Mark Scheme (Results)

Summer 2019

Pearson Edexcel GCSE

In Geography Spec B (1GB0) Paper 03
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Summer 2019
Publications Code 1GB0_03_1906_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2019
General Marking Guidance

• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark
the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be
rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than penalised
for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to
their perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme
should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded.
Examiners should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer
matches the mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to
award zero marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit
according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the
principles by which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be
limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark
scheme to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced
it with an alternative response.
Question Answer Mark
Number
1(a) Award 1 mark for each identified physical factor shown or
suggested by the landscape shown in Figure 1 or its title, up to a
maximum of 3 marks.

For example, credit references to:

• Mountains/altitude/height (1)
• Slopes/gradient/topgraphy (1)
• Rocky ground/rocks (1) or soil (1)
• River (limiting growth) (1)
• Water supply close to river (1)
• Temperature (1)
• Precipitation (1)
• Nutrients (1)
• Drainage (1)
• Floods (1) or drought (1)

Do not credit:
Human factors human factors that cannot be inferred form the
figure.

Global factors such as latitude, biome – all not local

Accept any other appropriate response. (3)

Question Answer Mark

Number
1(b) D Tundra

temperate grassland - not at this latitude (1)

tropical grassland - not at this latitude
desert - not at this latitude
Question Answer Mark
Number
1(c) Award 1 mark for any of the following up to a maximum of 2
marks. Answers may relate to specific vegetation or climatic 1+1
characteristics, or the distribution of the biome.

• Deciduous / seasonal trees (1)

• Seasonal climate / four seasons / idea of seasons (‘warmer
summer but colder winter’) (1)
• Hotter/wetter than another named biome (‘cooler than
rainforest’) (1)
• May rain throughout year (1) or all year round (1)
• Northern limit of approximately 40 to 50 degrees (1)
• Southern limit approximately 30 to 40 degrees (1)
• Covers UK / much of Europe / valid named countries (1)
• Structure of forest e.g. mentions multiple layers (1)
• Broad leaves (1)
• High Biodiversity – relative to other named biome (1)
• Detail of food chain e.g. ‘top predator is brown bear’ (1)
• Nutrient rich soils (1) or ground litter (1)

Accept any other appropriate response

Do not credit isolated or unqualified climatic statements:

e.g. cold/cool winter, hot/warm summer, high rainfall, low
rainfall, humid conditions, moderate/median conditions, large
temperature range
Do not credit: evergreen trees; named species (‘fox‘) (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
1(d) Award 1 mark for a basic point and a further mark for an
explanation/causality up to a maximum of 2 marks.

• More oxygen/O2 added to atmosphere (1) because of

photosynthesis / CO2 has been taken in (1)
• Less CO2 added to atmosphere (1) because trees/biomass
has stored carbon (1)
• Climate change slower (1) because carbon taken up by
trees (1)
• Less greenhouse gases (1) because of carbon storage (1)
Higher humidity/rain/clouds (1) because of transpiration (1) (2)
Accept any other appropriate response.
Question Answer Mark
Number
2(a)(i) C Wolf
(1)
B rat - not a top carnivore
A gorilla and D lion are not native to this environment

Question Answer Mark

Number
2(a)(ii) Award 1 mark for a valid adaptation for one or more taiga
animal species. For example:

• White colour/camouflage
• fur/feathers/insulation
• fat layers
• hibernation
• (seasonal) migration/migratory

Accept any other appropriate response. (1)

Do not accept plant adaptations.

Question Answer Mark

Number
2(b) Possible valid definitions may refer to:

• Non-living (parts of an ecosystem/food web) (1)

• Non-biotic (1)
• Not biotic / biological (1)
• Not plants and animals (1)
• Rocks and/or minerals (1)
(1)
Accept any other appropriate response.
 Question Answer Mark
Number
2(c) Award 1 mark for a basic explanation of a threat shown in Figure
4, and 1 mark for applied knowledge of why it leads to decreased 2+2
biodiversity (extinction of species/loss of habitat) up to a maximum
of 2 marks for each reason.

• Increased fires (1) leading to habitat loss (1)

• Pests/parasites (1) could wipe out some species (1)
• High latitude species ‘have nowhere to go’ (1) and may become
extinct (1)
• Impact of invading species (1) could mean net biodiversity loss
(1)
(4)

Accept any other appropriate response.

Note – two reasons why – have to reward

Question Answer Mark

Number
3(a)(i) Award 1 mark for correct data set-up and working, and a further 1
mark for correct answer, up to maximum 2 marks.

Accept any appropriate working using data in the range 5-7 1

(1973) and 11-13 (2015). For example, award 1 mark for any of the
following workings:
• 1973 = 6 and 2015 = 11
• (12 - 5) / 5 x 100
• (6,000,000 / 6,000,000) x 100

1
Accept any answer within the following range:
57% to 160% (1)

Maximum of one mark if:

• correct answer but no working out/data is shown.
(2)
• wrong data but right working out with that data.
Question Answer Mark
Number
3(a)(ii) Award 1 mark for each piece of evidence indicating carbon
footprint reduction over time, to a maximum of 2 marks. 1+1

• Uses Renewables (1) uses biofuels (1) uses HEP (1)

• Use of carbon capture / CCS technology (1)
• Decreasing use over time of coal (1)

Accept any other appropriate response. (2)

Question Answer Mark

Number
3(b)(i) 2001
(1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
3(b)(ii) D 2,000,000 barrels

Rationale - graph shows approx. 2000 thousand barrels per day in

1992 i.e. 2000,000 (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
3(c) Award 1 mark for each reason based on Figure 7, and 1 mark for
each development, up to a maximum of 3 marks.

• Norway has the smallest population (5 million) (1) so can

export/sell its surplus/spare oil (85%) (1) and use profits to
fund services (1)
• Norway deliberately chooses to sell most of its oil for profit (1)
because it has alternatives (HEP) (1) as a way of generating a
very high GDP (1)
(3)
Accept any other appropriate response.
Reward information gleaned from other resources – oil used
for transport purposes and use of HEP.
Question Answer Mark
Number
3(d) In each case, award 1 mark for a specific social benefit (not simply
‘services’) for Norway’s people (Figure 8) and 1 mark for development
(may make links with Figure 7 or 8), up to a maximum of 2 marks for
2
each benefit.h
• Maintains a generous welfare system/maternity/childcare
benefits (1) by selling most (85%) of its oil (1)
• Support for its ageing population (1) comes from SWF’s global
investments / 9,000 part-owned TNCs (1)
2
• Norway’s 1 HDI ranking shows it must be benefiting socially (1)
through education and health funding (1)
• Norway can afford generous childcare payments (1) giving
parents to choice to work if they want to (1)

Accept any other appropriate response.

Do not credit: ‘pays for vital services’ (unclear whether they are social
services/benefits) (4)

Question
Number
3 (e) AO3 (4 marks)/AO4 (4 marks)
Answers should focus on both phsycial and human challenges (AO4) and in so doing
may make an assessment (AO3) of their severity, etc.
A03
• There are a range of issues and an overview might be that future access is going
to become very challenging indeed
• The challenges can only increase over time as the sources that are easiest to
access are used up
• Some physical challenges might be tackled in time with new technology
• Political challenges could be harder to overcome with growing global demand
for finite fossil fuel supplies
• Local, national and global environmental laws stack up to make operations
very challenging for companies
• A view might be formed about which is the most important challenge
A04
• The latest projects are in even deeper water in the Barents Sea (Figure 9)
• Exploration near the Lofoten Islands could be met with protests and opposition
(Figure 9)
• It is unclear who owns oil found at the boundary of Russian and Norwegian
territorial water (Figure 9)
• The risks to the settlement of Hammerfest might be viewed too great (although
there is already oil in production there) (Figure 9)
 • Eventually it may be necessary to move even further North but this could lead to
the challenge of ice cover (Figure 9)
• The oil sources shown are all very remote from any markets / are near far north
of Norway (Figure 9)

Level Mark Descriptor

0 No acceptable response
Level 1 1−3 Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct information but understanding
and connections are flawed. An unbalanced or incomplete argument that
provides limited synthesis of understanding. Judgements are supported by
limited evidence. (AO3)
Uses some geographical skills to obtain information with limited relevance and
Level 2 4−6 accuracy,
Applies which supports
understanding few aspects of
to deconstruct the argument.
information (AO4) some logical
and provide
connections between concepts. An imbalanced argument that synthesises mostly
relevant understanding but not entirely coherently, leading to judgements that
are supported by evidence occasionally. (AO3)
Uses geographical skills to obtain accurate information that supports some
aspects of the argument. (AO4)
Level 3 7−8 Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide logical
connections between concepts throughout. A balanced, well-developed argument
that synthesises relevant understanding coherently, leading to judgements that
are supported by evidence throughout. (AO3)
Uses geographical skills to obtain accurate information that supports all
aspects of the argument. (AO4)

Question Answer Mark

Number
3(f)(i) In each case:
Award 1 mark for a basic strategy/way. 2+2
Award 1 mark for either an explanation of how/why this affects use of
oil/gas/coal (i.e. a specified fossil fuel), or explanation of how/why
greater efficiency is achieved.

• Insulation/double-glazing (1) in houses with gas central heating (1)

• Low-energy lightbulbs (1) may reduce amount of natural gas
needed by power stations (1)
• Public transport (1) reduces petrol used per person (1)
• More efficient appliances/batteries e.g. phones (1) need recharging
less frequently (1)
• Taxes/regulation (1) would prompt people/businesses to use
electricicity/petrol more carefully/efficiently (1)
 • Solar power/panel technology (1) is now converting solar energy
for more efficiently/effectively than before (1)

Accept any other appropriate response.

(4)
Do not credit: carbon capture / CCS, afforestation, etc.

Question
Number
3 (f)(ii) AO3 (4 marks)/AO4 (4 marks)
Answers should focus on economic costs and benefits for local people (AO4) and
assess (AO3) their importance/severity/long-term effects, etc.
A03
• Local people may gain more jobs from developing the oil than they would
from other sectors, such as tourism and fishing
• Oil industry employment may also offer better quality of local employment
(higher pay, full-time, not affected seasonally)
• Local people benefit from growth of support services for oil industry
• Local fishing employment may be greatly threatened, i.e. oil spills
• Oil extraction may scar the landscape irreversibly and prove costly for
tourism in the short- and long-term
• Perhaps, most importantly, tourism and fishing offer long-term benefits if
managed sustainably while oil only last a while longer
A04
• Fishermen believe the impact on their industry will be costly and that the
benefits of local oil production will be minor (Figure 10)
• Norway’s government asserts that using Lofoten oil to fund the state is a
necessary and well established strategy (Figure 10)
• Tourism operators think the plans are short-sighted because the unique
Lofoten environment will be lost along with income (Fig. 10)
• The view of younger citizens (university) is that there will be very harmful
long-term economic costs (Figure 10)
• Older citizens are aware of the benefits that oil money will bring given the
immediate context of an ageing population (Figure 10)
• The oil company representative believes the local fishing industry can co-exist
while the profits can be beneficially invested in new energy research (Figure
10)
Level Mark Descriptor
0 No acceptable response
Level 1 1−3 Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct information but understanding
and connections are flawed. An unbalanced or incomplete argument that
provides limited synthesis of understanding. Judgements are supported by
limited evidence. (AO3)
Uses some geographical skills to obtain information with limited relevance and
Level 2 4−6 accuracy,
Applies which supports
understanding few aspects of
to deconstruct the argument.
information (AO4) some logical
and provide
connections between concepts. An imbalanced argument that synthesises mostly
relevant understanding but not entirely coherently, leading to judgements that
are supported by evidence occasionally. (AO3)
Uses geographical skills to obtain accurate information that supports some
aspects of the argument. (AO4)
Level 3 7−8 Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide logical
connections between concepts throughout. A balanced, well-developed argument
that synthesises relevant understanding coherently, leading to judgements that
are supported by evidence throughout. (AO3)
Uses geographical skills to obtain accurate information that supports all
aspects of the argument. (AO4)
Question
Number
4 AO2 (4 marks)/AO3 (4 marks)/AO4 (4 marks)
In order to fully justify a choice, the candidate must consider all three options and
establish a clear argument about the meaning of ‘best future’ for Norway’s economy and
the environment (local or global). There is no preferred option. All options can be
justified. The balance of the case will vary according to the option chosen.
• Option 1 can be justified by suggesting that this would be a progessive action that
helps the environment. Norway can lead by example and lead the way in developing
new technology. This might also bring economic gains and enhance Norway’s
international influence more than the Sovereign Wealth Fund did.
• Option 2 can be justified by suggesting that it would be hard to replace the income
Norway gains from oil. Realistically, this would not be best for the economy and, by
extension, Norwegian society. Meanwhile, more could be done to sensibly limit
damage to sensitive areas and preserve at least the local environment.
• Option 3 can be justified because even if Norway ceases oil production, other
countries will not and climate change is thus in any case inevitable. Using oil income
to find solutions to climate change may therefore be the best way for Norway to
secure its own economic and environmental future given the high threat it faces.

A02
• Attitudes are changing and some governments take climate change seriously
• Many people in developed countries want to reduce carbon footprints
• Future technologies may be the best alternative to fossil fuels
• Attitudes vary and not everyone agrees fossil fuel alternatives are needed
• Mining and drilling can do harm to ecologically sensitive areas
• Biomes are adapted to very specific climates (temperature, precipitation)

A03
• In the long-term, ‘business as usual’ oil production is unsustainable even if energy
efficiency measures are introduced
• The ‘best’ option for Norway includes what is best for its local environment.
• Climate change is probably inevitable unless technological solutions are found, so the
best option for Norway’s economy could be to use oil money to fund research.
• Becoming a respected world leader in renewables might be a better way for Norway
to move forwards economically than by having oil wealth.
• Other countries are developing alternatives and future technology and there is no
need for Norway to be a climate change martyr and give up all its oil wealth
• The priority should be making sure sensitive areas like Lofoten are protected but that
cannot happen in the long-term if we keep using fossil fuels.

A04
• Norway’s oil revenues (Sovereign Wealth Fund) are its main income source (Fig 7).
• Norway’s SWF also gives the country global economic influence (introduction, Fig 8).
 • But Norway is also a world leader in potentially profitable and environmentally-
friendly CCS / renewables (introduction, Fig 5).
• Physical and political difficulties are mounting when trying to find new oil and
threaten long-term oil revenues (Fig 9 and 6).
• On account of its high latitude, Norway’s taiga and its food web are especially
sensitive to climate change and associated natural threats (Fig 1, 2, 3 and 4).
• If protected, Lofoten offers alternative profitable ecosystem services (Fig 10).
Level Mark Descriptor
0 No acceptable response
Level 1 1−4 • Demonstrates isolated elements of understanding of concepts and the
interrelationship between places, environments and processes. (AO2)
• Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct information but understanding
and connections are flawed. An unbalanced or incomplete argument that provides
limited synthesis of understanding. Judgements that are supported by limited
evidence. (AO3)
• Uses some geographical skills to obtain information with limited relevance and
Level 2 5−8 • accuracy, whichelements
Demonstrates supportsoffew aspects of argument.
understanding (A04)
of concepts and the interrelationship
between places, environments and processes. (AO2)
• Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide some logical
connections between concepts. An imbalanced argument that synthesises
mostly relevant understanding, but not entirely coherently, leading to
judgements that are supported by evidence occasionally (AO3)
• Uses geographical skills to obtain accurate information that supports some
aspects of the argument. (AO4)

Level 3 9−12 • Demonstrates accurate understanding of concepts and the interrelationship

between places, environments and processes. (AO2)
• Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide logical
connections between concepts throughout. A balanced, well-developed
argument that synthesises relevant understanding coherently leading to
judgements that are supported by evidence throughout. (AO3)
• Uses geographical skills to obtain accurate information that supports all aspects
of the argument. (AO4)
Marks for SPGST

Performance Marks Descriptor

SPaG 0 0 No marks awarded

Learners write nothing.
Learners’ response does not relate to the question.
Learners’ achievement in SPaG does not reach the threshold
performance level, for example errors in spelling,
punctuation and grammar severely hinder meaning.
SPaG 1 1 Threshold performance:
Learners spell and punctuate with reasonable accuracy.
Learners use rules of grammar with some control of
meaning and any errors do not significantly hinder meaning overall.
earners use a limited range of specialist terms as appropriate.
SPaG 2 2−3 Intermediate performance
Learners spell and punctuate with considerable accuracy.
Learners use rules of grammar with general control of meaning overall.
Learners use a good range of specialist terms as appropriate.
SPaG 3 4 High performance
Learners spell and punctuate with consistent accuracy.
Learners use rules of grammar with effective control of meaning overall.
Learners use a wide range of specialist terms as appropriate.
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