 = S22 = 0.

 b1   0 − jβL
e   a1  b1 = 0 × a1 + e− jβL × a 2
b2  = e− jβL 0  a2  OR
b2 = e− jβL × a1 + 0 × a 2
    
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 EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Network Parameters – Example #2

[b] = [S ][a ] Shifting of Reference Planes [b'] = [S '][a']

a’1 a’2
a1
b’1 b1 [S] a2 b2 b’2

ι1 ι2
New reference plane #1 New reference plane #2
where θ 1 = β 1 and θ 2 = β 2
 b  e
' − jθ 1
0   b1   a1  e− jθ 0   a1' 
[b ] =  '  =  [a ] =   = 
1
1
'
− jθ     
b2   0 e  b2 
2
a2   0 e− jθ  a'2 
2

[b'] = [P ][b] = [P ][S ][a ] = [P ][S ][P ][a']

[S '] = [P ][S ][P ] 19

EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Network Parameters – Example #2 .. contd

0 1 
In Example #2, if [S ] =  
 1 0 
and L = ι1 + ι2 then

 e − jβ 
0  0 1  e − jβ 
0 
[S ] = 
1 1

'
− jβ      0 e− jβ  
 0 e 2
 1 0  2

 0 e − jβ 
 1
e − jβ  1
0 
=  − jβ   0 e− jβ  
0 This is the result
 e  2
 2

for Example #1
 0 e − jβ (  +  )
1 2
  0 e  − jβL

=  − jβ ( + )  =  − jβL 
 e   1 2
0   e 0 
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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Impedance Matching - Revision

Input impedance j Z o tan β

ZL +
Z in = Z o = Z o 11+−ΓΓ ee
−2 jβ
L

Z o + j Z L tan β 
−2 jβ
L

Transmission line voltage V ( z ) = V o+ e− jβz + V o− e+ jβz = V o+ ( e− jβz + ΓL e+ jβz )

At generator Z in
V ( −) = V in = V g = V o+ ( e+ jβ + ΓL e− jβ )
Z in + Z g
Z in 1 Zo e jβ
Input voltage wave V =Vg
+
o =Vg
Z in + Z g e + jβ
+ ΓL e − jβ
Z o + Z g 1 − ΓL Γ g e−2 jβ

Z g − Zo
Load and source reflection coefficients ΓL = Z L − Z o Γg =
Z L + Zo Z g + Zo 21
EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Impedance Matching - Revision

2
1 1 2  1  1 2 Z in  1
P = Re[V in I in ] = V in Re
*
= Vg Re
2 2  
 Z in  2 +
Z in Z g  Z in 

Zg = Rg + j X g Z in = Rin + j X in
Zg
 1 1  1 Rin
Re ≠ Re = 2
 Z in  Rin + X in2
 Z in  Rin
Zin
1 2 Vg
Rin
P = Vg
2 ( ) (
Rin R g + X in X g
+ 2
+ )2

Lossless line: power delivered to line = power delivered to load

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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Impedance Matching - Revision

Case #1 – Matched load

We have ZL = Zo and Zin = Zo. Input end
equivalent circuit
Then
Zg
1 2 Rin
P = Vg
2 (Rin + R g )2 + ( X in + X g )2
Zo
Vg
1 2 Rin
= Vg
2 (Z o + R g )2 + ( X g )2
ΓL =0
Note: No standing wave. But not necessary max power
transfer because of the potential divider between Zg and Zo. 23
EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Impedance Matching - Revision

Case #2(a) – Matched generator Zg = Zo

Load end
We have Z’in (looking into line from load side) = Zo. equivalent
circuit
Where
VL '
= V +V+
o
−
o
Zo
Z L − Zo V g Z in 1
V −
o = V +
o V =
+
o
Z L + Zo Z g + Z in e jβL + Γ e− jβL
ZL
VL’
1 2 ZL  1 2

P = V L' Re
2 Z L+ Z o  Z L 
Note that this is
Note: Standing wave – single reflection not Vg
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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Impedance Matching - Revision

Case #2(b) – Matched generator Zg = Zin

Half of the power delivered by the source goes Input end
into the transmission line without reflection at equivalent
the input end. circuit
Where 1 2 Rin Zg
P = Vg
2 (Rin + R g )2 + ( X in + X g )2
Zin
1 2 Rg
= Vg Vg
2 4( R2g + X 2g )
Note: Standing wave – multiple reflections
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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Impedance Matching - Revision

Case #3 – Matched generator – Conjugate match

This is the case for maximum power transfer.
∂P 1 − 2 Rin ( Rin + R g )
=0⇒ + 2 = 0
( Rin + R g )2 + ( X in + X g )2 [( Rin + R g )2 + ( X in + X g )2 ]
∂ Rin

⇒ R − R + X in X g = 0
2
2
g ( + ) 2
in

∂P − 2 X in ( X in + X g )
=0⇒ =0
∂ X in [( R in + R g )
2
+ ( X in + X g ) ]
22

⇒ X in X in X g = 0
2
( + )

Solving, Rg = Rin , Xg = - Xin , or Zg = Z*in

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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Impedance Matching - Revision

Maximum power !!

1 2 Rin
P = Vg
2 (Rin + R g ) + ( X in + X g )
2 2

1 2 1
= Vg
2 4 Rg

Note: Standing wave – multiple reflections

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EE4101 RF Communications Part B –
Impedance Matching - Revision

ZL = Zo 1 2
R No reflection
2V g (Z o+ Rg ) + (X g )
in
2 2

Zg = Zo 1 2
R Single
2V g
in

(Z o + Rin +) (X in )
2 2 reflection

Zg = Zin 1 2
Rg Multiple
2 V g 4( R2g + X 2g )
reflections

Conjugate 1 2
1 Multiple

2 V g 4 Rg
match reflections

ZL = Zg = Zo No reflection
1 2
1
2 V g 4 Ro
Special case of
conjugate
match 28