PRAYER

Heavenly Father and Your Beloved Son Jesus

Christ, Thank you for another life to enjoy,
another day to learn, and a new set of things we
will experience.
As we go through our lessons today, may let us
be instruments to do good things.
Help us be obedient, honest, and kind to one
another. Please bless our teachers, our school,
and the students.
In Jesus’ name. Amen.
Lesson 2:
19th Century
Philippines as
Rizal’s Context
FRAULEIN L. BELLECA, LPT
Instructor
Learning Outcomes:

1 2 3
Appraise the link Analyze the Understand Jose Rizal
between the individual various social, in the context of his
society. political, time.
economic, and
cultural changes
that occurred in
the nineteenth
century;
Lesson 2: 19th Century Philippines as Rizal’s Context

History tells us that the Philippines has undergone many cultural

changes brought by colonization from Spain, the Americas, and Japan.
With these events come a tremendous adjustment to the society especially
to the lives of the Filipinos in their socio-cultural, political and economic
aspects. One of this happened in the 19th century during the time of Jose
Rizal.

Rizal was born in 1861 and spent both of his childhood and teenage years
when the Philippines was under the influence of the Spaniards. He was
born and raised in a period of massive changes in Europe, Spain and the
Philippines. During this era, the glory and power of Spain had waned in
both in her colonies and the world.
Pre-Test
DIRECTION: Analyze the items carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer that corresponds to the following questions.

1. It is considered the pandemic of the 19th century which killed one million people out of a
global population of 1.5 billion.
a. Black Plague
b. Plague of Justinian
c. Russian Flu
d. Spanish Flu

2. It is the most famous and largest expansion in US history.

a. Alaska Purchase
b. Louisiana Purchase
c. Mississippi Purchase
d. South Africa Purchase

3. The 19th century was the period of social change. The significant changes happened worldwide are ______and ______.
a. Fertility and Growth Rate
b. Industrial revolution and territory expansion
c. Abolition of slavery system and urbanization
d. Massive housing system and population growth
Pre-Test
DIRECTION: Analyze the items carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer that corresponds to the following questions.

4. These are Spaniards who are born in Spain, held the most important jobs and made the
smallest number of the population in the Philippines.
a. Criollos
b. Insulares
c. Friars
d. Peninsulares

5. Why do you think the Filipinos revolted against the Spaniards?

a. Because they were not allowed to go to school.
b. Because Spaniards should not be colonizing the Philippines.
c. Because they were not given a fair chance in governing their country.
d. Because Spaniards abused them socially, economically, and politically.

6. This is the reason why some of the Filipinos were able to study in Europe.
a. There were available ships travelling to Europe.
b. The Filipinos paid taxes for their education abroad.
c. The Suez Canal opened granting easy access abroad.
d. The Spaniards offered scholarships to brilliant and rich Filipinos.
 2.1
The World in the 19th
Century: The Big Picture
The World in the 19th Century:
The Big Picture

• In this lesson, we will talk about the world during the 19th century.
Technically, this refers to the period between January 1, 1801 and
December 31, 1900. It was the period of social change. The
significant social changes that were seen during this period were the
beginning of abolition of slavery and the massive urbanization
brought about by the Second Industrial Revolution.

• Around the world, the 19th century is marked by the collapse of what
used to be strong and huge empires such as the Spanish, Napoleonic,
Holy Roman and Mughal empires.
The World in the 19th Century:
The Big Picture
• Their collapse ushered the birth and growth of new empires particularly the British
Empire, the Russian Empire, the United States, the German Empire, the French
colonial empire and Meiji Japan, with the British boasting unchallenged dominance
after 1815.
• When the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars were defeated, the British
and Russian Empires expanded greatly, becoming the world’s leading power.
• The Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia.
• On the other hand, the British Empire grew rapidly in the first half of the century,
especially with the expansion in Canada, Australia, South Africa, India and Africa.
The World in the 19th Century:
The Big Picture

• By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the world’s land and
one quarter of the world’s population. The British Empire enforced what became known
as the Pax Britannica, which had ushered in unprecedented globalization and economic
integration on a massive scale.

PAX BRITANNICA (Latin

for "British Peace", was
the period of relative peace
between the Great Powers
during which the British
Empire became the global
hegemonic power and
adopted the role of a
"global policeman”.
The World in the 19th Century:
The Big Picture

• At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was
the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about
458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and
covered more than 33,700,000 km2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the
Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is
widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never
sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the
Sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
 2.2
The Philippines in the
19th Century:
The Small Picture
The Philippines in the 19th Century: The Small Picture

There were many events in this century which transformed

the socio-cultural, political, and economic aspects of the
world. At the start of the 19th century, the events happening
in the world slowly affecting Spain, especially its colony the
Philippines.
 The Philippines in the 19th Century: The Small Picture

Economic Conditions
 During the 19th century, the Philippines’ economic
condition gave rise to Haciendas or the “cash-crop
economy”. Where large parts of lands would be
used for crops considered as cash-crop. Some cash-
crops are: Sugar, Tobacco, Abaka, and Coffee.
 There was a shift from barter system to moneyed
economy.
 The Galleon Trade is a government monopoly.
The Spanish government continued trade relations with
these countries, and the Manila became the center of
commerce in the East. The Spaniards closed the ports of
Manila to all countries except Mexico. Thus, the
Manila–Acapulco Trade, better known as the "Galleon
Trade" was born.
 The Philippines in the 19th Century: The Small Picture

Economic Conditions
 Tabacco Monopoly - Among the policies in the
“general economic plan” of Jose Basco was the tobacco
monopoly which went into effect on March 1, 1782
after it was approved by the King of Spain. Among
these provinces were Ilocos, Cagayan, and the areas
covered by the present province of Nueva Ecija. The
island of Marinduque was also included in the plan.
 During the 19th century, it can be seen that the
Philippines was one of the wealthiest countries in those
times. Being a country abundant in cash-crops, it mostly
controlled the supply in world trade. Due to these events
Legarda (2011) asserted that economically, the
Philippines has risen in a globalized world. https://twitter.com/indiohistorian/status/1498575456336969729
 The Philippines in the 19th Century: The Small Picture

Educational Conditions
 Not until 1863 was there public education in the
Philippines, and even then the church controlled the
curriculum. Less than one-fifth of those who went to
school could read and write Spanish, and far fewer
could speak it properly.
 The Philippines in the 19th Century: The Small Picture

Educational Conditions
 The Illustrados
As a result of increasing number of educated Filipinos,
Illustrados, a new social class raised. When the Suez
Canal opened, travel to Spain became quicker, easier and
more affordable. Many Filipinos took advantage of it and
pursued higher education in Spain and Europe, mostly in
Madrid and Barcelona.

Three prominent Ilustrados in Spain: Dr. José Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar
and Mariano Ponce (from left to right). Photo was taken in Spain in 1890.
 The Philippines in the 19th Century: The Small Picture

Social Conditions
 The Spanish colonizers imposed the encomienda
system making the 19th Century Philippines as a
feudalistic society.
 As legally defined in 1503, an encomienda (from
Spanish encomendar, “to entrust”) consisted of a
grant by the crown to a conquistador, a soldier, an
official, or others of a specified number of “Indios”
(Native Americans and, later, Filipinos) living in a
particular area. The receiver of the grant, the
encomendero, could exact tribute from the “Indios” in
gold, in kind, or in labour and was required to
protect them and instruct them in the Christian faith.
The encomienda did not include a grant of land, but in
practice the encomenderos gained control of lands
inhabited by “Indios” and failed to fulfill their
obligations to the indigenous population. (Britannica,
n.d.)
 The Philippines in the 19th Century: The Small Picture
Social Conditions