Structure of Chromosomes

cell cycles and Cell division

Short Answer Type

Question 1

Name these:

(a) Two main constituents of Chromatin

(b) Two kinds of Nucleic acids

(c) Three components of a Nucleotide

(d) Four Nitrogenous bases

(e) Two kinds of Nitrogenous bases

(f) Two components of Nucleosome

(g) Two kinds of Cell division

(h) Four main phases of Karyokinesis

(i) Two steps of the process Mitosis

(j) Two kinds of haploid cells of human body

Answer

(a) DNA and Histones

(b) RNA and DNA

(c) Phosphate, Sugar and Nitrogenous bases

(d) Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine

(e) Purine and Pyrimidine

(f) DNA and Histone

(g) Mitosis and Meiosis

(h) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

(i) Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis

(j) Male gamete (22 + Y) and Female gamete (22 + X)

Question 2

What are the rungs of the "DNA ladder" made of?

Answer

The rungs of the DNA ladder are made of four types of nitrogenous bases. These are:

1. Adenine (A)
2. Guanine (G)
3. Cytosine (C)
4. Thymine (T)

Question 3

Correct the following statements for mistakes, if any.

(a) The four nitrogenous bases in the DNA are Guanine, Thiamine, Adrenaline and Cytosine.

(b) Genes are specific sequences of bases on a chromosome.

(c) A nucleotide is composed of a sulphate, a sugar (pentose) and a nitrogenous base.

(d) Nucleosomes are groups of cysteine molecules surrounded by DNA strands.

(e) If there are 46 chromosomes in a cell, there will be 23 chromatin fibres inside the nucleus
during interphase.

Answer

Corrected statements are as follows:

(a) The four nitrogenous bases in the DNA are Guanine, Thymine, Adenine and Cytosine.

(b) Genes are specific sequences of nucleotides on a chromosome.

(c) A nucleotide is composed of a phosphate, a sugar (pentose) and a nitrogenous base.

(d) Nucleosomes are groups of histone molecules surrounded by DNA strands.

(e) If there are 46 chromosomes in a cell there will be 46 chromatin fibres inside the nucleus
during interphase.
Descriptive Type

Question 1

Define the following terms:

(a) Chromosome

(b) Gene

(c) Cell division

(d) Chromatid

(e) Aster

Answer

(a) Chromosome — Chromosomes are formed of very long, highly coiled and condensed
chromatin fibres which are made of DNA (about 40%) and histones (about 60%). They are
present in the nucleus of the cell. They carry the chemical instructions for the reproduction of the
cell.

(b) Gene — Genes are specific sequences of nucleotides on a chromosome that encode particular
proteins which express in the form of some particular feature of the body. They are the units of
heredity which are transferred from parents to offsprings and are responsible for some specific
characteristics of the offspring.

(c) Cell Division — Cell division is the method in which the cell divides and the duplicated
chromosomes get evenly distributed into the daughter cells.

(d) Chromatid — Duplicated chromosomes consist of two identical strands, each of these is
called a chromatid. Before replication, one chromosome is composed of one DNA molecule. In
replication, the DNA molecule is copied, and the two molecules are known as chromatids.
During the later stages of cell division these chromatids separate longitudinally to become
individual chromosomes.

(e) Aster — During mitosis in an animal cell, after the centrosome splits into two along with
simultaneous duplication of the centrioles contained in it, each centriole is surrounded by
radiating rays and is termed aster (meaning star).

Question 2

Give reason:

(a) Gametes must be produced by meiosis for sexual reproduction.

(b) Why is meiosis referred to as 'reductional division'?

(c) The children of the same parents, howsoever similar, are different from each other in certain
aspects.

Answer

(a) Gametes must be produced by meiosis for sexual reproduction because the numbers of
chromosomes are reduced to half during meiosis and then the normal diploid numbers of
chromosomes are regained during the process of fertilization.

(b) Meiosis is referred to as 'reductional division' because the number of chromosomes are
reduced to half i.e. out of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, only single set of
chromosomes are passed on to the sex cells. This is essential because when the male and female
gametes fuse during fertilization, the normal double (diploid) number of chromosomes is
reacquired. The diploid number, as a rule, is expressed as “2n” and the haploid number as "n".

(c) The mixing up or recombination of genes during meiotic division provides for the
innumerable variations and diversity in the progeny. That is how, the children of the same
parents, howsoever similar, are different from each other in certain aspects.

Question 3

Distinguish between the following pairs:

(a) Cytokinesis and Karyokinesis

(b) DNA and RNA

(c) Nucleosome and Nucleotide

(d) Centrosome and Centromere

(e) Haploid and Diploid

Answer

(a) Difference between Cytokinesis and Karyokinesis

Cytokinesis Ka

It is the division of the cytoplasm. It is the division of the nucleu

It occurs after karyokinesis. It is the first division.

 Cytokinesis Ka

It results in the formation of two daughter cells. It results in the formation of

(b) Difference between DNA and RNA

DNA R

DNA is Deoxyribonucleic acid. RNA is Ribonucleic acid.

It consists of four distinct bases: Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine and It consists of four distinct bases: U
Guanine. Guanine.

The DNA is a double-stranded molecule. The RNA is a single-stranded mo

It is located in the nucleus of a cell and in the mitochondria. It is found in the cytoplasm, nucle

(c) Difference between Nucleosome and Nucleotide

Nucleosome Nucleot

Nucleosome is the complex that is made up of DNA wrapped The chemical composition of nucleotide
around histone proteins. sugar and a nitrogenous base.

(d) Difference between Centrosome and Centromere

Centrosome

It is a non-stainabl
It is an organelle of the animal cell surrounding the centrioles, located near the nucleus.
chromatids join.

It contains one or two centrioles which move towards the opposite poles and forms It provides attachm
spindle fibres during cell division. division.

(e) Difference between Haploid and Diploid

Haploid

Only half the number of chromosomes (only one member from each pair) is passed on to Full Set of chro
 Haploid

each daughter cell. daughter cell.

It is denoted by n. It is denoted by

This state is found during meiotic division. This state is fou

Question 4

Write full form of the following abbreviations:

(a) DNA

(b) RNA

Answer

(a) DNA — Deoxyribonucleic acid

(b) RNA — Ribonucleic acid

Question 5

Given below are the sets of four terms. Choose the odd one and write the category of the
remaining terms:

(a) Adenine, Guanine, Adrenaline, Thymine

(b) Pentose sugar, Histones, Phosphate group, Nitrogenous bases

(c) Metaphase, Anaphase, Interphase, Telophase

(d) G1 phase, M phase, G2 phase, S phase

(e) Chromoplast, Chromosome, Chloroplast, Leucoplast

Answer

(a) Odd one out — Adrenaline

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine — Nitrogenous bases

(b) Odd one out — Histones

Pentose sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogenous bases — form nucleotide
(c) Odd one out — Interphase
Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase — Phases of Mitosis

(d) Odd one out — M phase

G1 phase, G2 phase, S phase — Phases of Interphase

(e) Odd one out — Chromosome

Chromoplast, Chloroplast, Leucoplast — Plastids
GENETICS

Short Answer Type

Question 1

Rewrite the correct form of the statement by changing the first or the last word only:

(a) Duplicated chromosomes remain attached at a point termed as centrosome.

(b) The full complement of DNA of an organism is termed as genetics.

(c) The inheritable feature of an organism is termed as heredity.

(d) Terminal flower position is a dominant trait of pea flower.

(e) Alternative forms of a gene are called traits.

Answer

(a) Duplicated chromosomes remain attached at a point termed as centromere.

(b) The full complement of DNA of an organism is termed as Genome.

(c) The inheritable feature of an organism is termed as character.

(d) Axillary flower position is a dominant trait of pea flower.

(e) Alternative forms of a gene are called Allele.

Question 2

Among lion, tiger and domestic cat, all the three have the same number of 38 chromosomes, yet
they have different appearances. How do you account for such differences?

Answer

All species have a fixed number of chromosomes. However, the characteristics of species
including physical appearance, body functions, behavior, etc. are not simply the outcome of
chromosome number, but these are the result of the units called genes which the chromosomes
carry. The lion and the cat have the same number of chromosomes (38). Yet one is distinct from
the other in body size, appearance, colour, behavior, etc. All such characteristics of an organism
are the result of the genes located on the chromosomes.

Question 3

List any three features of garden pea with their dominant and recessive traits.
Answer

Character Dominant trait

Flower Colour Purple White

Seed Colour Yellow Green

Seed Shape Round Wrinkled

Pod Shape Inflated Constrict

Flower Position Axial Terminal

Question 4

Explain why generally only the male child suffers from colour blindness and not the female?

Answer

Colour blindness is caused due to recessive genes, which occur on the ‘x’ chromosomes. Males
have only one X chromosome. If there is recessive gene present on X chromosome, then the
male will suffer from colour-blindness. Females have two X chromosomes. It is highly
impossible that both the X chromosomes carry abnormal gene. Hence, if one gene is abnormal
and since it is recessive, its expression will be masked by the normal gene present on the other X
chromosome. Due to this reason, females are unlikely to suffer from colour-blindness.

Descriptive Type

Question 1

Define the following terms:

(a) Pedigree chart

(b) Variations

(c) Mutation

Answer
(a) Pedigree chart — A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance
or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next.
In the pedigree chart, males are shown by squares and females by circles.

(b) Variations — The small differences among the individuals of the same species are called
variations.

(c) Mutation — Mutation is a sudden change in one or more genes, or in the number or in the
structure of chromosomes. Mutation alters the hereditary material of an organism's cells and
results in a change in certain characters or traits for example :

1. Sickle cell anaemia

2. Radioactive radiations

Question 2

State the three Mendel's laws of inheritance.

Answer

Mendel's law of inheritance are as follows —

1. Law of Dominance — Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together, only one
is able to express itself while the other remains suppressed. The one that expresses is
the dominant character and the one that is unexpressed is the recessive one.

2. Law of Segregation (also called the law of purity of gametes) — The two members of a
pair of factors separate during the formation of gametes. They do not blend but segregate
or separate into different gametes. The gametes combine together by random fusion at the
time of zygote formation.

3. Law of Independent Assortment — When there are two pairs of contrasting characters,
the distribution of the members of one pair into the gametes is independent of the
distribution of the other pair.

Question 3

Does the sex of the child depend on the father or is it just a matter of chance? Discuss.

Answer

The sex of the child depends upon the kind of sperm that fertilises the egg. The egg contains only
one X chromosome, but half of the sperms released into the genital tract of the female during
coitus are X-bearing and the remaining half are Y-bearing. It is simply a matter of chance as to
which category of sperm fuses with the ovum:
  If the egg (X) is fused by X-bearing sperm, the resulting combination is XX i.e. female
constitution and the child produced is a female (Daughter).
 If the egg (X) is fused by Y-bearing sperm, the resulting combination is XY i.e. male
constitution and the child produced is a male (Son).

Question 4

Distinguish between the following pairs:

(a) Karyotype and Karyokinesis

(b) Autosomes and Sex chromosomes

(c) Homozygous and Heterozygous chromosomes

Answer

(a) Difference between karyotype and karyokinesis —

Karyotype Ka

The complete set of chromosomes in the cells of an organism is its karyotype. The division of the nucleus d

(b) Difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes

Autosomes Sex chromosom

They determine the somatic traits. They determine the sex of an organism.

They are numbered as 1 to 22. They are recognized by the letters XO, XY, ZO,
 Autosomes Sex chromosom

They show Mendelian inheritance. They do not show Mendelian inheritance.

Human show 22 pairs of autosomes. Humans show only 1 pair of sex chromosome.

(c) Difference between homozygous and heterozygous chromosomes

Homozygous chromosomes Heterozygous

It has two same copies of the same allele coding for a particular trait. It contains two different copies of a
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Short Answer Type

Question 1

Enumerate the structural differences between white blood cells and red blood cells.

Answer

Structural Differences between White Blood Cells and Red Blood Cells:

White Blood Cells Red B

White blood cells are irregularly shaped with lots of extensions. Red blood cells are minute bico

White blood cells have a nucleus. Red blood cells do not contain a

Haemoglobin is absent in white blood cells. Haemoglobin is present in red b

Question 2

When are the sounds "LUBB" and "DUP" produced respectively during heart beat?

Answer

The first sound "LUBB" is produced when the atrio-ventricular (tricuspid and bicuspid) valves
get closed sharply at the start of ventricular systole. The second sound "DUP" is produced when
at the beginning of ventricular diastole, the semilunar valves at the roots of aorta and
pulmonary artery get closed.

Question 3

Match the items in column A with those in column B. Rewrite the correct matching pairs.

Column A

(a) SA node Pla

 Column A

(b) Defective haemoglobin in RBC Ser

(c) Muscle fibres located in the heart Pac

(d) The liquid squeezed out of blood during clotting Sic

(e) Never tires, keep on contracting and relaxing Pu

(f) Cardiac cycle Ca

(g) Liquid part of the blood without corpuscles 0.8

Answer

Column A

(a) SA node Pac

(b) Defective hemoglobin in RBC Sic

(c) Muscle fibres located in the heart Pu

(d) The liquid squeezed out of blood during clotting Ser

(e) Never tires, keep on contracting and relaxing Ca

(f) Cardiac cycle 0.8

(g) Liquid part of the blood without corpuscles Pla

Question 4

The table below is designed to indicate the transport of certain substances in our body. Fill in the
blanks with suitable answers.
 Substance From

............... Lungs Whol

Carbon dioxide ............... .........

Urea ............... .........

Digested carbohydrates Intestine .........

............... ............... Targe

Answer

Substance From

Oxygen Lungs

Carbon dioxide Whole body

Urea Whole body

Digested carbohydrates Intestine

Hormones Endocrine glands

Descriptive Type

Question 1

Define the following terms:

(a) Circulatory system

(b) Blood

(c) Heart

(d) Diapedesis
(e) Phagocytosis

(f) Rh factor

Answer

(a) Circulatory system — The circulatory system is a network consisting of blood, blood
vessels and the heart. This network supplies tissues in the body with oxygen and other nutrients,
transports hormones and removes unnecessary waste products.

(b) Blood — Blood is the circulating fluid contained in the heart and in the blood vessels such as
arteries, veins and capillaries of the circulatory system. Blood from the heart is pumped
throughout the body using blood vessels.

(c) Heart — The heart is made of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that allows it to act as a
pump within the circulatory system. Heart pushes the blood around the body and has different
chambers such as right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle to prevent the mixing of
oxygenated blood and carbon dioxide rich blood.

(d) Diapedesis — Diapedesis is the squeezing of leucocytes through the wall of capillaries into
the tissues.

(e) Phagocytosis — Phagocytosis is the process in which most WBCs and particularly the
neutrophils engulf particle-like solid substances, especially bacteria.

(f) Rh factor — Rh factor is an inherited antigen often found on the blood cells. Some
individuals have these antigens and are thus Rh positive (Rh+) while others who do not have this
antigen are Rh negative (Rh-)

Question 2

Distinguish between the following pairs on the basis of words indicated in the brackets ( ):

(a) Erythrocytes and Leukocytes (Nucleus)

(b) Leukocytes and Thrombocytes (Life-span)

(c) Arteries and Veins (Wall and lumen)

(d) Pulmonary and Systemic circulation (Kind of blood)

(e) Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve (Location)

Answer

(a) Difference between Erythrocytes and Leukocytes (Nucleus):

 Character Erythrocytes

Nucleus Absent Present

(b) Difference between Leukocytes and Thrombocytes (Life-span):

Character Leukocytes

Life span Two weeks 3-5 days

(c) Difference between Arteries and Veins (Wall and lumen):

Character Arteries

Wall Thick and muscular Thin and less muscula

Lumen Narrow Wider

(d) Difference between Pulmonary and Systemic circulation (Kind of blood):

Character Pulmonary circulation Syste

Kind of Pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood to lungs and Oxygenated blood is tran
blood pulmonary vein takes oxygenated blood from lungs to heart. and deoxygenated blood

(e) Difference between Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve (Location):

Character Mitral valve Tric

Location Present between left atrium and left ventricle. Present between right atrium

Question 3

Give reasons/explain:

(a) The left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle.

(b) The walls of right ventricle are thicker than those of the right auricle.

(c) Vitamin K is essential for the process of blood clotting.

(d) A mature mammalian Erythrocyte lacks nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.

(e) People have a common belief that the heart is located on the left side of the chest.

Answer

(a) The left ventricle pumps blood to the farthest points in the body such as the feet, the toes and
the brain against the gravity while the right ventricle pumps the blood only up to the lungs.
Therefore, the left ventricle has thicker walls than the right ventricle.

(b) The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation whereas the right auricle
receives the blood from venae cavae and passes it to the right ventricle. Therefore, walls of the
right ventricle are thicker than those of the right auricle.

(c) Vitamin K acts as a catalyst that transforms some anti-clotting proteins, which are always
present, into clotting proteins when there is a cut or wound to the body. The mechanism of blood
clotting involves the presence of calcium and other clotting factors. Thrombokinase activates an
enzyme called prothrombin activator. The enzyme prothrombin activator then converts plasma
protein prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin is the enzyme which in turn converts fibrinogen
into fibrin. Polymerized fibrin together with platelets forms a clot at the wound site. The
prothrombin is a plasma protein synthesized in the liver. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis
of prothrombin. Hence, Vitamin K is essential for the process of blood clotting.

(d) Lack of nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum helps erythrocytes in the following
way:

1. Loss of nucleus makes the red cells biconcave, thus increasing their surface area to
absorb more oxygen.
2. Loss of mitochondria means that they cannot use the absorbed oxygen themselves.
3. Absence of endoplasmic reticulum makes it flexible so that they can move through fine
capillaries.

(e) The heart is right in the center between the two lungs and above the diaphragm. The narrow
end of the roughly triangular heart is pointed to the left side and during working, the contraction
of the heart is most powerful at this end giving a feeling that the heart is on the left side.

Question 4

Write important role/roles of the following:

(a) Tonsils

(b) Spleen

(c) Hepatic portal vein

(d) Basophils
(e) S.A.N.

Answer

(a) Tonsils — Tonsils are lymph glands located on the sides of the neck. They tend to localize
the infection and prevent it from spreading it in the body as a whole.

(b) Spleen — The spleen is a large lymphatic organ. The spleen acts as a blood reservoir in case
of emergency such as haemorrhage, stress or poisoning. It produces lymphocytes and destroys
worn out RBCs.

(c) Hepatic portal vein — The hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the
gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver. This blood contains nutrients
and toxins extracted from digested contents.

(d) Basophils — Basophils are a type of white blood cells. They are the least common type of
granulocyte which release chemicals called histamine for inflammation which dilate blood
vessels.

(e) S.A.N. — The sinoatrial node (SAN) is a region of cardiac fibres located in the right atrium.
The electrical wave of stimulation is initiated here and extends over the two atria, causing them
to contract. It is often referred to as the pacemaker of the heart.

Question 5

What is meant by the term 'Double circulation'? Distinguish between the two types of circulation
in our body.

Answer

Double circulation is a process during which blood passes twice through the heart during one
complete cycle. The flow of blood in the heart consists of two phases —

1. The short pulmonary (lung) circulation

2. The long systemic (general body) circulation

Difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation —

Pulmonary circulation Systemic circu

It involves circulation of blood between the heart and the It involves circulation of blood between the h
lungs. lungs).

It carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to receive oxygen. It carries oxygenated blood to the body organ
 Pulmonary circulation Systemic circu

It returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. It returns deoxygenated blood back to the hea

Question 6

Write the main steps in coagulation of blood in their correct sequence?

Answer

Coagulation of blood (or clotting) occurs in a series of steps as follows:

1. The injured tissue cells and the platelets which disintegrate at the site of the wound
release a substance thrombokinase (also called thromboplastin).
2. The thrombokinase acts as an enzyme and with the help of calcium ions present in the
plasma, it converts a substance prothombin (inactive) of the plasma, into thrombin
(active). Vitamin K, a fat-soluble vitamin is essential for the production of prothombin.
3. Thrombin in the presence of calcium ions reacts with the soluble fibrinogen of the plasma
to convert it into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin is a solid substance that forms threads. These
microscopic threads of fibrin are sticky and form a mesh or network at the site of wound.
4. Blood cells are trapped in the network of the fibrin; the network then shrinks and
squeezes out the rest of the plasma which is in the form of a clear liquid, the serum. The
solid mass which is left behind is called clot (or thrombus).

Question 7

Write the exact location of the following:

(a) Pulmonary semilunar valve

(b) Tonsils

(c) Heart

(d) Pacemaker

(e) Hepatic portal vein

Answer

(a) Pulmonary artery

(b) Sides of neck

(c) Centre of chest, between the lungs and above diaphragm

(d) Upper right corner of the walls of the right atrium

(e) Between liver and stomach, intestine

EXCEREATORY SYSTEM

Short Answer Type

Question 1

Write down the functional activity of the following parts:

(a) Glomerulus

(b) Collecting duct

(c) Ureter

(d) Vasa recta

(e) Urethra

Answer

(a) Glomerulus — The main function of the glomerulus is to filter plasma to produce glomerular
filtrate, which passes down the length of the nephron tubule to form urine. It is concerned mainly
with the process of ultrafiltration. The liquid part of the blood which is plasma including urea,
salts, glucose filters out from the glomerulus into the renal tubule.

(b) Collecting duct — The collecting duct system is the final component of the kidney to
influence the body's electrolyte and fluid balance. It receives the contents of many kidney tubules
and pours it as urine in the pelvis of the kidney.

(c) Ureter — It carries urine to the urinary bladder by ureteral peristalsis.

(d) Vasa recta — The vasa recta is a secondary capillary network that branches out of the
efferent arteriole. It consists of long, hairpin-shaped blood vessels that run parallel to the loops of
Henle. The hairpin turns slow the rate of blood flow, which helps maintain the osmotic gradient
required for water reabsorption.

(e) Urethra — Urine is expelled from the urinary bladder through the urethra. This process is
called as micturition.

Question 2

Match the items in Column I with those in Column II and write down the matching pairs.

Column I Colum

(a) Bowman's Capsule (i) Renal artery

 Column I Colum

(b) Contains more CO2 and less urea (ii) Regulates amount of water excrete

(c) Anti-diuretic hormone (iii) Renal vein

(d) Contains more urea (iv) Glomerulus

Answer

Column I Colum

(a) Bowman's Capsule (iv) Glomerulus

(b) Contains more CO2 and less urea (iii) Renal Vein

(c) Anti-diuretic hormone (ii) Regulates amount of water excrete

(d) Contains more urea (i) Renal artery

Question 3

Fill in the blanks in the following passage to make it a meaningful description.

In a nephron, the ............... flows through the ............... under great pressure. The reason for this
great pressure is that the ............... (outgoing) ............... is narrower than the ...............
(incoming). This high pressure causes the ............... part of the blood to filter out from
the ............... into the ............... capsule.

Answer

In a nephron, the blood flows through the glomerulus under great pressure. The reason for this
great pressure is that the efferent (outgoing) arteriole is narrower than the afferent
arteriole (incoming). This high pressure causes the liquid part of the blood to filter out from
the glomerulus into the renal capsule.

Question 4
Name the following:

(a) Three nitrogenous wastes of our body.

(b) Three organic wastes of our body.

(c) Three inorganic wastes of our body.

(d) Three main parts of our urinary system.

(e) Six main parts of nephron.

(f) Three stages of urine formation.

(g) Three types of fluids in different parts of a nephron.

Answer

(a) Three nitrogenous wastes of our body:

1. Urea
2. Uric acid
3. Ammonia

(b) Three organic wastes of our body:

1. Urea
2. Uric acid
3. Creatinine

(c) Three inorganic wastes of our body:

1. Common salt (NaCl)

2. Iron
3. Calcium

(d) Three main parts of our urinary system:

1. Kidney
2. Urinary bladder
3. Ureter

(e) Six main parts of nephron:

1. Bowman's capsule
2. Glomerulus
 3. Renal capsule
4. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
5. Henle's Loop
6. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

(f) Three stages of urine formation:

1. Ultrafiltration
2. Reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion

(g) Three types of fluids in different parts of a nephron:

1. Glomerular filtrate
2. Glomerular filtrate with glucose and sodium
3. Urine

Question 5

Choose the odd one out in each of the following sets and write the category for the remaining
terms:

(a) Kidney, ureter, neuron, urethra, urinary bladder

(b) Ammonia, urea, excess sodium chloride, uric acid

(c) Cortex, medulla, loop of Henle, hilum

(d) Glomerulus, collecting duct, papilla, Bowman's capsule.

Answer

(a) Odd term: Neuron

Category: Others are parts of the human excretory system.

(b) Odd term: Excess sodium chloride

Category: Others are organic nitrogenous wastes.

(c) Odd term: Loop of Henle

Category: Others are parts of the internal structure of kidney.

(d) Odd term: Papilla

Category: Others are parts of the kidney tubule or nephron.

Question 6
Write full forms of the following abbreviations:

(a) PCT: ...............

(b) DCT: ...............

(c) ADH: ...............

(d) ORS: ...............

Answer

(a) PCT — Proximal Convoluted Tubule

(b) DCT — Distal Convoluted Tubule

(c) ADH — Antidiuretic hormone

(d) ORS — Oral Rehydration Solution

Question 7

Write the exact location of each of the following:

(a) Kidney

(b) Uriniferous tubule

(c) Malpighian capsule

(d) Loop of Henle

Answer

(a) Kidney — It is located on either side of the backbone and protected by the last two ribs.

(b) Uriniferous tubule — Uriniferous tubule begins in the cortex; the tubule dips down to the
medulla, then return to the cortex before draining into the collecting duct.

(c) Malpighian capsule — It comprises of Bowman's capsule and glomerulus and is located in
the kidney tubule.

(d) Loop of Henle — It runs in the medulla to turn back and to re-enter the cortex to continue
into the next convoluted region of the tubule.

Descriptive Type

Question 1
Define the following terms:

(a) Excretion

(b) Kidney

(c) Micturition

(d) Osmoregulation

Answer

(a) Excretion — Excretion is the passing out of substances that have no further use in the body
or are harmful.

(b) Kidney — The kidneys are a pair of organs that are found on either side of the spine, just
below the rib cage in the back. The Kidneys are powerful chemical factories that perform the
following function of removing waste products from the body, filter waste materials out of the
blood and pass them out of the body as urine. It also regulates blood pressure and the levels of
water, salts and minerals in the body.

(c) Micturition — Urine is expelled from the urinary bladder through the urethra by relaxation
of the sphincter muscles located at the opening of the urinary bladder into the urethra under
impulse from the nervous system. This process is called micturition.

(d) Osmoregulation — The regulation of osmotic pressure of the blood by regulating its
composition (water and electrolyte) is called osmoregulation.

Question 2

Differentiate between :

(a) Ureter and Urethra (function)

(b) Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus (hormones involved)

(c) Glycosuria and Albuminuria (abnormal constituents)

(d) Diuresis and Uremia (problem)

(e) Malpighian capsule and Loop of Henle (location)

Answer

(a) Difference between Ureter and Urethra (function):

 Property Ureter Urethra

Ureter brings urine from kidneys to The urine is intermittently emptied from the urinar
Function
urinary bladder. through the urethra.

(b) Difference between Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus (hormones involved):

Property Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insi

Hormones involved Deficiency of insulin Deficiency of vasopressin or antidiuretic ho

(c) Difference between Glycosuria and Albuminuria (abnormal constituents):

Property Glycosuria

Abnormal constituents Presence of glucose in urine Presence of Albumin p

(d) Difference between Diuresis and Uremia (problem):

Property Diuresis Urem

Diuresis results in increased production of urine due Uremia is the accumulation of high qua
Problem
to less secretion of ADH. inability of the kidneys to filter out was

(e) Difference between Malpighian capsule and Loop of Henle (location):

Properties Malpighian capsule Loop of H

Location Beginning of nephron Between first and second convoluted tubu

Question 3

Give reason:

(a) Excretion is a necessary process of our body.

(b) Why does the cortex of kidneys shows a 'dotted' appearance?

(c) We urinate fewer times in summer than in winter and the urine passed is generally thicker.
(d) Why does the medulla of kidneys shows a 'striped' appearance ?

Answer

(a) Excretion is a necessary process of our body as it is necessary to eliminate certain waste and
toxic products, such as carbon dioxide, urea etc. When these toxic materials are not removed
from the body, they get mixed with blood and can cause poisoning that slows down critical
chemical reactions and damage the cells of the body. Hence it is necessary to remove such
poisonous waste materials from our body.

(b) The Bowman's capsule and the proximal convoluted part of all the nephrons lie in the cortex
of kidneys giving it a 'dotted' appearance.

(c) During summer when the surrounding temperature is high, we lose a considerable part of
water through perspiration (i.e., in the form of sweat, direct evaporation, etc.). This means that
the kidneys have to reabsorb more water from the urine. Due to this reason, we urinate fewer
times in summer than in winter and the urine passed is generally thicker.

(d) Henle's loops and collecting ducts lie in the medulla of kidneys giving it a 'striped'
appearance.
CELL

Descriptive Type

Question 1

Define the following terms:

(a) Cell
(b) Organelles
(c) Cytoplasm
(d) Protoplasm
(e) Nucleus
Answer
(a) Cell — Cell is the structural and functional unit
of life capable of independent existence. All cells
are basically alike in chemical composition and
metabolic processes and arise from a pre-existing
cell.
(b) Organelles — Organelles are specialized and
membrane-bound, living structures in a cell
concerned with definite functions.
(c) Cytoplasm — Cytoplasm is the part of the cell
which is inside the cell membrane and outside the
nucleus. It is a semi-liquid substance and contains
several organelles, each concerned with a specific
function.
(d) Protoplasm — The living parts of the cell
which consist of cytoplasm, nucleus and other
living bodies collectively constitute protoplasm or
protoplast.
(e) Nucleus — Nucleus is a large spherical body
lying nearly in the centre of the cytoplasm. It is
surrounded by a double layered nuclear
membrane with nuclear pores.
Question 2

Distinguish between the following pairs:

(a) Plant cell and animal cell
(b) Cell wall and cell membrane
(c) Centrosome and chromosome
(d) Chloroplast and chromoplast
Answer
(a) Plant Cell and Animal Cell

Features Plant cell An

Size It is usually larger in size. It is usually

It consists of a definite cell wall

Cell wall It lacks a ce
made up of cellulose.

It consists of large and It consists o

Vacuoles
prominent vacuoles. temporary v

It consists of less dense It consists o

Cytoplasm
cytoplasm. granular cyt

(b) Cell Wall and Cell Membrane

Cell Wall Cell Mem

It is the outermost covering in plant It is the outermost

cells. cells.

It is thin, flexible an
It is non-living and rigid layer.
membrane.

It is freely permeable. It is semi-permeabl

 Cell Wall Cell Mem

It is made up of cellulose. It is made up of lipo

(c) Centrosome and Chromosome

Centrosome Chrom

It is a clear space of cytoplasm It is a highly coiled

located close to the nucleus. contained within th

Usually one centrosome is present Several chromosom

per cell. present per cell.

It consists of two rod-like structures It consists of DNA

made of protein tubulin. histone protein co

It transfers heredit
It initiates and regulates cell division.
from parents to of

(d) Chloroplast and Chromoplast

Chloroplast Chromop

It is green in colour. It is variously coloured.

 Chloroplast Chromop

It contains the pigment It contains pigments su

chlorophyll. and carotene.

It traps solar energy for

It imparts colour to flow
photosynthesis.