MmonacemTa gadacema

qselis idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sxvadasxva gamtarebiT monacemebi erTi

kompiuteridan gadavawodoT sxva kompiuterSi. teqnikurad es monacemebi igive bitebia
rac ama Tu im myar diskze, an zogadad kompiuterSi arsebobs. qselSi muSaobisas es bitebi
gamodian kompiuteridan da kabelebis an sxva gamtarebis meSveobiT miedinebian im
kompiuterebisaken, romlebsac es kabelebi uerTdebian. anu zogadad qselSi gvaqvs bitebis
moZraoba. arsebobs garkveuli wesebi romlebic aregulireben monacemTa moZraobas da
uzrunvelyofen maT misvlas daniSnulebis adgilamde. qselSi gamoiyeneba paketuri
gadacema. es niSnavs, rom gadasacemi monacemi, ra zomisac ar unda iyos igi, iyofa patar-
patara zomebad, kadrebad (Frames) da ase gadaicema qselSi. es sakmaod saintereso
momentia da gTxovT kargad gaanalizoT qvemoT moyvanili analogia.
foTis navsadgurSi Semodis da terminalSi grovdeba didi raodenobis tvirTi, romelic
miewodeba sxvadasxva qalaqebs. igi itvirTeba SedarebiT patar-patara vagonebSi, TiToeul
maTganze dgeba Sesabamisi sabuTi, Tu ra saxis tvirTia, ra raodenobaa, romel qalaqSi
igzavneba, vin aris tvirTis mimRebi, ra marSrutiT unda imoZraos vagonma da a.S. vagoni
iluqeba, ebmeba eSelons da igzavneba. rkinigzis sakvanZo sadgurebSi xdeba vagonebis
gadanawileba sxvadasxva eSelonebSi, sabuTebSi miTiTebuli marSrutis Sesabamisad da
Cadis daniSnulebis adgilamde. aseTive saxiT moewodeba navsadgurs sxvadasxva
qalaqebSi Segrovili zRviT gasagzavni tvirTi. navsadguri da tvirTis mimRebi qselSi CarTul
kompiuterebs SegviZlia SevadaroT, rkinigza maTi damakavSirebeli kabelebi iqneba,
vagonebi monacemTa paketebia, xolo sakvanZo sadgurebi qseluri aparaturaa, romelmac
icis, romel kompiuters gaugzavnos paketi.
rkinigzis SemTxvevSi moqmedebs tvirTis formirebisa da gagzavnis iqauri wesebi, rac
Seexeba qsels, aqac paketis Sedgenis da gadacemis Taviseburi, qselSi CarTuli
kompiuterebis da sxva aparaturisaTvis miRebuli wesebi moqmedebs, romelic
gansazRvrulia 1980 wlidan, saerTaSoriso teqnikuri standartebis organoebis mier da mas
OSI (Ria sistemebis urTierTqmedebis) modeli ewodeba. am modelis komunikaciuri nawili
iTvaliswinebs paketis formirebisa da gadacemis 7 dones, TiToeul maTganze daculia
Sesabamisi protokoliT gaTvaliswinebuli wesebi.
samomxmareblo (Application) doneze mzaddeba monacemebi gasagzavnad. aq
ganisazRvreba Tu rogori saxis monacemia da romeli protokoli unda gamoviyenoT masTan
samuSaod. am donis protokolebia hiper teqstis gagzavnis protokoli – http, failebis
gadacemis protokoli – ftp, eleqtronuli fostis gadacemis protokolebi – SMTP, POP3, IMAP.
 warmomadgenlobiT (Prezentation) doneze xdeba monacemTa ganzogadeba
nebismieri operaciuli sistemisaTvis gasageb enaze (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS…).
miuxedavad imisa rom am sistemebs erTmaneTis ar esmiT, qselSi gasuli monacemis
gaxsna yvela maTgans unda SeeZlos.
sesiis (Session) doneze xdeba kavSiris Seqmna da Sewyveta, agreTve gadacemis saxis
SerCeva (calmxrivi Tu ormxrivi).
satransporto (Transport) doneze xdeba paketebis gagzavna morigeobiT. am donis
protokolebia TCP da UDP. pirveliT gaTvaliswinebulia monacemTa daniSnulebis
adgilamde Casvlis gakontroleba, xolo meore amas ar akontrolebs.
qselur (Network) doneze xdeba monacemTa dayofa kadrebad da marSrutis SerCeva
Tavidan bolomde. am doneze moqmedi protokolebi IP da IPX axdenen monacemebis
damisamarTebas.
arxul (Data-Link) doneze yalibdeba paketi, anu kadrs ukeTdeba TavsarTi (Header) da
bolosarTi (Footer). TavsarTSi miTiTebulia konkretuli mowyobilobis aparaturuli
misamarTi (MAC misamarTi) da Secdomebis koreqciis kodi – CRC, xolo bolosarTSi
paketis dasrulebis kodi.
fizikuri (Phisical) done gansazRvravs kabelebis, koneqtorebis da koncentratorebis
parametrebs.
Cven Segnebulad ar CavuRrmavdiT OSI modelis doneebs, radganac rogorc wesi, es
msmenelTa dabneulobas iwvevs xolme. am etapze es zogadi codna sakmarisia, miTumetes
rom qselis awyobisas maTTan Rrma Sexeba ar gvWirdeba. amJamad davimaxsovroT,
rom lokaluri qselis gamarTvisas da aseve internetTan dasakavSireblad gvWirdeba TCP
da IP protokolebi, romlebic kompiuterSi daukiTxavad gviyenia.
 gadamcem kompiuterSi paketis formirebis dros OSI modelis TiToeul doneze mas
ewereba Sesabamisi protokoliT gaTvaliswinebuli kodi, xolo mimRebi kompiuteri Sifravs
am kods da monacemi warmogvidgeba sawyisi saxiT.

gavagrZeloT leqcia da gavecnoT IP damisamarTebis sistemas. rogorc vTqviT, qselSi

CarTul yvela kompiuters aqvs sakuTari IP misamarTi 0-255 SualedSi arsebuli ricxvebis
kombinaciis saxiT. IP misamarTis gamosaxvisTvis gamoiyeneba 32 biti (8 biti TiToeuli
jgufisaTvis). magaliTad 178. 105. 78. 131 – 10110010. 01101001. 01001110. 10000011
am jgufebis nawili gamoiyeneba qselis dasanomrad (Net ID) nawili ki am qselSi
kompiuterebis dasanomrad (Host ID) magaliTad provaideri American Online internets
ukavSirebs uamrav kompiuters, anu mas aqvs qseli. imisaTvis rom yvela kompiuters
qondes sakuTari IP misamarTi
saWiroa man gamoyos kompiuterebis dasanomrad imdeni biti ramdeni kompiuteric yavs
qselSi. Tu bolo jgufs gamoyofs SeeZleba CarTos 254
kompiuteri (0 da 255 dasanomrad ar gamoiyeneba), Tu meti kompiuteri unda rom CarTos
internetSi, unda gamoyos ori jgufi Host ID- sTvis, am

SemTxvevaSi SeeZleba 65534 kompiuteris CarTva Tu esec ar yofnis saWiroa gamoyos

sami 8 bitiani jgufi da SeeZleba 16777214 kompiuteris CarTva. xolo meoTxe jgufi saWiroa
Tavisi Tavis dasanomrad (Net ID),

raTa internetSi mas qondes sakuTari misamarTi. moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad igi iRebs
DNS sarverisgan Sesabamis Net ID – s, xolo Host ID – s TviTon unawilebs misi
momsaxurebiT mosargeble kompiuterebs. kompiuterebis raodenobis mixedviT arsebobs
sami tipis qseli A, B, C.

am cxrilidan Cans, rom Tu kompiuteri CarTulia A tipis qselSi misi IP misamarTi iqneba: I
jgufi 1 – dan 127 – mde romelime, II jgufi 0 – 255 farglebSi nebismieri, III jgufi 0 – 255
nebismieri, IV jgufi 0 – 255

nebismieri. magaliTad 15. 167. 215. 75 an 101. 92. 7. 128 an 95. 238. 151. 5 da a.S.
B tipis qselSi CarTuli kompiuteris IP iqneba: I jgufi 128 – 191 romelime, II jgufi 0 –
255 romelime, III jgufi 0 – 255 nebismieri, IV

jgufi 0 – 255 nebismieri. mag 130. 108. 77. 201 an 151. 92. 115. 48 an 170. 48. 100. 2 da a.S.
C tipis qselSi CarTul kompiuters eqneba Semdegi IP: I jgufi
192 – 255 romelime, II jgufi 0-255 romelime, III jgufi 0-255 romelime, IV jgufi 0-255
nebismieri, mag: 198. 121. 52. 1 an 201. 193. 228. 117 an 230. 91. 28. 242
anu Net ID ama Tu im qsels gamoeyofa DNS serveris mier, xolo Host ID – s qseli
Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr unawilebs masSi CarTul kompiuterebs. imisTvis, rom
kompiuterisTvis da momxmareblisTvis advilad gasarCevi iyos qselis tipi, gamoiyeneba e.w.
qselis niRabi (Subnet Mask) romelsac aseTi gamosaxuleba aqvs. A tipisTvis – 255. 0.0.0,
B tipisTvis 255. 255. 0.0, C tipisTvis 255. 255. 255. 0. qveqsels niRabs viyenebT lokaluri
qselis parametrebis SerCevisas, romelsac qselis gamarTvisas vnaxavT.
kompiuterTa damisamarTebis es sistema gamoiyeneba internetSi da sxva globalur
qselebSi, sadac yoveli calkeuli misamarTi unikaluria da gamoiyeneba mxolod konkretuli
kompiuteris dasamisamarTeblad, mas realuri IP ewodeba.
Sida qselebSi, maT Soris lokalur qselSi gamoiyeneba damisamarTebis Taviseburi
sistema, rasac axla gavecnobiT. lokaluri qseli SeuZlia gamarTos TiToeulma CvenTaganma
ojaxSi, ofisSi, skolaSi, samsaxurSi da a.S. Sesabamisad msoflioSi miliardobiT aseTi qselia
Seqmnili, yvela maTgans rom gamoeyos realuri IP, ubralod isini ar gveyofa. Amitom
lokalur qselSi gamoiyeneba virtualuri IP damisamarTeba, kerZod realuri damisamarTebis
sistemidan gamoyofilia garkveuli Net ID- ebi, romelTa gamoyenebac mxolod lokalur
qselSi SeiZleba da ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas internetSi. A tipis qselisTvis es aris 10.
0-255. 0-255. 0-255, B tipisTvis 172. 16-31. 0-255. 0-255, C tipisTvis 192. 168. 0-255. 0-255.
anu lokalur qselebSi viyenebT mxolod mocemul Net ID xolo Host ID- s Cven TviTon
vunawilebT kompiuterebs. Teoriulad SegviZlia SevqmnaT A tipis lokaluri qseli romelic,
uamravi kompiuteris CarTvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, Tumca realured aseT C tips ufro
viyenebT, radgan didi raodenobis kompiuterebi aq ar gvaqvs.
realuri IP- sgan gansxvavebiT virtualuri IP SeiZleba meordebodes sxvadasxva lokalur
qselSi.
am leqciaSi SevecadeT dagvenaxebina qselSi monacemTa moZraobis zogadi sqema,
romelsac praqtikulad qseluri mowyobilobebi axorcieleben da maTze Semdeg leqciaSi
gveqneba saubari.

kompiuteruli inJineria – firma TiC-aiTis eleqtronuli kursi

PC Engineering – electronic courses of firm Teach-IT