Paper Presentation in

Introduction to Christian Theology

On Evangelical Theology
-Hosan Gangte; BD-III; R/No-1
Introduction: Theology is the systematic study and interpretation of religious beliefs,
doctrines, practices, and experiences. It involves critical reflection on the nature of God, the
divine, and the sacred, as well as the relationships between the divine and humanity, the
universe, and moral and ethical principles. Theology often draws upon various sources of
authority, including sacred texts, tradition, reason, and personal experience, to explore
questions related to the nature of existence, the meaning of life, the purpose of human
existence, and the ultimate destiny of individuals and the cosmos. Theology can be practiced
within the context of different religious traditions. The specific focus of theology varies,
depending on the intended scope of the field of study and on the religious predilection of the
theologian. Thus, Evangelical Theology is one branch within Christendom and today in this
paper we shall try to have a brief overview of what they are, their history, characteristics, and
thereby examine the strengths and weaknesses of it while trying to evaluate the theology.
1. An Overview of Evangelical Theology: Evangelical theology is a branch of Christian
theology that emphasizes the authority of the Bible, personal conversion, and spreading the
gospel. The word evangelical comes from the Greek word ‘εὐαγγέλιον’ translated “gospel” or
“good news.” Evangelical theology is intended to describe evangelicals’ entire theological
approach to the Christian faith. It focuses on core doctrines such as the Trinity, salvation by
grace through faith in Jesus Christ, and the importance of evangelism and missions.
Evangelical theologians prioritize individual relationships with God and often interpret the
Bible from a conservative or literal perspective. Overall, evangelical theology seeks to
promote the message of Jesus Christ and facilitate spiritual transformation in individuals. 1
2. Historical development of Evangelical Theology: The history of evangelical theology is
rich and complex, spanning centuries and encompassing various movements and theological
developments within Christianity. It can be divided in the following epochs-2
2.1. Early Church: The roots of evangelical theology can be traced back to the early church,
particularly the Apostolic and post-Apostolic periods, where the proclamation of the gospel
and the authority of Scripture were central concerns.
2.2. Reformation Period (16th Century): The Protestant Reformation, led by figures such as
Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others, emphasized key evangelical doctrines such as
justification by faith alone and the authority of Scripture. The reformers sought to return to
the teachings of the New Testament and emphasized the need for personal faith and
conversion.
2.3. Pietism (17th-18th Century): Pietism emerged as a movement within Protestantism,
particularly in Germany, emphasizing personal piety, heartfelt religious experience, and
1
What is Evangelical Theology? “Got Questions. https://www.gotquestions.org/evangelical-
theology.html Accessed 31 January 2024.
2
I. Sellers, “Evangelical Theology” in New Dictionary of Theology edited Sinclair B. Ferguson (Illinois:
Intervarsity Press, 1988), 239-241.

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practical Christian living. Pietists emphasized the importance of individual conversion and
spiritual renewal, laying the groundwork for later evangelical movements.
2.4. Great Awakenings (18th-19th Century): The First and Second Great Awakenings in
America were revival movements characterized by fervent evangelism, preaching on the need
for personal conversion, and an emphasis on the authority of Scripture. Figures such as
George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, and Charles Finney played significant roles in these
revivals.
2.5. Fundamentalism (Late 19th-early 20th Century): In response to theological liberalism
and modernism within Protestantism, fundamentalism emerged as a movement affirming the
fundamentals of the Christian faith, including the inerrancy of Scripture, the virgin birth of
Christ, his atoning death, bodily resurrection, and imminent return. Fundamentalists sought to
defend traditional Christian beliefs against perceived threats of theological liberalism.
2.6. Neo-Evangelicalism (Mid-20th Century): In the mid-20th century, a movement known as
neo-evangelicalism emerged, led by figures such as Billy Graham, Carl F. H. Henry, and
Harold Ockenga. Neo-evangelicals sought to engage with broader culture while maintaining
conservative theological beliefs. They emphasized evangelism, missions, and social
engagement, seeking to revitalize evangelicalism in the midst of societal changes.
2.7. Contemporary Evangelicalism: In recent decades, evangelicalism has continued to
evolve and diversify, with various streams and theological emphases. This includes the rise of
charismatic and Pentecostal movements, the growth of global evangelicalism, and ongoing
debates within evangelicalism regarding social and political issues, biblical interpretation,
and ecclesiology.
Throughout its history, evangelical theology has been characterized by a commitment
to the authority of Scripture, the proclamation of the gospel, personal conversion, and
engagement with the world. It has played a significant role in shaping Christianity worldwide
and continues to be a dynamic force within contemporary religious discourse.
3. Distinctive characteristics that define evangelical theology: 3
3.1. Biblical Authority: Evangelical theology places a strong emphasis on the authority of the
Bible as the inspired and infallible Word of God. The Scriptures are seen as the ultimate
source of authority for faith and practice, and evangelical theologians prioritize careful study
and interpretation of the biblical text.
3.2. Salvation by Grace Through Faith: Evangelical theology teaches that salvation is a gift
of God’s grace, received through faith in Jesus Christ alone. This emphasis on salvation by
grace highlights the belief that individuals cannot earn their salvation through good works but
instead must trust in Christ’s finished work on the cross.
3.3. Conversion Experience: Evangelical theology emphasizes the importance of a personal
conversion or “born-again” experience, where individuals turn from sin and trust in Jesus
Christ as their Savior and Lord. This conversion experience is often seen as a transformative
encounter with God’s grace, leading to a new life and relationship with Christ.

3
What is Evangelical Theology? “Got Questions. https://www.gotquestions.org/evangelical-
theology.html Accessed 31 January 2024.

2
3.4. Cross-Cantered Atonement: Evangelical theology affirms the centrality of Jesus Christ’s
atoning sacrifice on the cross for the forgiveness of sins. The death and resurrection of Jesus
are understood as the means by which humanity is reconciled to God, providing forgiveness,
redemption, and eternal life for all who believe.
3.5. Evangelism and Missions: Evangelical theology prioritizes the spread of the gospel
message and the mission of making disciples of all nations. Evangelicals are often
characterized by their fervent commitment to sharing the good news of Jesus Christ with
others, both locally and globally, through evangelism, missions, and outreach efforts.
3.6. Trinitarian Belief: Evangelical theology affirms the traditional Christian doctrine of the
Trinity, which teaches that there is one God who exists eternally in three persons: Father,
Son, and Holy Spirit. This Trinitarian understanding of God informs evangelical beliefs about
God’s nature, character, and work in the world.4
3.7. Emphasis on Personal Piety and Holiness: Evangelical theology stresses the importance
of personal holiness and spiritual growth in the Christian life. Believers are called to pursue a
life of obedience to God’s Word, characterized by love for God and neighbour, prayer,
worship, and ethical integrity.
3.8. Hope in the Second Coming: Evangelical theology holds to the belief in the second
coming of Jesus Christ, when he will return in glory to judge the living and the dead and to
establish his kingdom in its fullness. This future hope shapes evangelical beliefs about the
ultimate triumph of God’s kingdom and the consummation of God’s redemptive purposes in
Christ.
These distinctive characteristics form the theological core of evangelicalism and
shape its beliefs, practices, and identity as a movement within Christianity.
4. Evaluation of Evangelical Theology: Evaluating evangelical theology involves
considering both its strengths and weaknesses within the context of its core beliefs and
practices. Here are a few and important ones:
4.1. Strengths:5
4.1.1. Emphasis on Biblical Authority: Evangelical theology’s strong emphasis on the
authority of the Bible provides a solid foundation for theological reflection and practice. This
commitment to Scripture fosters a deep engagement with the biblical text and a desire to
understand and apply its teachings faithfully.
4.1.2. Focus on Personal Conversion: The emphasis on personal conversion in evangelical
theology highlights the transformative power of the gospel and the importance of individual
faith in Jesus Christ. This focus on personal faith and commitment can lead to profound
spiritual experiences and life changes for many believers.
4.1.3. Passion for Evangelism and Mission: Evangelical theology’s commitment to spreading
the gospel message and making disciples reflects a deep sense of mission and purpose. This

4
As there are many evangelicals within Christendom there are also groups that do not hold to the
trinitarian doctrine.
5
Kuperian Commentary, “26 Strengths of Evangelical Church” in Kuperian Commentary. Accessed 02
February 2024. https://kuyperian.com/26-strengths-of-the-evangelical-church/

3
passion for evangelism has led to significant global outreach efforts, bringing hope and
salvation to people around the world.
4.1.4. Spiritual Vitality and Renewal: Evangelical theology has been associated with spiritual
vitality and renewal movements throughout history, including the Great Awakenings and
charismatic revivals. These movements have brought spiritual awakening, revival, and
renewal to individuals, communities, and churches.
4.2. Weaknesses:6
4.2.1. Tendency Toward Legalism: Evangelical theology’s emphasis on personal conversion
and moral living can sometimes lead to legalistic attitudes and behaviours, where salvation is
equated with adherence to certain rules or standards rather than a relationship with Christ
based on grace.
4.2.2. Narrow Interpretation of Scripture: Evangelical theology’s commitment to the
authority of the Bible can sometimes result in a narrow or rigid interpretation of Scripture,
where certain passages are emphasized at the expense of others, and complex theological
issues may be oversimplified.
4.2.3. Exclusivism and Proselytism: The emphasis on evangelism and mission in evangelical
theology can sometimes lead to exclusivist attitudes toward other religious traditions and
aggressive proselytism7 that alienates or offends others.
4.2.4. Lack of Emphasis on Social Justice: Critics argue that evangelical theology’s historical
emphasis on personal salvation and evangelism has sometimes led to a neglect of social
justice issues such as poverty, racism, and inequality. This perceived imbalance can hinder
efforts to address systemic injustices and promote the common good.
4.2.5. Resistance to Change and Innovation: Evangelical theology’s conservative theological
orientation can sometimes lead to resistance to change and innovation, particularly in
response to cultural shifts or new understandings of theology, science, or social issues.
Overall, evangelical theology represents a diverse and dynamic tradition within
Christianity, with both strengths and weaknesses that shape its identity and impact on the
world. Evaluating evangelical theology involves recognizing its contributions while also
engaging critically with areas where growth, reflection, and dialogue are needed.
Conclusion: Thus, evangelical theology embodies a rich tradition within Christianity,
characterized by a firm commitment to the authority of Scripture, the centrality of personal
conversion, and an unwavering passion for spreading the gospel message. Throughout
history, evangelicalism has been marked by spiritual vitality, mission-driven fervour, and a
deep sense of purpose. However, evangelical theology is not without its challenges. Critics
have pointed to tendencies toward legalism, narrow interpretation of Scripture, and
exclusivism, as well as a perceived neglect of social justice issues. Despite these criticisms,
evangelicalism remains a vibrant and influential force within global Christianity, continually
adapting and responding to the changing cultural and theological landscape.
6
Kuperian Commentary, “26 Weaknesses of Evangelical Church” in Kuperian Commentary. Accessed
02 February 2024. https://kuyperian.com/26-weaknesses-of-the-evangelical-church/
7
Proselytism is the practice of attempting to convert people’s religious or political beliefs. It can also
refer to the act of attempting to persuade others to have a different opinion.

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 Ultimately, the evaluation of evangelical theology reveals a complex interplay of
strengths and weaknesses, highlighting the need for ongoing dialogue, reflection, and
engagement within the evangelical tradition and with broader theological and social
perspectives. As evangelical Christians continue to grapple with theological questions and
navigate their role in society, they are called to uphold the core values of faith, love, and
mission while remaining open to growth, renewal, and reconciliation.
Sources-
Enns, Paul. The Moody Handbook of Theology. Chicago: Moody Publishers, 2008.
Kuperian Commentary, “26 Strengths of Evangelical Church” in Kuperian Commentary.
Accessed 02 February 2024. https://kuyperian.com/26-strengths-of-the-evangelical-
church/
Kuperian Commentary, “26 Weaknesses of Evangelical Church” in Kuperian Commentary.
Accessed 02 February 2024. https://kuyperian.com/26-weaknesses-of-the-
evangelical-church/
Sellers,I. “Evangelical Theology” in New Dictionary of Theology edited Sinclair B. Ferguson.
Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 1988. 239-241.
Platinga, Richard J. Thomas R. Thompson and Matthew D. Lundberg. An Introduction to
Christian Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
What is Evangelical Theology? “Got Questions. https://www.gotquestions.org/evangelical-
theology.html Accessed 31 January 2024.