RESUME

“MK BAHASA INGGRIS PRODI MANAJEMAN”

Disusun Oleh:

NAMA : DIAN EKAWATI

NIM : M2361025
RESUME

Work and Jobs

A. What do you do?
Different professions form the backbone of our society, each with unique roles and
duties. For instance, a physician diagnoses and treats patients, often working in
hospitals or private practices. They perform medical examinations, prescribe
treatments, and may even conduct surgeries. In contrast, educators are responsible for
teaching students, creating lesson plans, and assessing academic progress. They work
in schools, colleges, and universities, shaping the future of young minds.
In the corporate world, managers oversee operations, ensuring that their teams meet
organizational objectives. They handle planning, coordinating, and controlling various
business activities, often leading teams and making strategic decisions. Engineers
design, build, and maintain structures, systems, and products. They might work in
industries like construction, technology, or manufacturing, applying scientific
principles to solve problems and innovate.
Creative professionals such as graphic designers and writers contribute to the arts and
media. Graphic designers create visual content for advertisements, websites, and
magazines, while writers produce content for books, articles, and scripts. Their work
often involves collaborating with clients and other creatives to produce compelling
and aesthetically pleasing results.
The IT sector employs software developers who create and maintain software
applications. They write code, debug programs, and work on software updates and
improvements. Their role is critical in today's technology-driven world, as they
develop tools and applications that enhance productivity and connectivity.
Lastly, customer service representatives act as the frontline of customer interaction for
many businesses. They handle inquiries, resolve complaints, and provide information
about products and services. Their ability to maintain positive relationships with
customers is essential for business success.

B. Word combinations with ‘work’

The term ‘work’ is central to many expressions that describe various facets of
professional life. ‘Workload’ refers to the amount of work assigned to an individual
within a certain timeframe. Managing workload effectively is crucial for maintaining
productivity and avoiding burnout. Employees often discuss their workload with
supervisors to ensure tasks are distributed evenly.
‘Workplace’ denotes the physical or virtual space where people perform their jobs. A
positive workplace environment can boost employee morale and productivity. Factors
such as safety, comfort, and company culture play significant roles in defining the
quality of a workplace. In recent times, the concept of the workplace has evolved to
include remote and hybrid models, where employees work from home or other
locations.
‘Work-life balance’ is a critical term that refers to the equilibrium between
professional responsibilities and personal life. Achieving a healthy work-life balance
is essential for overall well-being and job satisfaction. Companies are increasingly
recognizing the importance of this balance, offering flexible working hours and
remote work options to help employees manage their time better.
Idiomatic expressions like ‘all in a day’s work’ highlight the routine nature of certain
tasks within a job. This phrase is often used to imply that what might seem
challenging to others is just a regular part of one’s duties. It reflects a sense of
normalcy and expertise in handling daily tasks.
Another common phrase is ‘teamwork,’ which emphasizes the collaborative effort of a
group to achieve common goals. Effective teamwork involves communication,
cooperation, and mutual support among team members. It’s a cornerstone of
successful projects and organizational success, highlighting the importance of working
well with others.

C. Types of job and types of work

Jobs can be categorized based on their nature and employment terms. Full-time jobs
typically require employees to work a standard number of hours, often 35-40 hours
per week. These positions usually offer benefits such as health insurance, paid time
off, and retirement plans. Full-time employment provides stability and a regular
income, making it a common choice for those seeking long-term career growth.
Part-time jobs involve fewer hours, often less than 30 hours per week. These roles can
be ideal for students, parents, or individuals seeking a better work-life balance.
Parttime positions may not offer the same level of benefits as full-time roles but
provide flexibility for those who need it. This type of employment is prevalent in
retail, hospitality, and various service industries.
Temporary jobs are short-term positions that last for a specific period or until the
completion of a project. These jobs are often used to cover seasonal work or
temporary increases in workload. Temporary employment can provide valuable
experience and a way to gain entry into a particular industry. Employers benefit from
the flexibility of hiring temporary workers to meet fluctuating business needs.
Permanent jobs offer long-term employment with no predetermined end date. These
positions are typically full-time and come with job security, benefits, and
opportunities for career advancement. Permanent employees are integral to a
company’s ongoing operations and strategic planning. They often receive training and
development opportunities to enhance their skills and contribute more effectively to
the organization.
Work can also be classified based on the nature of the tasks performed. Manual work
involves physical labor, such as construction, manufacturing, and maintenance jobs.
These roles require physical strength, dexterity, and sometimes technical skills.
Skilled work requires specialized knowledge and expertise, such as that of
electricians, plumbers, and mechanics. Professional work encompasses roles that
typically require advanced education and training, like lawyers, doctors, and
accountants. Clerical work involves administrative tasks such as data entry, filing, and
managing communications, often performed in office settings. Each type of work
plays a vital role in the economy, contributing to the smooth functioning of various
industries.

Ways of Working
Working hours
The concept of working hours encompasses the diverse schedules individuals adhere
to in their professional lives, impacting both productivity and personal well-being.
While the conventional 9-to-5 workday remains prevalent in many sectors, it's not
universally applicable. Shift work is common in industries like healthcare and
hospitality, necessitating employees to work non-traditional hours such as nights or
weekends. This variation in schedules can disrupt circadian rhythms and social lives,
affecting overall health and work-life balance.
Flexible working arrangements have gained popularity, especially with the advent of
remote work. This approach allows employees to tailor their work hours to better suit
their needs, potentially leading to increased satisfaction and efficiency. For instance,
parents may prefer to work early mornings or evenings to accommodate childcare
responsibilities, while others may prefer condensed workweeks for extended
weekends. Flexibility fosters autonomy and empowers individuals to optimize their
productivity during their peak hours.
The significance of working hours extends beyond professional obligations,
influencing personal relationships and mental well-being. Long hours or irregular
shifts can strain familial ties and limit leisure time, contributing to stress and burnout.
Conversely, balanced schedules enable individuals to allocate time for rest, recreation,
and social interactions, promoting holistic well-being. Employers who prioritize
employee welfare by offering flexible schedules and promoting work-life balance tend
to cultivate a more engaged and resilient workforce.

Nice work if you can get it

Coveted professions are characterized by factors such as lucrative remuneration,
comprehensive benefits, esteemed status, and job satisfaction. These roles, often found
in industries like technology, finance, or academia, attract considerable interest due to
their allure. Generous salaries, inclusive health packages, retirement plans, and other
perks make these positions financially secure and rewarding. Moreover, the prestige
associated with renowned organizations or esteemed positions serves as a magnet for
aspiring professionals.
Securing such desirable roles typically demands a blend of advanced education,
relevant experience, and a robust network. For instance, positions at leading tech firms
necessitate not only technical prowess and industry experience but also a knack for
innovation and problem-solving. Networking plays a pivotal role, with many elite
positions being filled through referrals or professional connections. Continuous
learning and staying abreast of industry trends enhance one's competitiveness in the
job market.
Beyond monetary rewards and prestige, job satisfaction is a significant factor in the
allure of certain professions. Roles offering meaningful contributions, growth
opportunities, a positive work environment, and a sense of purpose often foster high
levels of satisfaction. For instance, careers in public service or non-profit sectors may
not offer the highest salaries, but they provide immense personal fulfillment and a
sense of societal impact. Ultimately, the desirability of a profession stems from a
blend of tangible benefits and intangible rewards, shaping a fulfilling career path.
Nature of work
The essence of work varies across professions, influencing job satisfaction and
performance. Creative vocations, such as those in arts, design, and media, entail high
levels of innovation and self-expression. Individuals in these fields find fulfillment in
generating and materializing novel ideas. Nonetheless, creative endeavors may present
challenges such as tight deadlines and the perpetual quest for inspiration, which can
induce stress and pressure.
Technical occupations, encompassing roles in engineering, IT, and scientific research,
demand specialized expertise and problem-solving skills. These positions involve the
application of technical acumen to develop solutions and advance processes. While
intellectually stimulating, technical roles require continual learning and adaptation to
evolving technologies and methodologies. Satisfaction in such roles often stems from
overcoming complex challenges and witnessing tangible outcomes.
Managerial and physical work present distinct dynamics and impacts on job
satisfaction. Managerial positions entail team oversight, strategic decision-making,
and goal attainment. These roles offer gratification owing to their responsibilities and
influence, yet they carry substantial stress and necessitate strong leadership acumen.
In contrast, physical labor, prevalent in sectors like construction and manufacturing,
involves manual exertion and may be physically taxing. Satisfaction in these roles
stems from tangible outputs and the inherent physical activity, though it can also lead
to fatigue and health concerns if not managed effectively. Each work category boasts
its own set of challenges and rewards, shaping overall job satisfaction and efficacy.

Recruitment and Selection

Recruitment
Recruitment initiates the process of sourcing and attracting potential candidates to fill
vacant positions within an organization. Employers deploy a range of strategies to
connect with talent, leveraging both conventional and contemporary avenues.
Traditional methods include posting job listings on company websites, advertising in
newspapers or industry publications, and seeking referrals from current employees.
Conversely, modern approaches involve utilizing online job boards, professional
networking platforms, and social media channels such as LinkedIn, Facebook, and
Twitter. Recruiters play a pivotal role in this process, serving as intermediaries
between employers and candidates. They assess resumes, conduct initial screenings,
and engage with applicants to evaluate their qualifications and suitability for the role.
The integration of applicant tracking systems (ATS) facilitates recruitment operations
by automating candidate evaluations and managing applicant data, enhancing
efficiency and reducing administrative burdens.

Applying for a job

Effective job application necessitates a systematic approach that effectively
communicates the candidate's qualifications and suitability for the position. Crafting a
compelling resume and cover letter is paramount, as they serve as the candidate's
initial introduction to prospective employers. Resumes should highlight pertinent
skills, experiences, and accomplishments in a succinct and organized manner.
Tailoring the resume to align with the job requirements increases the likelihood of
capturing the recruiter's attention. Similarly, a well-crafted cover letter should express
the candidate's interest in the position, showcase relevant experiences, and convey
enthusiasm for the opportunity. Preparation for interviews is equally crucial, involving
research on the company, rehearsal of common interview questions, and effective
articulation of responses. Following up with employers post-interview demonstrates
professionalism and reaffirms interest in the role. This can be accomplished through
personalized thankyou emails or letters expressing appreciation for the interview
opportunity and reiterating interest in the position.

Selection procedures
Employers employ diverse selection procedures to evaluate candidates' qualifications,
skills, and suitability for the role. Interviews are a prevalent method, enabling
employers to assess candidates' communication abilities, problem-solving skills, and
cultural fit. Structured interviews, characterized by a predetermined set of questions,
ensure consistency and facilitate fair comparisons among candidates. Assessment
centers provide a more comprehensive evaluation by simulating real work scenarios
and observing candidates' behavior, teamwork, and leadership capabilities.
Psychometric tests gauge candidates' cognitive abilities, personality traits, and job-
relevant aptitudes, offering valuable insights into their suitability for the role.
Background checks verify candidates' educational credentials, employment history,
criminal records, and other pertinent information, ensuring transparency and integrity
in the hiring process. These selection procedures collectively enable employers to
identify the most qualified and suitable candidates for the position, contributing to
successful recruitment outcomes and organizational effectiveness.

Skills and Qualifications

Education and Training
Formal education and ongoing training play pivotal roles in career development.
Formal education provides foundational knowledge and skills essential for various
professions. Individuals pursue different educational paths, including obtaining
degrees from universities or colleges, vocational training, or acquiring professional
certifications. Additionally, continuous learning through workshops, seminars, and
online courses helps professionals stay updated with industry trends and enhance their
skill sets. Employers value candidates who invest in their education and demonstrate a
commitment to lifelong learning, as it fosters adaptability and improves job
performance.

Skilled and Unskilled

Skilled labor refers to occupations that require specialized knowledge, training, or
expertise. Examples include doctors, engineers, and electricians, who possess specific
qualifications and skills relevant to their roles. Skilled labor typically commands
higher wages due to the scarcity of qualified professionals and the complexity of tasks
involved. In contrast, unskilled labor involves simple, repetitive tasks that require
minimal training or qualifications, such as cleaning, landscaping, or basic assembly
work. While unskilled labor may offer fewer opportunities for advancement and lower
wages, it serves as an entry point into the workforce for many individuals and plays a
crucial role in various industries.

The Right Person

Finding the right person for a job involves assessing a candidate's skills, experience,
personality traits, and cultural fit with the organization. Employers seek individuals
who not only possess the requisite technical skills but also demonstrate qualities such
as problem-solving abilities, adaptability, and strong work ethic. Personality traits like
teamwork, communication skills, and leadership qualities are equally important, as
they contribute to a positive work environment and effective collaboration. Cultural fit
entails aligning with the company's values, mission, and organizational culture,
ensuring harmony and cohesion within the team. Matching these attributes to the job
requirements helps organizations hire candidates who are well-suited for the role and
likely to thrive in the workplace culture.

Pay and Benefits

Wages, Salary, and Benefits
Compensation structures within organizations comprise wages and salaries, each with
distinct features. Wages typically denote the payment for hourly work, often
associated with jobs involving manual labor or service-oriented roles. Conversely,
salaries represent fixed amounts remunerated to employees on a regular basis,
irrespective of hours worked, commonly found in professional or managerial
positions.
Employee benefits complement monetary compensation, enriching the overall
remuneration package and fostering employee retention. These perks encompass
health insurance, dental and vision coverage, retirement plans like 401(k) or pension
schemes, paid time off including vacation days and sick leave, life insurance, and
disability coverage. A comprehensive benefits package underscores an employer's
commitment to employee well-being and financial security, bolstering attraction and
retention efforts.

Compensation 1
Expanding beyond basic remuneration, compensation encompasses various financial
incentives tailored to reward employees for their contributions. Bonuses represent
onetime payments granted for outstanding performance, goal achievement, or driving
company profitability. Profit-sharing plans distribute a portion of company profits
among employees, aligning their interests with organizational success. Stock options
confer the right to purchase company shares at a predetermined price, potentially
yielding financial gain if stock values rise. These incentives stimulate employee
performance and cultivate alignment with organizational objectives.

Compensation 2
In tandem with financial rewards, non-monetary facets of compensation significantly
impact employee satisfaction and well-being. Job satisfaction hinges on fulfilling
work, recognition, growth opportunities, and a supportive work environment. Work-
life balance facilitates harmony between professional and personal life, enabling
employees to meet personal obligations while pursuing career goals. Career
development initiatives such as training, mentorship, and advancement pathways
foster professional growth and long-term engagement. A positive workplace culture,
characterized by open communication, respect, and collaboration, cultivates employee
morale and overall satisfaction. These non-financial elements play a pivotal role in
attracting, motivating, and retaining top talent in competitive job markets.

People and Workplaces

Employees and Management
The relationship between employees and management is a cornerstone of
organizational dynamics, influencing productivity, morale, and overall success.
Different management styles, such as autocratic, democratic, or laissez-faire, shape
the workplace culture and employee experiences. Autocratic managers exert tight
control over decision-making, leading to potential resentment and reduced morale
among employees. In contrast, democratic managers involve employees in decision-
making processes, fostering a sense of ownership and empowerment. Laissez-faire
managers adopt a hands-off approach, allowing employees greater autonomy but
risking disorganization and lack of direction. Effective communication, respect, and
transparency are key to fostering positive relationships between employees and
management, promoting trust and collaboration.

Management and Administration

Management and administrative roles are instrumental in ensuring smooth business
operations and organizational efficiency. Managers are responsible for setting
objectives, planning strategies, and overseeing day-to-day activities to achieve
company goals. They provide direction, guidance, and support to employees,
facilitating their performance and development. Administrators handle administrative
tasks such as record-keeping, scheduling, and resource management, ensuring that
processes run smoothly and efficiently. Organizational structures delineate reporting
relationships and define the roles and responsibilities of management and
administrative staff. Departments such as human resources, finance, and operations
contribute to various aspects of organizational functioning, each playing a vital role in
achieving overall objectives.

Labour
In economic terms, labor refers to the workforce's contribution to the production of
goods and services within an economy. Labor markets connect employers seeking
workers with individuals seeking employment, facilitating the exchange of labor
services for wages or salaries. Factors such as labor supply and demand, wage rates,
and employment conditions influence labor market dynamics. Issues related to labor
rights, workplace safety, and collective bargaining are central to ensuring fair and
equitable treatment of workers. Unionization allows workers to collectively negotiate
for better wages, benefits, and working conditions, providing a voice and
representation in labor-related matters. Labor plays a pivotal role in driving economic
growth and prosperity, underpinning the functioning of industries and societies
worldwide.
Companies and Careers
Career Paths
Career paths delineate the trajectories individuals pursue in their professional
endeavors, influenced by education, experience, performance, and networking.
Diverse career paths exist, ranging from linear advancements within a single industry
to lateral transitions across different sectors. Education and skill development are
pivotal in shaping career paths, with individuals often seeking further education or
certifications to progress in their chosen field. Accumulated experience through
internships, entrylevel roles, and career progression opportunities further contributes
to career development. Networking and establishing professional relationships
facilitate access to opportunities, connecting individuals with mentors, peers, and
potential employers who offer guidance and support along their career journeys.

Company Structure
Company structure encompasses the organizational framework defining hierarchy,
roles, and relationships within an organization. Various types of company structures
include hierarchical, flat, matrix, and networked organizations. Hierarchical structures
feature clear lines of authority and decision-making concentrated at the top. Flat
structures minimize hierarchical levels, fostering autonomy and flexibility among
employees. Matrix structures combine functional and project-based reporting lines,
enabling cross-functional collaboration. Networked organizations emphasize
collaboration and partnerships with external entities to leverage collective expertise
and resources. Company structure influences communication, decision-making, and
organizational efficiency, shaping workplace culture and employee experiences.

In-house Staff or Freelancers?

Organizations must decide between hiring in-house staff or engaging freelancers or
contractors to meet their staffing needs. In-house staff provide stability, continuity, and
alignment with the company's goals and culture. They undergo onboarding and
training to integrate into the organization and contribute to long-term objectives. In
contrast, freelancers offer flexibility and specialized skills for specific projects or tasks
without the commitment of full-time employment. Engaging freelancers allows access
to diverse talent pools and scalability based on project demands. However, challenges
may arise in communication, coordination, and maintaining team cohesion. The
choice between in-house staff and freelancers depends on factors like project scope,
budget, timeline, and desired level of control, each offering unique benefits and
considerations.

Leaving a Company
Employees depart from companies for various reasons, including voluntary
resignations, layoffs, and retirements. Voluntary resignations may stem from career
advancement opportunities, job dissatisfaction, or personal reasons. Layoffs, often due
to economic downturns or organizational restructuring, result in involuntary
separations. Retirement marks the end of an individual's formal career, typically
accompanied by pension benefits and a transition to leisure or other pursuits.
Departing employees undergo exit processes, including submitting resignations,
completing clearance procedures, and transitioning responsibilities. Employers
conduct exit interviews to gather feedback, identifying areas for improvement and
mitigating future turnover. Effective management of employee departures is essential
for maintaining morale, preserving institutional knowledge, and promoting positive
employer branding.

Problems at Work
Discrimination
Workplace discrimination is a pervasive issue that undermines the principles of
fairness and equality in organizations. It occurs when employees are unfairly treated
based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, religion, or disability.
Discrimination can manifest in various forms, including disparities in pay,
promotions, or job assignments. Despite legal protections against discrimination, it
remains a challenge in many workplaces. Employers must actively work to create
inclusive environments where all employees feel valued and respected. This involves
implementing robust antidiscrimination policies, providing regular diversity and
inclusion training, and promptly addressing any instances of bias or harassment.

Bullying and Harassment

Bullying and harassment in the workplace create toxic environments that erode
employee morale and well-being. Bullying entails repeated mistreatment or aggressive
behavior towards an individual, such as verbal abuse, threats, or intimidation.
Harassment, on the other hand, involves unwelcome actions or comments related to
protected characteristics like race, gender, or sexual orientation. Both forms of
misconduct can have detrimental effects on victims, leading to increased stress,
anxiety, and decreased productivity. Employers have a duty to establish clear policies
prohibiting bullying and harassment, provide comprehensive training on respectful
workplace behavior, and ensure prompt investigation and resolution of complaints to
create safe and supportive work environments for all employees.

Health and Safety

Ensuring the health and safety of employees is paramount for organizational success.
Workplace hazards pose risks to employees' physical and mental well-being and can
lead to accidents, injuries, or long-term health issues. Common hazards include slips,
trips, and falls, exposure to hazardous substances, ergonomic strains, and psychosocial
stressors. Employers are legally obligated to provide a safe working environment by
identifying and mitigating potential risks, providing necessary training and protective
equipment, and complying with relevant health and safety regulations. Implementing
comprehensive health and safety programs not only protects employees from harm but
also fosters a positive work culture, enhances morale, and contributes to
organizational productivity and success.