KEY- VỀ ĐÍCH- TEST 2

A. LISTENING (50 points):

Part 1: 10 points- Each correct answer is given 2 pts
1. north suburb 2. 3,000 3. 650C 4. jewellery / 5. SPA pools
jewelry
Part 2: 10 points- Each correct answer is given 2 pts
1.A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B
Part 3: 10 points- Each correct answer is given 2 pts
1.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T
Tapescripts
Part 1:
Receptionist: Good afternoon. How can I help you?
Customer: Good afternoon. I’d like to enquire about some information regarding resort.
Receptionist: What kind of resort would you prefer?
Customer: I want a hot spring resort and it is better to have some indoor or outdoor water
activities.
Receptionist: OK. Let me check. How about Tulip Hot Spring Garden Resort?
Customer: Tell me some details, please.
Receptionist: Fine. It is located in the north suburb near Peak Mountains. Covering about 66
acres of green land with refreshing environment, the resort provides various kinds of facilities for
sports, entertainment, leisure and meetings. And the best part is its hot spring.
Customer: Great. Could you give me some introduction about the hot spring?
Receptionist: The millennium precipitation of the Tulip hot spring was exploited 3,000 metres
deep under the ground. It is sulphur hot spring. The major ingredient is sulphur.
Customer: I heard that when sulphur is sterilised, it’s armless to the human body.
Receptionist: Yes. It plays a significant role in softening the skin, hydrating the skin and
beautifying the skin. It can lower blood pressure and reduce blood fat.
Customer: That’s so great. How about its temperature?
Receptionist: It’s 65°C. There are some attentions about the hot spring.
Customer: Attentions?
Receptionist: Yes. The hot spring water contains various minerals which come out first in black
colour, change to clear water afterwards with a mineral smell. Adjust water temperature to one’s
comfort before bathing.
Customer: OK.
Receptionist: And do not bath immediately after drinking and please take your jewellery off
when you are bathing.
Customer: Fine. How about water activities?
Receptionist: Merry Water World has 56 different water sports for tourists. You can experience
four different sauna rooms and 21 different SPA pools. For a change, one can try the standard
swimming pool, tennis courts and the bowling.
Customer: Can you tell me the location?

Part 2:
Student: My group has been doing a project on the importance of architecture in people's lives
and whether it has any impact on the lives of people in general. (1) The main part I have played
is in the collection of data to find out what effect, if any, various buildings have on people's
mood, i.e. whether ugly buildings make people unhappy and whether beautiful buildings do the
opposite. We had originally thought of starting measuring people's reactions by using a
questionnaire with about 40 questions, which we were going to hand out to people including
students at the university. (2) But we were worried that doing the questionnaire would be too
time-consuming for people to fill in, so we gave up the idea. I then asked several of the
postgraduate students for advice. One of them came up with the simple idea of showing people
images of various buildings from different eras and styles, instead of giving out the questionnaire
and asking them to indicate how they felt on a scale of 1-5 about the images, where I was
unhappy and 5 was very happy. (3) People would also be given the option of not saying what
they felt. Using the scale meant that it would be much simpler to record people's reactions. I
decided to follow this advice and so the first stage was to collect a large number of images. I
used Google to print off colour images of views of houses and apartment blocks where people
live and different types of buildings where they work. I started with about 30 or 40 and then
reduced them to ten images. Media resources in the Amory Building at the Judd Street branch of
the university helped me produce the final images. I had them blown up to A4 size and we used
colour rather than black and white to make the detail on the images clearer. (4) We made five
sets of images and for protection when handling we pasted the images onto hard card. Then
using a machine to wrap them with plastic, we laminated the cards.
Five of us targeted different age groups; we went to a local school where we obtained permission
to ask a group of teenagers between 11 and 18. We also asked a sample of the general public
including tourists from all over the world, as they exited the Tate Modern in London, what they
thought. We aimed to ask people from different age groups, namely 20 to 40, and 50 and over.
What our group learnt most from the project was first of all the value of teamwork. (5) And
secondly we found that we had to appoint a leader to stop us pulling in different directions and
falling apart, so this turned out to be an invaluable lesson for all of us.

Part 3:
In Western countries, many people have fatty deposits on the inside wall of their arteries.
These deposits build up over a number of years, narrowing the arteries. Sometimes the deposits
can stimulate the formation of blood clots. If a clot breaks free, it can enter the circulation and
sooner or later it will become trapped and block off a blood vessel, possibly causing a heart
attack or a stroke.
When researchers looked at the fatty deposits they found they contained huge amounts of
of a substance called cholesterol. Everyone has cholesterol in their blood although often the
amounts detected in heart disease victims are much greater. So what is the link between what
you eat and the cholesterol in your blood? The answer seems to be that amount and type of fat in
your diet are crucial in determining the cholesterol level in the blood.
Food contains two main types of fats. They are called saturated and unsaturated fats.
Saturated fats are the baddies, raising blood cholesterol level, while unsaturated fats, called
polyunsaturated, will help to lower it.
Polyunsaturated fats also contain lots of essential fatty acids like linoleic acid. As their
name suggests, essential fatty acids are vital for health and cannot be made by the body. We
should try to reduce the amount of saturated fats we eat and partially replace it with
polyunsaturated fats. Polyunsaturated fats are naturally found in some nuts and seeds like
sunflowers seeds, and in oily fish mackerel. Margarine and oils which contain a high proportion
of polyunsaturated fats are clearly labelled as such. Products which are high in polyunsaturated
are also low in saturated fats.

B. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (50 points)

Part 1. Choose one of the words marked A, B, C, or D which best completes each of the
following sentences. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. (20 points)
1.C 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.C
6.B 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.B
1. In __________, it was a bad idea to pay him in cash.
A. hindsight B. consideration C. retrospect D. knowledge
in retrospect= within hindsight = thinking now about something in the past
2. The ministered assured us that there were funds for this project.
A. rich B. financial C. ample D. deep
Rich = giàu có financial = thuộc về tài chính
Deep = sâu ample = dư dả
3. After years of working together, the partners found themselves __________ linked
A. permanently B. indelibly C. perpetually D. inextricably
Permanently= lâu dài perpetually= vĩnh viễn, bất diệt
Indelibly= không thể tẩy xóa inextricably= gắn bó chặt chẽ
4. The president decided to release a number of political prisoners as a(n) __________ of
goodwill.
A. gesture B. indication C. pledge D. symbol
a gesture of goodwill = cử chỉ thiện chí
5. The racing-driver climbed out of the wreckage completely __________ .
A. unwounded B. intact C. unscathed D. well-preserved
Unscathed = không bị tổn thương
6. The King showed his mercy by __________ the rebel’s lives.
A. saving B. sparing C. granting D. accepting
Spare one;s lives = tha mạng cho ai
7. If you don’t not repay the money we will, as a last , taking you to court.
A. measure B. attempt C. act D. resort
As a last resort' nghĩa là 'như là phương kế sau cùng' (ultimately); 'chỉ còn cách này khả dĩ'.
8. In terms of protocol, the president takes over all others in the country.
A. precedence B. priority C. the lead D. the head

have/take precedence over= to be more important (than something else)

9. When attacked by his opponents, the general __________ with a strong justification for his
policy.
A. hit back B. struck up C. leapt up D. push forward
Hit back = trả đũa, đánh trả
strike up =(of a band or orchestra) begin to play a piece of music.// begin a friendship or
conversation with someone in a casual way
leap up =To hop, jump, or stand up very quickly or suddenly.
push (something) forward =to continue doing something or making progress in something, with
effort or enthusiasm
10. To get his proposal accepted, the Finance Manager had to __________ heavy pressure from
colleagues.
A. laugh off B. fend off C. send off D. rose up
fend something off =to avoid dealing with something that is unpleasant or difficult
laugh something off = to make yourself laugh about something unpleasant in order to make it
seem less important or serious
send off = to express good wishes and say goodbye to someone who is leaving a place
rise up = to try to defeat and change a government
Part 2. Read the passage below which contains 10 mistakes. Identify the mistakes and write
the corrections in the corresponding numbered boxes.
Line Mistakes Corrections
1. 3 variation variety
2. 4 storing stored
3. 5 neurosurgery neurosurgeon
4. 6 can could
5. 7 another other
6. 8 details detail
 7. 9 one that
8. 11 cell cells
9. 12 with to
10. 12 word words

Part 3. Write the correct form of the words given in the brackets. Write your answers in the
spaces provided below. (10 points)
1. absorption = sự hấp thụ
2. basically = về cơ bản => Dấu hiệu V + adv
3. conducive -> conducive to = providing the right conditions for something good to happen
or exist
4. occurrence=an incident or event.
5. inhospitable= (of an environment) harsh and difficult to live in
6. concentrations = sự tập trung
7. deforestation = nạn phá rừng
8. consumption = sự tiêu thụ
9. depletion = sự cạn kiệt
10. unrelated = không liên quan
C. READING (50 points)
Part 1. Read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits each gap.
Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes. (10 points)
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. B
6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. C

THE FUTURE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Modern industry pollutes, and it also seems to cause significant changes to the climate.
What is needed is an industry that (1) ____________ the benefits without the costs. And the (2)
____________ of such an industry can now be discerned.
That industry is based on biotechnology. At the moment, biotech’s main uses are in
medicine and agriculture. However, its biggest long-term impact may be industrial.
Biotechnology will (3) ____________ demand for oil by taking the cheapest raw materials
imaginable, carbon dioxide and water, and using them to make fuel and plastics.
It is now possible to create enzymes that work thousands of times faster than their natural
counterparts. These should turn the manufacture of ethanol as a petrol additive from a subsidised
boondoggle into a industry that can pay its (4) ____________. Biotechnologists are also working
on enzymes that can digest cellulose. Turning cellulose into fermentable sugars really would give
petrol a (5) ____________ for its money.
The plastics industry, too, may be (6) ____________ by biotechonology. There are now
plastics made entirely by bacteria that have had their metabolic pathways redesigned. Soon,
plastics may be grown on farms, in genetically engineered plants, rather than being (7)
____________ in huge, centralised industrial plants.
Plastics and fuels made in this way would have several advantages. They can be called
“renewables”, (8) ____________ nothing is depleted to make them. They would be part of the
natural carbon cycle, borrowing that element from the atmosphere for a few months, and
returning it when they were burned or (9) ____________. That means that they could not
possibly contribute to global warming. They would also be environmentally friendly in other
ways. Bioplastics are biodegradable, and biofuels are a lot cleaner than petrol and diesel, and
would be cleaner (10) ____________even than the fuel-cell technology.
All in all, the future could be green in ways that traditional environmentalists had not
expected.
1. A. delivered B. collects C. reaps D. produces
Deliver = chuyển, giao hàng collect = thu thập
Reap = thu được, gặt hái kết quả produce = sản xuất
2. A. impact B. age C. glimmerings D. outgrowth
Glimmerings = những tia sáng-> ý chỉ tương lai hy vọng
Impact = tác động age = thời đại outgrowth = sự phát triển vượt bậc
3. A. satisfy B. preserve C. boost D. diminish
Satisfy = thỏa mãn preserve = bảo tồn boost = thúc đẩy
Diminish = giảm bớt -> diminish the dêmnd = giảm bớt nhu cầu
4. A. road B. route C. way D. course
pay its way=To earn or save as much money as something cost to buy or produce.
5. A. path B. run C. race D. climb
give someone a run for his or her money = to be as good at something as someone who is
extremely good
6. A. converted B. substituted C. modulated D. transformed
Transform = to change completely the character or appearance of something in order to improve
it
Convert into = to (cause something or someone to) change in form or character
Substituated = to use something or someone instead of another thing or person
Modulate =to change the style, loudness, etc. of something such as your voice in order to achieve
an effect or express an emotion
7. A. manufactured B. assembled C. constructed D. mingled
Manufacture= sản xuất -> manufacture in huge = sản xuất với số lượng lớn
Assemble = tập hợp Construct = xây dựng mingle = trộn lẫn
8. A. although B. since C. otherwise D. therefore
Although = mặc dù since = bởi vì
Otherwise = nếu không thì therefore = vì vậy
9. A. garbaged B. wasted C. disposed D. dumped
Waste = lãng phí dispose = sắp xếp, bố trí dump = đổ, thải
10. A. almost B. wholly C. overall D. thoroughly
Almost = hầu hết wholly = hoàn toàn
Overall = tổng thể, nhìn chung thoroughly= hoàn toàn, đầy đủ, kỹ lưỡng
Part 2. Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each of the following
questions. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes.

1.D 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.B

Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the
past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems
with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and
fragility of biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is
jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems.
As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of
Earth's ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands),
the most common problem is habitat destruction. In most situations, the result is irreversible.
Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such
as disposal and runoff of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing
the variety of species on Earth, they have irrevocably redirected the course of evolution.

Certainly, there have been periods in Earth's history when mass extinctions have occurred. The
extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There
have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached
an extreme conclusion. Only 0.01 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived
to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died
out.
However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is
altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide
agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes
themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as
slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt-time for
migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new
genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The variety of species found in tropical rain forests
B. The cause of the extinction of the dinosaurs
C. The time required for species to adapt to new environments
D. The impact of human activities on Earth's ecosystems
1. Đoạn văn chủ yếu bàn về điều gì?
A. Sự đa dạng của các loài được tìm thấy trong các khu rừng mưa nhiệt đới
B. Nguyên nhân dẫn đến sự tuyệt chủng của loài khủng long
C. Thời gian cần thiết để các loài thích nghi với môi trường mới
D. Tác động của các hoạt động của con người đến các hệ sinh thái trên Trái đất
Thông tin: The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the
highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of
biological diversity.
Tạm dịch: Sự tàn phá nhanh chóng của các khu rừng mưa nhiệt đới, nơi là những hệ sinh thái có
sự đa dạng nhất các loài trên Trái đất, đã đánh thức mọi người về tầm quan trọng và sự mỏng
manh của sự đa dạng sinh học.
2. The word "critical" is closest in meaning to
A. essential B. negative C. complicated D. interesting
Critical= quan trọng, thiết yếu
3. The word "jolting" is closest in meaning to
A. illuminating B. unknown C. shocking D. predicted
Jolting = gây sốc, bất ngờ, ngạc nhiên = shocking
Thông tin: The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is
important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems.
Tạm dịch: Tỷ lệ tuyệt chủng loài cao trong các môi trường này là rất bất ngờ, nhưng điều quan
trọng là phải nhận ra tầm quan trọng của đa dạng sinh học trong tất cả các hệ sinh thái.
4. What does the word "they" in paragraph I refers to ?
A. activities B. species C. centuries D. humans
Từ “they” (họ) ở đoạn 1 gần nghĩa nhất với ____________.
A. activities (n): các hoạt động
B. species (n): các loài
C. centuries (n): các thế kỷ
D. humans (n): con người
Thông tin: Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of
activities, such as disposal and runoff of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by
significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have irrevocably redirected the course
of evolution.
Tạm dịch: Giờ đây, con người đang bắt đầu phá huỷ các hệ sinh thái biển thông qua các hoạt
động khác như thải chất thải độc hại; trong ít hơn hai thế kỷ, bằng cách giảm đáng kể sự đa dạng
của các loài trên trái đất, họ - con người đã chuyển hướng không thể đảo ngược tiến trình tiến
hóa.
5. The author mentions all of the following as examples of the effect of humans on the world's
ecosystems EXCEPT
A. damage to marine ecosystems
B. habitat destruction in wetlands
C. the introduction of new varieties of plant species
D. destruction of the tropical rain forests
5. Tác giả đề cập đến tất cả những điều sau đây như những ví dụ về ảnh hưởng của con người
đến các hệ sinh thái trên thế giới NGOẠI TRỪ
A. thiệt hại cho các hệ sinh thái biển
B. phá hủy môi trường sống ở các đầm nước
C. sự ra đời của các giống cây trồng mới
D. tàn phá rừng mưa nhiệt đới
Thông tin: The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the
highest known species diversity on Earth
In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common
problem is habitat destruction
Tạm dịch: Sự tàn phá nhanh chóng của các khu rừng mưa nhiệt đới, nơi là những hệ sinh thái có
sự đa dạng nhất các loài trên Trái đất
Trong các hệ sinh thái trên cạn và trong các hệ sinh thái biển ven bờ (như đầm lầy), vấn đề phổ
biến nhất là sự phá hủy môi trường sống.
6. The author mentions the extinction of the dinosaurs in the 2nd paragraph to emphasize that
________________
A. not all mass extinctions have been caused by human activity
B. actions by humans could not stop the irreversible process of a species' extinction
C. Earth's climate has changed significantly since the dinosaurs' extinction
D. the cause of the dinosaurs' extinction is unknown
6.Tác giả đề cập đến sự tuyệt chủng của khủng long ở đoạn 2 để nhấn mạnh rằng
A. nguyên nhân gây ra sự tuyệt chủng của loài khủng long chưa được biết đến
B. hành động của con người không thể ngăn chặn quá trình không thể đảo ngược tuyệt chủng của
một loài
C. không phải tất cả sự tuyệt chủng hàng loạt đều do hoạt động của con người gây ra
D. khí hậu Trái Đất đã thay đổi đáng kể kể từ khi khủng long tuyệt chủng
Thông tin: The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or
cosmic=Sự tuyệt chủng của loài khủng long là do một số sự kiện vật lý gây ra, có thể là khí hậu
hoặc vũ trụ
7. The word "magnitude" is closest in meaning to __________.
A. carelessness B. extent C. determination D. concern
Magnitude= mức độ
Thông tin: However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human
species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. = Tuy
nhiên, không có gì bằng với độ lớn và quy mô mà loài người đang thay đổi thế giới vật lý và hóa
học và phá hủy môi trường.
8. According to the passage, natural evolutionary change is different from changes caused by
humans in that changes caused by humans __________.
A. affect fewer ecosystems B. are occurring at a much faster rate
C. are reversible D. are less devastating to most species
8. Theo đoạn văn, sự thay đổi tiến hóa tự nhiên khác với những thay đổi do con người gây ra ở
chỗ những thay đổi do con người gây ra.
A. ảnh hưởng đến ít hệ sinh thái hơn B. đang xảy ra với tốc độ nhanh hơn nhiều
C. có thể đảo ngược D. ít tàn phá hơn đối với hầu hết các loài
Clue: However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human
species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment= Tuy
nhiên, không gì có thể sánh được với mức độ và tốc độ mà loài người đang thay đổi thế giới vật
lý và hóa học và phá hủy môi trường.
9. Which of the following can best replace "in flux" ?
A. breaking B. producing C. changing D. increasing
In flux = dao động, dịch chuyển, thay đổi
10. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?
A. The extinction of a few species is an acceptable consequence of human progress.
B. Technology will provide solutions to problems caused by the destruction of ecosystems.
C. Human influence on ecosystems should not be a factor in determining public policy.
D. Humans should be more conscious of the influence they have on ecosystems.
10. Tác giả sẽ đồng ý nhất với nhận định nào sau đây?
A. Sự tuyệt chủng của một số loài là một hệ quả có thể chấp nhận được của sự tiến bộ của loài
người.
B. Công nghệ sẽ cung cấp giải pháp cho các vấn đề gây ra bởi sự phá hủy các hệ sinh thái.
C. Ảnh hưởng của con người đối với hệ sinh thái không nên là một yếu tố trong việc xác định
chính sách công.
D. Con người nên có ý thức hơn về ảnh hưởng của họ đối với các hệ sinh thái.
Clue: The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest
known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of
biological diversity.= Sự tàn phá nhanh chóng của các khu rừng mưa nhiệt đới, là hệ sinh thái có
sự đa dạng loài cao nhất được biết đến trên Trái đất, đã đánh thức con người về tầm quan trọng
và sự mong manh của đa dạng sinh học

Part 3. Read the following text and do the tasks that follow. (15 points)

1. vi 2. iii 3. ix 4. viii 5. v
6. ii 7. stimuli 8.sensory cortex 9. trimester 10. functions

A. A condition that causes children to dislike being hugged and sometimes reject all physical
affection is closer to being understood following research into the part of the brain responsible
for our senses. Scientists at Northwestern University, Illinois, and the University of Edinburgh
explored fragile X syndrome, a condition associated with hypersensitivity to sounds, touch,
smells and visual stimuli => Q7 that can result in social withdrawal or anxiety.= Các nhà khoa
học tại Đại học Northwestern, Illinois và Đại học Edinburgh đã phát hiện ra hội chứng fragile X,
một tình trạng liên quan đến quá mẫn cảm với âm thanh, xúc giác, mùi và các kích thích thị giác
có thể dẫn đến thu mình hoặc lo lắng. Hypersensitivity is a condition in which the person
affected responds in an excessive way to contact with the world around them. Some sufferers are
even hypersensitive to material on their skin.
=> vi. Research into understanding fragile X syndrome
B. The scientists found that critical phases in the brain’s development may be wrongly timed in
people with the condition. This may result in delayed communication between certain neurons in
the brain.= Các nhà khoa học phát hiện ra rằng những giai đoạn quan trọng trong quá trình phát
triển của não bộ có thể bị hẹn giờ sai ở những người mắc chứng bệnh này. Điều này có thể dẫn
đến sự chậm trễ giao tiếp giữa các tế bào thần kinh nhất định trong não. By recording electrical
signals in the brains of mice, bred to exactly copy the effects of the condition, the researchers
found that connections in the brain’s sensory cortex => Q8 were late to develop fully. The
study, published in the journal Neuron, found that normal neural connections in the sensory
cortex occur much easier than previously thought: in the first week of pregnancy in mice, which
is equivalent to the middle of the second trimester => Q9 (or fifth month) of pregnancy in
humans. In fragile X syndrome, the mistiming also has a domino effect, causing further problems
with the correct wiring of the brain. The hope is that by understanding how and when the
functions of the brain =>Q10 are effected in fragile X syndrome, a therapy may become
possible.
=> iii. Fragile X syndrome and developmental delays in the brain
C. “There is a “critical period” during development, when the brain is very plastic and is
changing rapidly,” said Anis Contractor, from the Geinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern
University. “All the elements of this rapid development have to be coordinated so that the brain
becomes wired correctly and therefore functions properly.” People with the syndrome have
cognitive problems as well as sensory problems that make them physically weaker. “They have
tactile defensiveness,” Dr Contractor said. “They don’t look in people’s eyes, they won’t hug
their parents, and they are hypersensitive to touch and sound.= Những người mắc hội chứng có
các vấn đề về nhận thức cũng như các vấn đề về cảm giác khiến họ yếu hơn về thể chất. Tiến sĩ
Contractor nói: “Chúng có khả năng phòng thủ bằng xúc giác. “Chúng không nhìn vào mắt mọi
người, không ôm cha mẹ của chúng và chúng rất nhạy cảm với xúc giác và âm thanh. All of this
causes anxiety for family and friends as well as for the fragile X patients themselves.” Peter
Kind, who led the study at the University of Edinburgh, said: “We know there are key windows
during which the brain develops, both in the womb and afterwards. The general principle is that
if these time windows have shifted, then that could explain the cognitive problems.”
=> ix. Examples of the symptoms of fragile X syndrome
D. Professor Kind said that this could be demonstrated by the fact that a child with cataract (a
medical condition in which the lens of the eyes becomes less and less transparent) that was not
corrected would become permanently blind in the affected eye, whereas an adult would be able
to regain their sight after an operation. “We’ve learnt that theses changes happen much earlier
than previously thought, which gives valuable insight into when we should begin therapeutic
intervention for people with these conditions,” he said. “It also has implications for the treatment
of autism since the changes in the brains of people with fragile X syndrome and autistic people
are thought to significantly overlap.” Autism, as many people know, is a disability that affects
how a person communicates with and relates to other people, and how they make sense of the
world.= "Nó cũng có ý nghĩa đối với việc điều trị chứng tự kỷ vì những thay đổi trong não của
những người mắc hội chứng X mong manh và những người tự kỷ được cho là trùng lặp đáng kể."
Như nhiều người đã biết, tự kỷ là một khuyết tật ảnh hưởng đến cách một người giao tiếp và
quan hệ với người khác cũng như cách họ cảm nhận thế giới.
=> viii. Other conditions related to cognitive development
E. Fragile X syndrome is as common as cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder that commonly affects
the lungs and causes breathing difficulties, and that affects about 1 in 4,000 males and 1 in 8,000
females worldwide= Hội chứng Fragile X phổ biến như bệnh xơ nang, một rối loạn di truyền
thường ảnh hưởng đến phổi và gây khó thở và ảnh hưởng đến khoảng 1 trong số 4.000 nam giới
và 1 trong số 8.000 nữ giới trên toàn thế giới. The Fragile X Society believes that there are many
people who have the fragile X syndrome but have never been diagnosed. It shows up in early
infancy and progressively worsens throughout childhood, causing intellectual disability as well
as social, language and behavioural problems.
=> v. The comparative frequency of fragile X syndrome

F. Fragile X syndrome is caused by a gene mutation on the X chromosome- one of the two
chromosomes that determine the gender or sex of a person. The mutation interferes in the
production of a protein called fragile X mental retardation protein. Fragile X is so-named
because the X chromosome appears broken or kinked.= Hội chứng fragile X là do đột biến gen
trên nhiễm sắc thể X - một trong hai nhiễm sắc thể xác định giới tính hoặc giới tính của một
người. Đột biến này cản trở quá trình sản xuất một loại protein có tên là protein X dễ bị chậm
phát triển trí tuệ. Fragile X được đặt tên như vậy vì nhiễm sắc thể X có vẻ bị gãy hoặc gấp
khúc.Tim Potter, of the Fragile X Society, said: “ We welcome any research that helps us
understand fragile X and which may open the way to reversing the effects or preventing them
ever happening.
=> ii. The genetic basic of fragile X syndrome