4Read-Interpret-and-Apply-Specification-and-Manual

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
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NCD DRIVING SCHOOL, OPC
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MODULE
Welcome to the Module in Read, interpret and apply specifications

manual. This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency “Reading, interpreting and applying specifications
manual ” contains knowledge skills and attitudes required for Driving NC II. It is one
of the specialized modules at National Certificate level (NC II).
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to
complete each outcome of the module. In each learning outcome are Information
Sheets, Job Sheets. Follow these activities on your own and answer the self check,
perform the procedural checklist at the end of each learning outcome. You may
remove a blank answer sheet at the end of each module (or get one from your
facilitator/trainer) to write your answer for each self-check. If you have questions,
don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some of the most of the knowledge and skills covered
in this learner’s guide because you have:
 been working for some time
 Already completed training in this area
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are already competent in a
particular skill or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you
don’t have to do the same training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of
Competency from previous training, show it to your trainer. If the skill you acquired is
still current and relevant to the unit/s of competency they may become part of the
evidence you may present to RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your
skills, discuss with your trainer.
At the end of this module is a Learner’s Diary. Use this diary to record
important date, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in
providing further details to your trainer or assessor. A Record of Achievement is also
provided for your trainer to complete once you complete the module.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency, in
reading, interpreting and applying specifications manual. This will be the source of
information for you to acquire knowledge and skill into this particular trade
independently and at your own pace, with minimum supervision or help from your
instructor.
 Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the
Training of this unit. Read through the module carefully. It is divided
into sections, which cover all the skills and knowledge you need to
successfully complete this module.
 Work through all the information and complete the activities in each
section. Read information sheets and job sheets and complete the self
check and perform the procedural checklist. Suggested references are
included to supplement the materials in this module.
 Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager.
He/she is there to support you and show you the correct way to do
things.
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 Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to
consider when you are completing activities and it is important that you
listen and take notes.
 You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on
the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work
shifts. This way you will improve both your speed and memory and also
your confidence.
 Talk to more experience workmates and ask for their guidance.
 Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your
own progress.
 When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the
activities outline in this module.
 As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your
progress. Your trainer keeps feedback/pre assessment reports for this
reason. When you have successfully completed each element, ask
your trainer to mark on the reports that you are ready for assessment.
When you have completed this module (or several modules), and feel confident that
you have had sufficient practice, your trainer will arrange an appointment with
registered assessor to assess you. The result of your assessment will be recorded in
your Competency Achievement Record.
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MODULE CONTENT
DRIVING NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: READ, INTERPRET AND APPLY SPECIFICATION

AND MANUAL
MODULE TITLE: READING, INTERPRETING AND APPLYING

SPECIFICATION AND MANUAL
MODULE DESCRIPTION : This module deals with identifying, interpreting and

applying service manuals, maintenance procedures
manuals, repair manuals and periodical maintenance
manual.
NOMINAL DURATION : 2 hours
CERTIFICATE LEVEL : NC II
PREREQUISITE : none
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of the module, the trainees/ students should be able to
LO 1. Identify/accessed manuals and interpret data and specification.
LO 2. Apply information accessed in manual.
LO 3. Store manual
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DRIVING NCII
118 Hours
COMMON COMPETENCIES
Contents of this Competency – Based Learning Materials
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
Apply appropriate Applying appropriate

1 ALT723201
sealant/adhesive sealant/adhesive
2 Move and position vehicle Moving and position vehicle ALT723202
Perform mensuration and Performing mensuration and

3 ALT311202
calculation calculation
Read, interpret and apply Reading, interpreting and
4 specifications and applying specifications ALT723203
manuals and manuals
Use and apply Using and applying

5 ALT723204
lubricant/coolant lubricant/coolant
Perform shop Performing shop

6 ALT723205
maintenance maintenance
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LO1. IDENTIFY ACCESS MANUALS AND INTERPRET DATA AND
SPECIFICATIONS
Assessment/ Assessmen
Contents Conditions Methodologies
Criteria t Methods
1. Appropriate 1. Identify . Supplies and 1. Lecture/ 1. written or
manuals are appropriate materials demonstration Oral
identified and manuals  Manufacturin examination
accessed as per g
job requirements. specification
s
2. . Version and 2. . Types of  Repair 2. Self-paced / 2. Direct
date of manual manuals manual Demonstration observation
is checked to used in  Maintenance
ensure correct automotive manual
specification and industry  Periodic
procedure are maintenance
identified. manual
2. Instructional
materials
 Reference
s books
 Profession
al
emergency
 Learning
guides
 Modules
 CD’s, VHS
tapes,
transparen
cies
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Learning Experiences / Activities
Learning Outcome # 1
IDENTIFY ACCESS MANUALS AND INTERPRET DATA AND
SPECIFICATIONS
Learning Activities Special Instructions
 Read Information sheet 1.1 -1 This Learning Outcome deals with the
Identify appropriate manuals development of the Institutional
 Answer Self-Check 1. 1 -1 Competency Evaluation Tool which
Identify appropriate manuals trainers use in evaluating their trainees
after finishing a competency of the
 Compare answer to Answer
qualification.
key 1.1 -1
Identify appropriate manuals Go through the learning activities
 Read Information Sheet 1.1 -2 outlined for you on the left column to
Types of manuals used in gain the necessary information or
automotive industry knowledge before doing the tasks to
 Answer Self-Check 1.1 -2 practice on performing the requirements
of the evaluation tool.
Types of manuals used in
automotive industry The output of this LO is a complete
Institutional Competency Evaluation
 Compare answer to Answer Package for one Competency of
Key 1.1 -2 DRIVING NCII. Your output shall serve
Types of manuals used in as one of your portfolio for your
automotive industry Institutional Competency Evaluation for
Carry out minor vehicle maintenance
and servicing
Feel free to show your outputs to your
trainer as you accomplish them for
guidance and evaluation.
After doing all the activities for this LO1:

Clean vehicle unit, you are ready to
proceed to the next LO2: Maintain and
service the vehicle unit.
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Information sheet 4.1 -1
Identify appropriate manuals
Manual
Updated: 10/11/2017 by Computer Hope
Alternatively referred to as documentation or end-user documentation, a manual is a
book or pamphlet that contains information about a program or piece of
hardware. For example, a computer case may come with documentation
explaining what sizes of motherboard it can hold. Or, a video game may come
with a manual explaining how to play it.
Today, most manufacturers and developers no longer include printed manuals with
their products. They instead rely on electronic documentation and online
documentation, which are usually included as a PDF or available for
download on the manufacturer's website.
Computerhope.com
The Importance of Having a Manual
In our everyday life, we have got on hold of a manual, with or without taking notice.
Whether it is how to install a software or how to use our mobile phones or how
to run a business, manuals have been a part of our lives.
For startups, you might be wondering whether having a manual is necessary or how
to make one. Let me inform you that having a manual is a big step in growing
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your business. Know that, not many documents are as important as a manual
for any type of business.
Just for example, you’ve bought the latest Iphone 6, there was a manual on how to
use this model. Like in business, you need to have a manual on how to
operate the business, how to make the product, how to give good customer
service, how to make a balance sheet, and so on.
In business, the Manual of Operations relay the standards and procedures of
the company.
It is a useful guide for the company to set the standards of the various operations
within different departments.
Here, we will give you an overview of the different types of manuals. There are
a variety of manuals depending on the industry or purpose.
Classifications of Manual
1. Product Manual
This is also called the “Instruction manual”. It is a manual that instructs users
how to use the product.
2. Installation Manual
This is a manual on how to setup or install the product.
3. Troubleshoot Manual
A type of manual used to fix parts of the product.
4. User Manuals
A type of manual that focuses on different kinds of users- administrators,
maintenance personnel, beginners, managers, or students
5. Operations Manual
This is the manual for operations of the company or businesses. It is a set of
standards and procedures for operations, work standards, and policies of the
company.
6. Crisis Management Manual
A manual on how to respond to crisis or tragedies such as earthquake, fire,
storms, tsunami, or violence in the work premises.
7. Audit Manual
This type of manual is a guide on how to do or make finance reports in
relations to accounting and auditing matters.
Why do we need a Manual?
Manuals are universal documents that can be understood by ordinary people. It
explains certain operations and processes of different departments. With a
Manual, company can have a standard for its operations. Then, why do we
need Manuals?
Avoid Information Gap
Manual gives consistency to the company. It gives us instructions and
guidelines on how to do a certain thing or job. For example, when an
employee is promoted to managerial position, manuals gives him/her the
overview of the roles and responsibilities of that position.
Launching of new products or services
When you make a new product or service, you need to provide a Manual that
contains the how-to’s, components, functionality, and processes.
Valued Customers
For customers to gain information about the product. And for consumers to
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understand the product well and how to get the utmost benefits from the
product.
Valuable Tool
Manual is a valuable tool for understanding technical knowledge in fields such
as law, construction, and finance. It is especially important for consumer
electronics products, medical equipment, construction machinery, computer
and its accessories.
Furthermore, this type of manual is a guide on how to do or make finance reports in
relations to accounting and auditing matters. Today, an online business also
requires an audit for the website. Technical audit allows you to identify errors
related to the operation of the hosting and software code of the company’s
website. The solution of technical problems is the basis for the subsequent
successful promotion of the project in search engines. It is necessary to use
tools such as Sitechecker.pro to audit the site in order to understand the main
shortcomings and correct them. Based on the audit, an action algorithm has
been created that will promote your resource to the TOP search results.
Benefits of Formulating a Manual
In the process of making a manual, information in different departments of the
company will be collected and organized. It will also make us aware of the
different functions, processes, rules, and operations of the company and the
interplay and collaboration between different departments.
The advantages of having of Manual is as follows:
1. Reduced Time and Cost to Productivity
We can improve the quality of our products and services. There will be lesser
complaints and clarifications regarding how to use or how to install our
products.
2. Shared Information
We can share knowledge and wisdom which are compounded before to only
one person or department. For new employees, this will also reduce the time
for their training since the Manual would give them the standards and
procedures they need to abide by. It will also give the employees a general
overview of how the company operates and their respective roles and
responsibilities.
3. Reduce and Minimize risks (Risk hedge)
Businesses can avoid having misconceptions or misunderstandings; Having a
Manual sets the rules, guidelines and policies of the company operations.
Manual also set the standards for the company to ensure profitability and
growth.
4. Maximize potentials
Manuals are universal to the company. For example, when a business
outsource certain functions, a Manual provides consistency and quality
assurance. Referring to a Manual increases the productivity and profitability of
the company
5. Avoid “Knowledge trap”
Having a manual avoids “knowledge traps”. This means information or
processes that is only known to one specialist or experts in that field. Worst
case scenario in any company is having only one person who knows this
knowledge or skill and is capable in doing that particular role or job.
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Thus, manuals are an essential tool to avoid knowledge traps. Since Manuals
explains in layman terms, any technical data or information of that specific
department or field of work, which can be understood by ordinary people.
Having said this, manual can relays knowledge and information to staff, thus,
improving work performance and productivity.
Relation of Company Resource and Manual
As the business grows, you need to revise or update the manual every
now and then. Manual is a key for Knowledge Management at all levels,
and improve company performance.
SELF-CHECK
IDENTIFICATION
Identify the advantages of having of Manual

1.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
ANSWER KEY
The advantages of having of Manual is as follows:
1. Reduced Time and Cost to Productivity
2. Shared Information
3. Reduce and Minimize risks (Risk hedge)
4. Maximize potentials
5. Avoid “Knowledge trap”

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INFORMATION SHEET 4.1-2
Types of manuals used in automotive industry

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Types of Manuals
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One of the most widely-spread types of technical documentation is a manual.
Nowadays practically everything that surrounds us has a manual. Whether we use a
mobile phone or buy a kitchen gadget. Manuals help customers and technical
specialists use and maintain products and devices. They help managers develop their
companies. But do we know all kinds of manuals that exist? Let us see!
 Service manual — helps technicians and other trained people service, maintain,
and repair equipment. It usually contains information on the problems and
breakages that may occur and guidelines on how to fix them.
 User manual — assists people to use a particular system or device. It provides
instructions for both skilled and unskilled users for setup, operation, and
maintenance of a product. It may have precautions and problem guidelines.
 Operation manual — provides guidance for the staff to perform their functions
correctly and efficiently. It describes what and how should be done which is
especially important for the quality of goods and services. Moreover, it
contributes to the safety of products and services.

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 Training manual — contains instructions to improve the quality of performed
tasks and processes. It is aimed at teaching and upgrading the skills of
employees. It can be used as a reference document in the workplace or by a
trainer to revise the material.
 Policy manual — contains policy guidelines, rules, resolutions, and procedures
of a company. It helps the management run the business and make decisions; it
regulates the course of development of a company.
 Organizational manual — describes positions in the company, their
responsibilities, duties, functions, relations. In other words, it defines job
descriptions and functions of all employees in a company, which enables it to
perform all the functions in an effective way.
 Administrative practice manual — gives standard methods and procedures for
the personnel to fulfill the functions and cooperate effectively. It may contain
instructions for different departments or guidelines for corporate correspondence.
Sometimes, it may contain instructions on how to improve the knowledge and
skills of the employee.

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SELF-CHECK 4.1 -2
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Direction: Encircle the correct answer.
1. It gives standard methods and procedures for the personnel to fulfill the
functions and cooperate effectively. It may contain instructions for different
departments or guidelines for corporate correspondence. Sometimes, it
may contain instructions on how to improve the knowledge and skills of the
employee?
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a. Administrative practice manual
b. Organizational manual
c. Policy manual
d. Training manual
2. It describes positions in the company, their responsibilities, duties,
functions, relations. In other words, it defines job descriptions and functions
of all employees in a company, which enables it to perform all the functions
in an effective way?

c. Policy manual
d. Training manual
3. It contains policy guidelines, rules, resolutions, and procedures of a

company. It helps the management run the business and make decisions;
it regulates the course of development of a company?
c. Policy manual
d. Training manual
4. It contains instructions to improve the quality of performed tasks and
processes. It is aimed at teaching and upgrading the skills of employees. It
can be used as a reference document in the workplace or by a trainer to
revise the material?

c. Policy manual
d. Training manual
5. It provides guidance for the staff to perform their functions correctly and
efficiently. It describes what and how should be done which is especially

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important for the quality of goods and services. Moreover, it contributes to
the safety of products and services?

c. Policy manual
d. Training manual
ANSWER KEY 4.1 -2
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. D
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LO2. INTERPRET MANUALS
Methodologie Assessmen
Assessment/Criteria Contents Conditions
s t Methods
Relevant sections, 1. 1. Tool cabinet 1. Interactive 1. Practical
chapters, of Procedures/ lecture
manuals/specification Technique 2. Appropriate
s are located in in tools and
relations to the work interpreting equipment
to be conducted manuals
Information and 2. 3. Tool room 2. Lecture 2. Direct
procedures in the Identificatio observation
manual are n of 4. Fire
interpreted in symbols extinguisher
accordance to used in the s
industry practices. manuals.
5. Tool kit 3.Lecture 3. Interview
6. Log/record
book
7. Labeling
materials
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INTERPRET MANUALS
Procedures/ Technique in development of the Institutional
interpreting manuals Competency Evaluation Tool which
 Answer Self-Check 4. 2 -1 trainers use in evaluating their trainees
Procedures/ Technique in
qualification.
interpreting manuals
 Compare answer to Answer Go through the learning activities
key 4.2 -1 outlined for you on the left column to
Procedures/ Technique in gain the necessary information or
interpreting manuals knowledge before doing the tasks to
 Read Information Sheet 4.2 -2 practice on performing the requirements
Identification of symbols used in of the evaluation tool.
the manuals
 Answer Self-Check 4.2 -2 The output of this LO is a complete
Identification of symbols used in
Package for one Competency of
the manuals
DRIVING NCII. Your output shall serve
 Compare answer to Answer as one of your portfolio for your
Key 4.2 -2 Institutional Competency Evaluation for
Identification of symbols used in Carry out minor vehicle maintenance
the manuals and servicing

 Read Information sheet 4.2 -3

Identification of units of
measurements.
 Answer Self-check 4.2 -3
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measurements.
Key 4,2 -3
measurements.

Procedures/technique in interpreting manuals
How to Use a Maintenance Manual

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If you have a maintenance manual, using it to make repairs or do maintenance on
equipment can make the job much easier and more efficient. Most manuals are self-
explanatory, but here are some tips on getting more out of yours.
Steps
Image titled Use a Maintenance Manual Step 1
1
Make sure you have the right manual in front of you. This may seem obvious, and
often it is, but since there are many similar pieces of equipment, and information may
vary from one piece to another, check your manual to be sure you are using the right
one. An example of similarly titled manuals might be: A Case 580C tractor is very
different from a Case 580K, as is a 580K and a 580 Super K.
2
Look for specific sections detailing the type of service or repair you are going to
perform. Here are some you may find in common equipment:
Lubrication. This section will describe the lubricating locations on the machine, the
types of lubricants to use, and the capacities, if applicable, for each lubricant.
Inspection. Here you will find instructions for inspecting the equipment or machine.
This may include electrical wiring inspections for damage or broken parts, corroded
connectors, or blown fuses. You may find details regarding inspecting bearings,
belts, hoses, or other items, depending on the equipment in question.
Scheduled maintenance. Here you will find a calendar-type schedule for regular
maintenance. On heavy equipment it may include changing the oil, oil filters, or air
filters, etc. On a smaller machine (like a sewing machine) there may be periodic,
scheduled maintenance for lubricated, moving parts. Other equipment like air-
conditioning systems have belts, bearings, filters, and coils which require routine,
scheduled maintenance.
Troubleshooting tips. Most maintenance manuals have a section covering
troubleshooting tips, which are helpful in diagnosing mechanical problems in almost
any machine. Rather than randomly replacing parts to correct a problem, you can
scan the tips for a description of the problem you are experiencing, which will be
accompanied by a list of possible causes.
Specifications. This section, if your manual includes it, will give you facts about the
machine's capabilities, performance, and capacities and may include a description of
its size, weight, power and fuel requirements.
3
Read the Table of Contents to search for general topics. On an automobile, for
instance, the Owner's Manual (which may contain a very basic maintenance manual)
will have topics such as "Optional Equipment" and "Vehicle Care."
4
Look in the Index for key words or phrases related to the specific task you intend to
perform if it is not covered in the Table of Contents.
5
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Read the section which describes the task you are undertaking before you actually
start. This will help you understand what is involved and what tools you'll need to
have on hand.
6
Look for specific warnings. Working on a machine with an internal combustion
engine or equipment which uses compressed gases or other hazardous material
requires caution and awareness of dangers and risks involved.
7
Look for references to specific tools, gauges, or other specialized equipment
required to perform your maintenance or repair. Some of these are specific to only
one type or (occasionally) model of machine. If you use the machine regularly, it may
be worthwhile to invest in any tools or equipment used in servicing and repairing it.
8
Try using other, "outside" resources mentioned in the manual for repairs or problems
that the maintenance manual does not thoroughly cover. Many manuals include toll-
free phone numbers and web addresses.
9
Obtain related manuals if you plan to do extensive work on your equipment. These
include parts manuals, service manuals, and publications covering diagnostics and
specifications. These are sometimes available on CDs or DVDs from the
manufacturer, and some websites specialize in selling downloadable copies at
greatly reduced cost.
10
Follow instructions carefully when performing any maintenance until you are familiar
with the procedure. Recheck your work, and test it if possible.
11
Put a tab or bookmark on pages that you refer to frequently
SELF-CHECK 4.2 -1
IDENTIFICATION
Identify the steps on How to Use a Maintenance Manual

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ANSWER KEY 4.2 -1
Make sure you have the right manual in front of you.
Look for specific sections detailing the type of service or repair you are going to
perform
Read the Table of Contents to search for general topics. On an automobile, for
instance, the Owner's Manual
Look in the Index for key words or phrases related to the specific task you intend to
perform if it is not covered in the Table of Contents
Read the section which describes the task you are undertaking before you actually
start. This will help you understand what is involved and what tools you'll need to
have on hand
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Look for specific warnings. Working on a machine with an internal combustion

engine or equipment which uses compressed gases or other hazardous material
requires caution and awareness of dangers and risks involved
Look for references to specific tools, gauges, or other specialized equipment

required to perform your maintenance or repair
Try using other, "outside" resources mentioned in the manual for repairs or problems
that the maintenance manual does not thoroughly cover. Many manuals include toll-
free phone numbers and web addresses
Obtain related manuals if you plan to do extensive work on your equipment. These
include parts manuals, service manuals, and publications covering diagnostics and
specifications
Follow instructions carefully when performing any maintenance until you are familiar
with the procedure

Identification of symbols used in automotive manuals
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TOYOTA TUNDRA X009-TND 9” Installation Manual Model: Full Size Truck Model
Year: 2007-2013 Trim Level:

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All Introduction Design and specifications are subject to change without notice for
improvement. To Ensure Safe Use, Always Follow These Precautions The
installation of this product requires specialized skills and experience. We
recommend that you have the product installed by the store that you
purchased it from. Before you use this product, be sure to carefully read this
installation manual and the separate user's manual so that you can use the
product correctly. Alpine Electronics bears no responsibility for problems that
arise as a result of failure to follow the instructions in the manuals. This
manual includes a number of symbols that are intended to help you use the
product safely, to prevent harm to you and others, and to protect against
damage to property. These symbols and their meanings are listed below.
Make sure you fully understand these symbols before you begin reading the
main text. Explanations of Injury and Damage That May Result from Incorrect
Use Warning Ignoring the content marked by this indication and using the
product incorrectly is expected to lead to death or serious injury. Caution
Ignoring the content marked by this indication and using the product
incorrectly is only expected to lead to injury or property damage. TOYOTA
Model Year TUNDRA 2007 - 2013 * The specified vehicles have been tested
and have met compatibility specs at the time of testing. Compatibility i
Most Common Symbols and their Meaning

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Single Wires
In electrical diagrams, every straight black line represents a wire. Pretty simple right?
On a diagram, there’s no visual difference between wire gauges and materials. All
wires are then identified using a color code and a number but we’ll see more about
that later in this article.
Connected Wires
The symbol used to show that two wires are connected is a little black dot. These
wires are included in the same system or, at least, use the same power source or
ground connector.
Non-Connected Wires
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In the case where wires run in the same harness or cross over each other without
being connected, the symbol is the same but with a little bump added to it. When
testing for continuity, these wires shouldn’t trigger your multimeter. If they do, the
wires may be skinned somewhere and may cause a short-circuit in the system.
Battery / Power Source
This is the symbol for a standard 6 cells 12v car battery. Some diagrams may use a
simplified version which is only two vertical bars instead of 6. On more complicated
electrical systems or electronic modules, diagrams can quickly become filled with
tons of lines and symbols making it hard to read for the user. Depending on the
editors of the manual, this symbol could be used to indicate a 2 cells battery or
simply to make the whole diagram a little more user-friendly.
Fuses
Fuses serve as a mean of protection for the electrical system. In case something
goes wrong and a wire is damaged and cause a short to ground condition, the fuse
will instantly blow, preventing any more damage to the whole circuit. It’s no surprise
that blown fuses are the cause of most electrical malfunctions. When trying to
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diagnose an electrical problem, always start by inspecting the fuses related to the
faulty circuit and 9 out of 10 times, you’ll find the problem right away.
On electrical diagrams, fuses are often located on a different page than the circuit
they protect. Most automotive repair manuals have a dedicated section reserved for
all the fuses, relays and pretty much everything included in the fuse boxes called
Power Distribution diagram to make things easier.
In addition, most diagrams will indicate if the fuses are “hot at all time” or not. This is
used to let the reader know if the fuse is constantly powered by the battery of only
when the ignition key is in the ON position. Never forget to check that out before
testing a fuse or you could end up with a wrong diagnosis.
Grounds
On a car, the ground is always the body of the vehicle. In fact, I should say that the
ground is the negative post of the battery but since a wire goes straight from the post
to the body of the car, every metal part touching the body is also considered as a
ground.
Most important components all have their own dedicated ground wire to ensure that
it’s grounded at all time. For example, the engine and the transmission both have
one or more large braided ground wires connected to the body. If for some reason,
one of the wire was damaged, the corresponding unit should still keep on working
since the engine is bolted onto the transmission and vice-versa. On some occasions,
though, the added resistance induced by the longer circuit may cause
sensible electronic components to go haywire and cause various problems.
The alternator, for instance, usually gets his ground from the alternator bracket
bolted onto the engine head. If the engine ground is broken, the alternator may not
be able to produce enough current to power all the accessories at the same time and
may cause worrying charging system problems.
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Switches
Toggle Switches
There is all kind of switches on a vehicle but the most common one is definitely the
toggle switch. A good example of this is a simple dome light switch. Push to one side
to turn the component on and to the other side to turn it back off. These are widely
used throughout the car because of their simplicity and relative reliability.
Push Button Switches
These are a little less common but still used a lot by car manufacturers. Think of the
rear defrost and emergency flashers switches. The same motion is used to trigger it
on and off.
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Selector Switches
This type of switch is used to either control more than one accessory at the same
time or when there’s more than one possible selection. The Park/Neutral position
switch is probably the best example. Only one input for multiple different possible
outputs (P, D, etc.).
Multi-function switches like the headlight/flasher switch are somewhat different but
still work based on the same principle. They are basically more than one selector
switches included in the same unit.
Relays
Region I
Relays are basically remote controlled switches. They allow car manufacturers to
install low voltage switches inside the cabin to control higher voltage components.
They began to be widely used when manufacturers started to replace bulky headlight
switches on the dashboard in favor of small combo switches on the steering
columns.
Their working principle is quite simple. A low voltage switch is used to turn on and off
a small electromagnet which in turn will activate a bigger switch to provide power to
components such as headlights, cooling fans, fuel pumps, etc. Almost every major
system and component on your vehicle are controlled using a relay.
Since the amount of power flowing through them is often higher than most other
types of switch, the smaller internal components are often prone to failure. It’s not
rare to see a fuel pump relay burn and stop clicking.
Light Bulbs
This one is self-explanatory. Everyone knows what a light bulb is and what their
purpose is. But in an electrical diagram, light bulbs are everywhere. It’s important to
understand that headlights and blinkers are not the only light bulbs on your car. In
fact, newer vehicles use light bulbs for pretty much every electrical component inside
the cabin to indicate if they are turned ON or OFF.
Nowadays, it’s also common to see light bulbs enclosed in door panels, floors, under
the dash, inside the parking brake switch and even under the seats for the owner’s
convenience.
Especially for light bulbs under seats and other locations where salt and water can
easily reach, open circuit and bad connection problems often lead to lighting system
Region I
failures. Being able to identify the light bulb symbol and locate them in an electrical
circuit might be helpful to speed up the whole troubleshooting process.
Resistors
Resistors are small electronic components used to apply a certain resistance to the
flow of current in an electronic circuit. There’s not much to do with them as an auto
mechanic since they can rarely be replaced by themselves. They are reliable and
rarely come into problems. If you are unlucky enough to find a burnt resistor in the
circuit you are inspecting, the problem most probably lies elsewhere. A blown
resistor is often the result of a faulty module driving too much power inside the circuit
or an internal short to ground condition. In both cases, a faulty resistor is usually the
consequence of another problem and hardly ever the cause of it.
It still helps to know what resistors are, what they do and how to find them, if only to
not worry too much about it. Simply learn what the symbol looks like so you know
what is what when you come across it in a car wiring diagram.
It’s worth mentioning that different manuals may use two different symbols to
represent resistors. Keep that in mind if you use more than one type of repair
manuals or you might end up with false test results.
Region I
Diodes
This other small electronic component has the property of only letting the current
flow in one direction. It is either used to protect sensible low voltage elements from
being damaged by an excess of voltage going through expensive modules and
components or to redirect the current in a circuit like inside an alternator. If over-
voltage occurs, a diode will react exactly as a fuse and will instantly blow. You’ll then
need to find its location using your vehicle’s wiring diagram and replace it.
Motors
This symbol is a bit more tricky to describe since the “Motor” logo can refer to
multiple different components. As a rule of thumb, one could say that they usually
refer to the power consuming element in the system you are troubleshooting. For
example, power window regulators are represented as motors on the power window
Region I
diagram. Same thing for the sunroof motor, power door locks, the wiper motor,
power seats and so on.
Solenoids
Solenoids are small electromagnetic switches exception made of the fact that these
are actually moving back and forth when submitted to an electric current. They
usually serve to open or close a fluid or air passage and they have numerous
different uses in a vehicle. Injectors are the most well-known of the solenoids but you
could also think of the starter solenoid and automatic transmission solenoids
connected to the valve body. In fact, they are so similar to switches that their symbol
is one half of the relay symbol. And for a good reason. The electromagnet making
the relay click is also, theoretically speaking, a solenoid.
1 Color Codes
Region I
To help you quickly and efficiently identify a specific wire in a wire harness or a
connector, all automotive wires are color coded. Colors often differ from one car
manufacturer to another but the code used to identify them in car wiring diagrams is
always the same.
The color will be noted using abbreviation beside each wire following the exact same
pattern: Wire color/Stripe color. For example, a white wire with a black stripe on the
side would be identified as WHT/BLK. A dark green wire a yellow stripe could be
named DG/YE. One repair manual may decide to use a 3 letter color coding system
while others may use 2 letter abbreviations only. In all cases, make sure to refer to
the color code chart at either the beginning or the end of the manual for more
information on how the different wire colors are classified.
Connector Numbers and Locations
For the same reason, color codes are used, connectors and wire are also identified
using a number either corresponding to a physical location or a page in the manual.
In both cases, the number will let you know where to go to quickly find where the
connector is located on the vehicle.
Region I
SELF-CHECK 4.2 -2
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Direction: Encircle the correct answer.
1. Its help you quickly and efficiently identify a specific wire in a wire harness
or a connector, all automotive wires are color coded. Colors often differ
from one car manufacturer to another but the code used to identify them in
car wiring diagrams is always the same?
a. Color codes
b. Connection number and location
c. Solenoid
d. Motors
2. For the same reason, color codes are used, connectors and wire are also
identified using a number either corresponding to a physical location or a
page in the manual. In both cases, the number will let you know where to
go to quickly find where the connector is located on the vehicle
a. Color codes
c. Solenoid
d. Motors
3. It is a small electromagnetic switches exception made of the fact that
these are actually moving back and forth when submitted to an electric
current. They usually serve to open or close a fluid or air passage and they
have numerous different uses in a vehicle?
a. Color codes
c. Solenoid
d. Motors
4. This symbol is a bit more tricky to describe since the “Motor” logo can refer
to multiple different components?
a. Color codes
c. Solenoid
d. Motors
5. It is basically remote controlled switches?
a. Color codes
c. Solenoid
Region I
d. relay
ANSWER KEY 4.2 -2
1. a
2. b
3. c
4. d
5. d
Region I
LO3. APPLY INFORMATION IN MANUAL
Assessm
Assessment/ Condition Methodolo
Contents ent
Criteria s gies
Methods
Manual is 1 Effects 1. Waste 1. 1. Direct
interpreted of disposal Interactive observatio
according to job automotiv area lecture n
requirements e wastes
to men
and its
environm
ent
Work steps are 2. Waste 2. Oiler 2. Dual 2.
correctly managem training Simulatio
identified in ent and n
accordance with disposal
manufacturer
specification
Manual data is 3. 3. 3. Self- 3. Written
applied Cleaning Handouts paced Exam
according to the chemicals for waste instruction
given task for grease managem
and ent and
lubricants disposal
All correct 4. 4. 4. 4.
sequencing and Labeling Cleaning Simulation Interview
adjustments are procedur chemicals
interpreted in es and for grease
accordance with techniqu and
information es lubricants
contained on the
manual or
specifications
5. 5.
Containers Demonstrati
for waste on
and used
lubricants

Region I
APPLY INFORMATION IN MANUAL
Technique in storing manuals development of the Institutional
 Answer Self-Check 4. 3 -1 Competency Evaluation Tool which
Technique in storing manuals trainers use in evaluating their trainees
qualification.
key 4.3 -1
Technique in storing manuals Go through the learning activities
outlined for you on the left column to
gain the necessary information or
knowledge before doing the tasks to
practice on performing the requirements
of the evaluation tool.
The output of this LO is a complete

Package for one Competency of
DRIVING NCII. Your output shall serve
as one of your portfolio for your
Institutional Competency Evaluation for
Carry out minor vehicle maintenance
and servicing

INFORMATION SHEET 4.3-1
Technique in storing manual
How To Organize Manuals

Region I
There are two main ways to organize owner's manuals if you keep the paper version,
and another way to organize them digitally, and you can choose the method
that works best for you.
How To File Manuals

The first way to organize paper manuals is to add them to your home filing system.
To do this you merely create a file for them in your file drawer or box called
"user manuals" or "owner's manuals" or something similar.
What often happens with these manuals though, is that there are a lot of them that
accumulate with time, and if you throw them all into a general file it can be
hard to find the one you want when you need it (although periodically decluttering
the ones you no longer need is helpful in minimizing this problem).
Therefore, I suggest creating subfolders within this main owner's manual folder, to
help you organize your manuals more efficiently.
Here are some suggested categories for these subfolders:

appliances
cameras
computers and software
electronics
phones;
Adding the manuals into the subfolders will make it easier to find the one you need
more easily within your filing system.
Make A Manual Binder

The second way you can organize manuals is to create a binder that holds them.
Instead of punching holes into these manuals, all of which seem to be varying
sizes, I suggest instead using pocket folders or sheet protectors to place the
manuals in.
You can use tabs with similar categories to those suggested above for the filing
system to subcategorize the manuals within the binders, if that's necessary,
or, depending on how many manuals you've got, you could instead create
separate binders for various manual categories.
The advantage of keeping all kitchen user manuals in a binder by themselves is that,
for example, you can keep the binder somewhere in the kitchen. Then it is
convenient, when you need to reference the information, to have it close at
hand. If you use a filing system you may need to go to another area of the
house to access the manuals, which is not near the actual equipment.
Region I
How To Digitally Organize Manuals

How to organize owner's manuals digitallyFinally, you can organize manuals digitally,
and get rid of the paper manuals all together. I discussed how to do this, in
more detail, in yesterday's mission article here.
I've got photos below submitted by readers who've already done this organizational
mission, showing off how they organized their manuals and warranties. Make
sure to scroll down and see them to get ideas and inspiration, and once you
do the mission for yourself be sure to submit your photos here. The best
photos will be featured here on the site.
7 Negative Effects of A Used Car On The Environment
SELF-CHECK 4,3 -1
IDENTIFICATION
Identify the suggested subfolders in organizing manuals

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Region I
ANSWER KEY 4.3 -1
appliances
cameras
computers and software
electronics
phones;
Region I

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Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

Welcome to the Module in Read, interpret and apply specifications

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: READ, INTERPRET AND APPLY SPECIFICATION

MODULE TITLE: READING, INTERPRETING AND APPLYING

MODULE DESCRIPTION : This module deals with identifying, interpreting and

NOMINAL DURATION : 2 hours

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of the module, the trainees/ students should be able to

LO 1. Identify/accessed manuals and interpret data and specification.

LO 2. Apply information accessed in manual.

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Apply appropriate Applying appropriate

2 Move and position vehicle Moving and position vehicle ALT723202

Perform mensuration and Performing mensuration and

Read, interpret and apply Reading, interpreting and

4 specifications and applying specifications ALT723203

manuals and manuals

Use and apply Using and applying

Perform shop Performing shop

After doing all the activities for this LO1:

The Importance of Having a Manual

Identify the advantages of having of Manual

The advantages of having of Manual is as follows:

1. Reduced Time and Cost to Productivity

3. Reduce and Minimize risks (Risk hedge)

5. Avoid “Knowledge trap”

INFORMATION SHEET 4.1-2

Types of manuals used in automotive industry

One of the most widely-spread types of technical documentation is a manual.

Nowadays practically everything that surrounds us has a manual. Whether we use a

and repair equipment. It usually contains information on the problems and

breakages that may occur and guidelines on how to fix them.

 User manual — assists people to use a particular system or device. It provides

maintenance of a product. It may have precautions and problem guidelines.

especially important for the quality of goods and services. Moreover, it

contributes to the safety of products and services.

 Training manual — contains instructions to improve the quality of performed

tasks and processes. It is aimed at teaching and upgrading the skills of

employees. It can be used as a reference document in the workplace or by a

trainer to revise the material.

 Policy manual — contains policy guidelines, rules, resolutions, and procedures

regulates the course of development of a company.

 Organizational manual — describes positions in the company, their

responsibilities, duties, functions, relations. In other words, it defines job

descriptions and functions of all employees in a company, which enables it to

perform all the functions in an effective way.

 Administrative practice manual — gives standard methods and procedures for

instructions for different departments or guidelines for corporate correspondence.

Sometimes, it may contain instructions on how to improve the knowledge and

skills of the employee.

Direction: Encircle the correct answer.

functions and cooperate effectively. It may contain instructions for different

departments or guidelines for corporate correspondence. Sometimes, it

2. It describes positions in the company, their responsibilities, duties,

functions, relations. In other words, it defines job descriptions and functions

of all employees in a company, which enables it to perform all the functions

a. Administrative practice manual

3. It contains policy guidelines, rules, resolutions, and procedures of a

4. It contains instructions to improve the quality of performed tasks and

processes. It is aimed at teaching and upgrading the skills of employees. It

can be used as a reference document in the workplace or by a trainer to

revise the material?

efficiently. It describes what and how should be done which is especially

important for the quality of goods and services. Moreover, it contributes to