Monthly PIB Summaries March 2024 LIA

PIB
Compilation
March 2024
Important topics
covered:
Electric Mobility Promotion
Scheme 2024
All India Household Consumption
Expenditure Survey
Exercise MILAN 2024
India-EFTA Trade Deal
Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA)
Fellowships and Awards
MARCH 2024 – PIB COMPILATION
GS1:
History, Art & Culture Social Justice & Governance
Pg- 1 Pg- 8
1 Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA) 1 Launch of Digital Criminal
Fellowships and Awards Case Management System
2 Archaeological Discovery in (CCMS) and 'Sankalan' App
Telangana: Ancient Chalukyan 2 Mushk budiji Rice
Temples 3 National Action Plan for
3 Monuments of National Prevention and Control of
Importance Snakebite Envenoming (NAP-
SE)
4 Electric Mobility Promotion
Scheme 2024
GS2:
Polity & Constitution International Relations
Pg- 6 Pg- 16
1 Supreme Court Overturns 1 India-EFTA Trade Deal Set
1998 Ruling on for Conclusion
Parliamentary Privilege
2 Shanghai Cooperation
Organization
www.legacyias.com Legacy IAS Academy © +91 96069 00004/05

MARCH 2024 – PIB COMPILATION
GS-3
Indian Economy Pg- 20 Environment & Ecology

Pg- 24
1 All India Household 1 MethaneSAT
Consumption Expenditure 2 Cycas circinalis
Survey 3 Fourth mass coral bleaching
Science & Technology Internal Security Challenges

Pg- 22 Pg- 29
1 Project ANAGRANINF 1 LAMITIYE-2024
2 Sea Defenders-2024
2 Innovations for Defence
3 Exercise MILAN 2024
Excellence-Defence
Innovation Organisation
(iDEX-DIO)
www.legacyias.com Legacy IAS Academy © +91 96069 00004/05

GS-I: History, Art & Culture: Mar ‘24 PIB
Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA) Fellowships and Awards

Context:
Recently, the President of India presented Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA) Fellowships and Awards for the years
2022 and 2023 in New Delhi.
Relevance:
GS I: Art and Culture
Dimensions of the Article:

1. Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship
2. Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards
3. Sangeet Natak Akademi
Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship:

Prestigious Honour:
 The Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (Akademi Ratna Sadasyata) stands as the most prestigious
honor conferred by the SNA.
Eligibility Criteria:
 Established individuals in the fields of music, dance, and drama are considered, with a stipulation
that individuals below 50 years of age are not ordinarily considered for this fellowship.
Fellowship Benefits:
 The Akademi Fellowship includes a purse of Rs. 3.00 lakhs, a Tamrapatra (copper plaque), and an
Angavastram (shawl).
Recommendation Process:
 Recommendations for the fellowship are received from current fellows of the Akademi and
members of the General Council.
Seat Expansion:
 Initially comprising 30 seats, the General Council amended rules in 2010, adding 10 more seats over
five years, with two seats added annually.
Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards:

Rich History:
 With a history spanning over 70 years, the SNA Awards honor practitioners, gurus, and scholars in
music, dance, and drama, representing the nation's highest achievements in these art forms.
Inception:
Awards in Hindustani and Carnatic music were instituted in 1951, pre-dating the establishment of
the Akademi and initially known as Presidential Awards.
1|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05
Email: legacyiasacademy@gmail.com
Award Components:
 Each award includes a purse of Rs. 1.00 lakh, a Tamrapatra (copper plaque), and an Angavastram
(shawl).
Annual Conferment:
 Currently, 41 awards are conferred annually, and over 1298 artists have been honored with Sangeet
Natak Akademi Awards.
Sangeet Natak Akademi:

Establishment:
 Established in 1953, the SNA is the apex body dedicated to preserving and promoting India's rich
intangible heritage expressed through music, dance, and drama.
Founding Chairman:
 Created by a resolution of the Ministry of Education in 1952, Dr. P.V. Rajamannar served as its first
Chairman.
Management Structure:
 Oversight is provided by the General Council, with the Chairman appointed by the President of India
for a five-year term.
Office and Autonomy:

 The registered office is located at Rabindra Bhavan, New Delhi, operating autonomously under the
Ministry of Culture.
Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar:

 Recognizing excellence in artists under 40 in dance, music, and theatre, this award was introduced
in 2006.
Cultural Heritage Preservation:

 More than 100 rare art forms facing extinction are revived through training programs under the
name 'Kala Deeksha' by the Akademi.
Archaeological Discovery in Telangana: Ancient Chalukyan Temples

Context:
Archaeologists from the Public Research Institute of History, Archaeology, and Heritage (PRIHAH) have made a
significant discovery in Mudimanikyam village, Nalgonda district, Telangana. Unearthed during excavations are
two ancient temples dating back to the Badami Chalukyan period. The discovery also includes a rare
inscription, shedding light on the historical and cultural richness of the region.
Relevance:
GS I: History

1. Key Findings in Recent Excavation
2. Key Features of the Chalukya Dynasty
Key Findings in Recent Excavation

Ancient Temples:
 Discovered at the village's edge, the two temples have been dated between 543 AD and 750 AD,
aligning with the Badami Chalukya era.
 Exhibiting a distinctive architectural fusion, they incorporate styles from both Badami Chalukyas
and Kadamba Nagara, presented in the Rekha Nagara format.
2|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05
 Noteworthy features include the recovery of a panavattam (Shiva lingam base) in one temple and a
Vishnu idol in another.
Inscription:
 An inscription known as 'Gandaloranru' was found, estimated to be from the 8th or 9th Century AD.
Cultural Significance:
 Traditionally, the influence of Badami Chalukyas was believed to extend only to sites like Jogulamba
temples at Alampur and the submerged Yeleswaram sites.
 This discovery broadens the recognized boundaries of the Badami Chalukya kingdom, revealing
new facets of their historical reach.
Key Features of the Chalukya Dynasty

Dynastic Structure:
 The Chalukya dynasty, spanning the 6th to 12th centuries, included the Chalukyas of Badami,
Eastern Chalukyas, and Western Chalukyas.
 Badami Chalukyas, with their zenith under Pulakeshin II, were followed by the rise of Eastern and
Western Chalukyas.
Geographical Rule:
 Badami Chalukyas, originating from Vatapi (Badami in Karnataka), ruled the western Deccan.
 Eastern Chalukyas emerged in the eastern Deccan, centred around Vengi.
 Western Chalukyas, successors of Badami Chalukyas, ruled from Kalyani.
Historical Phases:
 Pulikesin I's fortification near Badami marked the dynasty's foundation.
 Eastern Chalukyas flourished independently, while the rise of the Rashtrakutas overshadowed
Badami Chalukyas.
 Western Chalukyas revived the legacy until the late 12th century.
Administrative System:
 Implemented a structured administrative system with divisions like Vishayam, Rastram, Nadu, and
Grama for effective governance.
Religious Patronage:
 Notable patrons of Saivism and Vaishnavism, and supporters of Jainism and Buddhism, showcasing
religious diversity.
 Poet-laureate Ravikirti, under Pulikesin II, was a Jain scholar.
Architectural Contributions:
 Introduced sandstone for temple construction, evident in Badami's cave and structural temples, as
well as temples in Pattadakal and Aihole.
 Mastered both excavated cave temples and structural temples.
Literary Contributions:
 Sanskrit used in official inscriptions, demonstrating commitment to classical literature.
 Recognition of regional languages like Kannada for official use, acknowledging them as languages of
the people.
Artistic Expression:
 Adopted Vakataka style in painting, with examples found in a Vishnu cave temple in Badami.
-Source: The Hindu
3|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Monuments of National Importance

Context:
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) recently decided to delist 18 protected monuments as they have
ceased to be of "national importance".
Relevance:
GS I: History

1. About Monuments of National Importance (MNI)
2. About Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
About Monuments of National Importance (MNI)

Legislative Framework:
 The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (AMASR Act) of 1958, amended
in 2010, serves as the legislative foundation for the identification, preservation, and conservation of
ancient and historical monuments, as well as archaeological sites and remains of national
significance in India.
Statistical Overview:
 As of now, India boasts a total of 3,693 Monuments of National Importance (MNI).
 Among the states, Uttar Pradesh leads with the highest count, housing 745 monuments/sites.
Declaration Process:
 Notification and Public Engagement:
o The Central Government initiates the declaration process by issuing a notification,
indicating its intent to recognize an ancient monument as of national importance.
o A two-month notice is given, inviting public feedback, views, or objections regarding the
proposed declaration.
 Final Declaration:
o Post the consultation period, considering the received views and objections, the Central
Government can officially declare the monument as an MNI by publishing a notification
in the official gazette.
Responsibilities Post Declaration:

 Role of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI):
o Once a monument or site achieves the MNI status, its conservation, preservation, and
maintenance fall under the purview of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI),
operating under the Ministry of Culture.
 Protection Zones:
o A 100-meter radius around the monument is designated as a 'prohibited area', imposing
a ban on construction activities within this zone.
o An additional 200-meter radius (100+200 meters) is termed a 'regulated area', subject
to specific construction regulations to safeguard the monument's integrity.
Delisting Mechanism:
 The ASI possesses the authority to delist monuments deemed to "have ceased to be of national
importance" under Section 35 of the AMASR Act.
 Once delisted, the responsibility of protecting these monuments shifts away from the ASI, rendering
them exempt from ASI's conservation and maintenance protocols.
4|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

About Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)

 The Archaeological Survey of India is an Indian government agency attached to the Ministry of
Culture.
 ASI is responsible for archaeological research and the conservation and preservation of cultural
monuments in the country.
 Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance is
the prime concern of the ASI.
 Besides it regulate all archaeological activities in the country as per the provisions of the Ancient
Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
 It also regulates Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972.
 For the maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national
importance the entire country is divided into 24 Circles.
o The organization has a large work force of trained archaeologists, conservators,
epigraphist, architects and scientists for conducting archaeological research projects
through its Circles, Museums, Excavation Branches, Prehistory Branch, Epigraphy
Branches, Science Branch, Horticulture Branch, Building Survey Project, Temple Survey
Projects and Underwater Archaeology Wing.
 The most important of the society’s achievements was the decipherment of the Brahmi script by
James Prinsep in 1837. This successful decipherment inaugurated the study of Indian
palaeography.
5|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

GS-II: Polity & Constitution: Mar ‘24 PIB
Supreme Court Overturns 1998 Ruling on Parliamentary Privilege
Context:
In a recent development, the Supreme Court overturned a 25-year-old majority opinion in the P V Narasimha
Rao v State (CBI/Spe) Case, 1998, commonly known as the JMM (Jharkhand Mukti Morcha) bribery case. The SC
clarified that parliamentary privileges do not shield lawmakers from prosecution for bribery, signaling a
departure from the previous ruling's immunity for lawmakers who accepted bribes could not be prosecuted
for corruption if they followed through with voting or speaking in the House as agreed.
Relevance:
GS II: Polity and Governance

1. P V Narasimha Rao Case: Supreme Court's Evolving Rulings
2. What does Article 105 say?
3. Parliamentary Privilege: History and Restrictions
P V Narasimha Rao Case: Supreme Court's Evolving Rulings

 Case Background: In the 1993 P V Narasimha Rao case, JMM MPs faced allegations of bribery for
voting against a No-Confidence motion, shedding light on corruption within the parliamentary
system.
 1998 Ruling: Immunity for Bribery: The 1998 Supreme Court ruling granted immunity to MPs and
MLAs from prosecution in bribery cases if they fulfilled their end of the bargain, citing
Parliamentary Privilege (Article 105(2)). The decision prioritized governmental stability over
individual accountability.
 2024 Ruling: Overturning Immunity: In a recent 7-Judge Constitution Bench ruling, the 1998
decision was overturned. The SC highlighted the detrimental impact of bribery on democratic
principles, emphasizing that immunity doesn't extend to bribery cases under the Prevention of
Corruption Act. This shift underscores a commitment to accountability and integrity in governance,
aligning with the principles of a responsible and representative democracy in India.
What does Article 105 say?

 Article 105 of the Constitution deals with “powers, privileges, etc of the Houses of Parliament and of
the members and committees thereof”, and has four clauses. It reads:
 Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the rules and standing orders regulating the
procedure of Parliament, there shall be freedom of speech in Parliament.
 No member of Parliament shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of any thing said
or any vote given by him in Parliament or any committee thereof, and no person shall be so liable in
respect of the publication by or under the authority of either House of Parliament of any report,
paper, votes or proceedings.
6|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

GS-II: Polity & Constitution: Mar ‘24 PIB
 In other respects, the powers, privileges and immunities of each House of Parliament, and of the
members and the committees of each House, shall be such as may from time to time be defined by
Parliament by law, and, until so defined, shall be those of that House and of its members and
committees immediately before the coming into force of section 15 of the Constitution (Forty-fourth
Amendment) Act, 1978.
 The provisions of clauses (1), (2) and (3) shall apply in relation to persons who by virtue of this
Constitution have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, a House of
Parliament or any committee thereof as they apply in relation to members of Parliament.”
 Simply put, Members of Parliament are exempted from any legal action for any statement made or
act done in the course of their duties. For example, a defamation suit cannot be filed for a statement
made in the House.
 This immunity extends to certain non-members as well, such as the Attorney General for India or a
Minister who may not be a member but speaks in the House. In cases where a member oversteps or
exceeds the contours of admissible free speech, the Speaker or the House itself will deal with it, as
opposed to the court.
Parliamentary Privilege: History and Restrictions

Origins of Parliamentary Privilege
 Provision first brought to India by Government of India Act, 1935
 References the powers and privileges enjoyed by the House of Commons in Britain
 Initial draft of the Indian Constitution contained a reference to the House of Commons, but it was
later dropped
 Privileges of the House of Commons in Britain are based in common law developed over centuries
through precedents
Historical Precedents
 In the 17th-century case of ‘R vs Elliot, Holles and Valentine’, the House of Lords provided immunity
to a member of the House of Commons who was arrested for seditious words spoken in a debate
and for violence against the Speaker, saying that words spoken in Parliament should only be judged
therein.
 This privilege was also enshrined in the Bill of Rights 1689, by which the Parliament of England
definitively established the principle of a constitutional monarchy.
 In the 1884 case of ‘Bradlaugh v. Gosset’, then Chief Justice Lord Coleridge of the House of Lords
observed that “What is said or done within the walls of Parliament cannot be inquired into in a
court of law.”
Restrictions on Parliamentary Privilege

 Article 121 of the Indian Constitution prohibits any discussion in Parliament regarding the “conduct
of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties except upon a
motion for presenting an address to the President praying for the removal of the Judge.”
-Source: The Hindu
7|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

GS-II: Social Justice & Governance: Mar ‘24 PIB
Launch of Digital Criminal Case Management System (CCMS) and

'Sankalan' App
Context:
The Ministry of Home Affairs has taken a significant step forward in bolstering India's capabilities against
terrorism and organized crime. In New Delhi, they inaugurated a digital Criminal Case Management System
(CCMS) developed by the National Investigation Agency (NIA). This system aims to streamline and enhance the
management of criminal cases. Alongside the CCMS, the Ministry also launched a mobile app named ‘Sankalan’.
This app, curated by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), serves as a comprehensive compendium of
New Criminal Laws. These initiatives reflect the government's commitment to leveraging technology for more
efficient law enforcement and criminal justice administration.
Relevance:
GS II: Government policies and Interventions

1. Criminal Case Management System (CCMS)
2. Sankalan App
3. National Investigation Agency (NIA)
Criminal Case Management System (CCMS)

Definition and Purpose:
 Digital Platform: CCMS is a digital platform designed to streamline the management of criminal
cases.
 Focus Areas: It particularly emphasizes cases related to terrorism and organised crime.
Key Features:
 Standardization: Aims to standardise investigations and compile terrorism-related data across
India.
 User-Friendly Interface: CCMS is a browser-based software that is customizable and easy to use.
 Data Integration: Enables the integration, organisation, and digitalisation of data from
investigations.
 Enhanced Coordination: Facilitates better coordination among law enforcement agencies.
 Efficiency and Justice: Designed to improve the efficiency of investigations and enhance the
delivery of justice.
Benefits:
 Information Sharing: Promotes seamless sharing of information between central and state
agencies.
 Comprehensive Tool: Provides a comprehensive tool for investigators, prosecutors, and other
stakeholders in the criminal justice process.
8|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Sankalan App
Purpose and Overview:
 Bridge Between Laws: The Sankalan app serves as a bridge between old and new criminal laws,
helping users navigate through the changes.
Key Features:
 Comprehensive Guide: Acts as a comprehensive guide for all stakeholders involved in criminal
laws.
 Offline Mode: The app is accessible in offline mode, ensuring availability even in areas with limited
connectivity.
 Accessibility: Ensures availability in remote areas, allowing stakeholders to access information
around the clock.
National Investigation Agency (NIA)

 It is a central agency mandated to investigate all the offences affecting the sovereignty, security and
integrity of India, friendly relations with foreign states, and the offences under the statutory laws
enacted to implement international treaties, agreements, conventions and resolutions of the United
Nations, its agencies and other international organisations.
 These include terror acts and their possible links with crimes like smuggling of arms, drugs and fake
Indian currency and infiltration from across the borders.
 The agency has the power to search, seize, arrest and prosecute those involved in such offences.
 Headquartered in Delhi, the NIA has its branches in Hyderabad, Guwahati, Kochi, Lucknow, Mumbai,
Kolkata, Raipur, Jammu, Chandigarh, Ranchi, Chennai, Imphal, Bengaluru and Patna.
When did the NIA come into being?

 In the wake of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attack in November 2008, which shocked the entire world,
the then United Progressive Alliance government decided to establish the NIA.
 In December 2008, former Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram introduced the National
Investigation Agency Bill.
 The Home Minister had then said the agency would deal with only eight laws mentioned in the
schedule and that a balance had been struck between the right of the State and duties of the Central
government to investigate the more important cases.
 The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
 The agency came into existence on December 31, 2008, and started its functioning in 2009.
 Till date, the NIA has registered 447 cases.
What are the scheduled offences?

 The list includes the Explosive Substances Act, Atomic Energy Act, Unlawful Activities (Prevention)
Act, Anti-Hijacking Act, Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Civil Aviation Act, SAARC
Convention (Suppression of Terrorism) Act, Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Safety of
Maritime Navigation and Fixed Platforms on Continental Shelf Act, Weapons of Mass Destruction
and their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act and relevant offences under the
Indian Penal Code, Arms Act and the Information Technology Act.
 In September 2020, the Centre empowered the NIA to also probe offences under the Narcotic Drugs
and Psychotropic Substances Act that are connected to terror cases.
How wide is NIA's jurisdiction?

The law under which the agency operates extends to the whole of India and also applies to Indian citizens
outside the country; persons in the service of the government wherever they are posted; persons on ships and
aircraft registered in India wherever they may be; persons who commit a scheduled offence beyond India
against the Indian citizen or affecting the interest of India.
How does the NIA take up a probe?

 As provided under Section 6 of the Act, State governments can refer the cases pertaining to the
scheduled offences registered at any police station to the Central government (Union Home
Ministry) for NIA investigation.
9|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05
 After assessing the details made available, the Centre can then direct the agency to take over the
case.
 State governments are required to extend all assistance to the NIA.
 Even when the Central government is of the opinion that a scheduled offence has been committed
which is required to be investigated under the Act, it may, suo motu, direct the agency to take
up/over the probe.
 Where the Central government finds that a scheduled offence has been committed at any place
outside India to which this Act extends, it can also direct the NIA to register the case and take up
investigation.
 While investigating any scheduled offence, the agency can also investigate any other offence which
the accused is alleged to have committed if the offence is connected to the scheduled offence.
-Source: The Hindu
Mushk budiji Rice

Context:
Recently, scientists at the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST),
Srinagar, reported that altitude and temperature play an important role in the development of mushk budiji
aroma.
Relevance:
GS II: Government policies and Interventions
About Mushk Budiji Rice

Origin and Cultivation:
 Mushk Budiji Rice is an indigenous aromatic rice variety cultivated in the Highland Himalayas.
 Typically grown at altitudes between 5000 to 7000 ft above mean sea level, it thrives in the higher
reaches of the Kashmir valley.
Physical Characteristics:
 This rice variety is short, bold, and possesses a distinct aromatic quality.
 When cooked, it offers a unique blend of taste, aroma, and rich organoleptic properties.
Cultivation Regions:
 Predominantly cultivated in specific areas such as Sagam, Panzgam, and Soaf Shali in Anantnag
district, and the Beerwah belt in Budgam district.
Traditional Consumption:
 While once widely consumed, the consumption of aromatic rice like Mushk Budiji in Kashmir has
become limited to special occasions, weddings, and festivals.
Recognition:
 Mushk Budiji Rice has been accorded a Geographical Indication (GI) tag, highlighting its unique
regional identity.
Highlights of the Study

Flavor Profile Analysis:
 Scientists employed gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and an 'electronic nose' to
study the flavor profile of Mushk Budiji rice from selected locations.
Findings:
 The study revealed 35 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Mushk Budiji rice samples.
10 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

 Aldehydes (compounds with the -CH=O functional group) were found to range from 6.33% to
29.09%, while alcohols (-OH) ranged from 0.47% to 30.34%.
 Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), a known aromatic compound, was detected only in Mushk Budiji samples
from higher altitudes, especially in Budgam and Kupwara districts.
What is Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy?

Definition:
 Chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) is an analytical technique employed to identify and
quantify volatile compounds present in organic mixtures.
Applications:
 This method finds applications in analyzing compounds extracted from geological, environmental,
and biological samples, aiding in detailed chemical profiling and characterization.
National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite

Envenoming (NAP-SE)
Context:
Recently, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has launched a National Action Plan for Prevention and
Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAP-SE), under the ‘One Health’ approach.
Relevance:
GS II: Health

1. National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAP-SE):
2. Snakebite Envenoming (SE)
3. What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)?
4. Government’s efforts regarding NTD
5. One Health Concept
National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAP-SE):
 The NAP-SE outlines a comprehensive approach to managing, preventing, and controlling snakebite
envenoming in India.
 It aligns with global efforts to reduce snakebite-related deaths by 50% and delineates the roles and
responsibilities of stakeholders.
 Serving as a guiding document, it empowers states/UTs and stakeholders to develop tailored action
plans, focusing on anti-snake venom availability, capacity building, referral systems, and public
education.
Aim:
 To reduce snakebite-related deaths and disabilities by 50% by 2030.
 To progressively diminish the morbidity, mortality, and associated complications resulting from
snakebites.
Strategic Actions:
Human Health:
 Ensure the availability of anti-snake venom in all healthcare facilities.
 Strengthen surveillance of snakebite cases and deaths.
 Enhance emergency care services at District Hospitals/ CHCs, including ambulance services and
Regional Venom Centres.
11 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Wildlife Health:
 Increase education and awareness.
 Distribute antivenom effectively.
 Strengthen key stakeholders.
 Conduct systematic research, monitoring, snake venom collection, and relocation.
Animal and Agriculture Component:

 Prevent snakebites in livestock.
 Engage communities in prevention efforts.
Snakebite Envenoming (SE)

 SE is a grave disease often caused by venom injection from snakebites or venom spray into the
eyes.
 It's a daily health hazard in rural areas of Africa, Middle East, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America,
affecting those dependent on agriculture.
Impact of SE
 Long-term health issues in survivors, predominantly in developing nations, include physical
deformities, kidney issues, and mental health effects.
Mortality Data
 The WHO reports an annual global mortality of 81,410 to 137,880 due to snakebites.
WHO's Strategy Against SE

 In 2019, WHO aimed to reduce snakebite-induced mortality and morbidity by half by 2030.
 There's a target for a 25% rise in qualified antivenom producers by 2030.
 A proposed global antivenom reserve is in the works.
 National health strategies are being adapted to include snakebite management and community
education.
Indian Efforts
 Preceding WHO's plans, ICMR initiated community awareness and health infrastructure
development in 2013.
 Aligning with global strategies, India implemented a National Action Plan in 2015 for tackling
snakebite hazards.
What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)?

 Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)– a diverse group of communicable diseases that prevail in
tropical and subtropical conditions in 149 countries – affect more than one billion people and cost
developing economies billions of dollars every year.
 Populations living in poverty, without adequate sanitation and in close contact with infectious
vectors and domestic animals and livestock are those worst affected.
 Seven of the most common NTDs can be found in a number of countries—primarily in low- and
middle-income countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
 Controlling the vectors (e.g., mosquitoes, black flies) that transmit these diseases and improving
basic water, sanitation, and hygiene are highly effective strategies against these NTDs.
 Examples of NTDs are: snakebite envenomation, scabies, yaws, trachoma, Leishmaniasis and Chagas
disease etc.
The NTD Crisis

 NTDs such as dengue, lymphatic filariasis and visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) afflict 1 billion
people worldwide, and yet, are not prioritised in the public health narrative in many parts of the
world.
 India bears the largest burden of NTDs in the world, accounting for 40 per cent of the global
lymphatic filariasis disease burden and almost a quarter of the world’s visceral leishmaniasis cases.
12 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Government’s efforts regarding NTD

 In recent years, the government has made concerted efforts to address the nation’s NTD burden,
especially visceral leishmaniasis and lymphatic filariasis which were slated to be eliminated by
2020 and 2021 respectively.
 India has already eliminated several other NTDs, including guinea worm, trachoma, and yaws.
 Measures taken include Mass Drug Administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis prevention in
endemic districts and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) to control the breeding of sandflies that
transmit visceral leishmaniasis.
 The Accelerated Plan for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (APELF) was launched in 2018, as part
of intensifying efforts towards the elimination of NTDs.
 A WHO-supported regional alliance established by the governments of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal
in 2005 to expedite early diagnosis and treatment of the most vulnerable populations and improve
disease surveillance and control of sandfly populations (Kala-azar).
One Health Concept:

The One Health approach acknowledges the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the
environment. It recognizes that the health of individuals, communities, and ecosystems are deeply intertwined.
Key Components:
 Collaboration and Partnership: One Health encourages collaboration among various stakeholders,
including human health professionals, veterinarians, ecologists, environmental scientists, and
policymakers.
 Tripartite-Plus Alliance: The foundation of One Health is laid upon the agreement between key
organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), along with other relevant entities.
 Interdisciplinary Approach: It promotes a multidisciplinary approach, bringing together experts
from diverse fields such as human health, animal health, agriculture, ecology, and environmental
science.
 Research and Knowledge Sharing: One Health fosters research initiatives and the exchange of
knowledge at various levels to address health challenges comprehensively. This includes sharing
insights and findings related to human health, animal health, plant health, soil health, and
ecosystem health.
 Health Protection and Promotion: The overarching goal of One Health is to enhance, safeguard,
and promote the health and well-being of all species, including humans, animals, and the
environment. By addressing health issues holistically, it aims to prevent disease outbreaks, mitigate
health risks, and promote sustainable practices.
Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024

Context:
The Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024 (EMPS 2024) is introduced by the Ministry of Heavy
Industries to boost the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in India, specifically targeting the electric two-
wheeler and three-wheeler segments.
Relevance:
GS II: Government Policies and Interventions

1. About Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024
2. Electric Vehicles (EVs)
3. Types of EVs
4. EV Sales in India
5. Major Schemes/Initiatives for Promoting EVs in India
13 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

About Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024

 The Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024 aims to accelerate the adoption of Electric Vehicles
(EVs) in India.
 It is a fund-limited scheme with a total outlay of Rs. 500 crore for a period of four months, starting
from April 1, 2024, to July 31, 2024.
 The scheme focuses on promoting the adoption of electric two-wheelers (e-2W) and three-wheelers
(e-3W) to bolster green mobility and support the development of the EV manufacturing ecosystem.
 Eligible EV categories under the scheme include electric two-wheelers (e-2W) and three-wheelers
(e-3W), including registered e-rickshaws, e-carts, and L5 category vehicles.
 The scheme primarily targets e-2W and e-3W vehicles registered for commercial purposes, aiming
to provide affordable and environmentally friendly public transportation options.
 Additionally, privately or corporate-owned registered e-2W vehicles will also be eligible for
incentives under the scheme.
 Incentives will be extended to vehicles equipped with advanced battery technology to encourage
the adoption of advanced technologies.
 The nodal ministry responsible for implementing the scheme is the Ministry of Heavy Industries.
Electric Vehicles (EVs):

 An electric vehicle uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion.
 It can be powered by self-contained batteries, solar panels, or an electric generator.
Origin and Increasing Scope in India:

 The push for EVs is driven by global climate agendas, such as the Paris Agreement, which aims to
reduce carbon emissions and limit global warming.
 The global adoption of EVs has been rapidly increasing.
 In 2020, around 2.1 million EVs were sold worldwide, and the global EV fleet reached 8.0 million.
 Falling battery costs and improved performance efficiency are contributing to the growing demand
for EVs.
Types of EVs:
 Hybrid EVs (HEVs): These vehicles combine a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) with
an electric propulsion system, resulting in lower fuel usage. Example: Toyota Hyryder in India.
 Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEVs): PHEVs have a hybrid drivetrain that uses both an ICE and electric
power. They can be charged by plugging into a power source. Example: Chevrolet Volt.
 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs): BEVs run solely on electric power and do not have an ICE or fuel
tank. They are powered by rechargeable batteries. Example: Tata Nexon in India, Nissan Leaf, and
Tesla Model S.
 Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs): FCVs use hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water being
the only byproduct. Example: Toyota Mirai and Honda Clarity.
EV Sales in India:
 Over the past three years, there has been a remarkable growth of over 2,218% in EV sales in India.
 Currently, EVs make up around 5% of total vehicle sales in the country.
 In the 2022-23 fiscal year, cumulative sales of EVs in India exceeded 1 million units for the first
time.
 Two-wheelers account for more than 60% of all EV sales in India.
 The government has set ambitious targets for EV sales by 2030, aiming for 30% of private cars, 70%
of commercial vehicles, and 80% of two and three-wheelers to be electric.
 The promotion of e-mobility in India aligns with the objectives of reducing emissions and
decreasing reliance on costly fuel imports.
Major Schemes/Initiatives for Promoting EVs in India:

 National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMPP) 2020: Launched in 2013 with targets for electric
vehicle adoption and reduction of oil imports and CO2 emissions.
14 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

 Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in India (FAME India)
scheme: Launched in 2015 to promote the manufacturing and adoption of electric and hybrid
vehicle technology through subsidies.
 Production-linked incentive (PLI) Scheme - National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell
(ACC) Battery Storage: Aims to boost the domestic manufacturing of advanced chemistry cell
batteries for electric vehicles.
 Go Electric Campaign: Launched to raise awareness about the benefits of electric mobility and
inform potential EV owners about government incentives.
15 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

GS-II: International Relations: Mar ‘24 PIB
India-EFTA Trade Deal Set for Conclusion
Context:
India and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) recently concluded the Trade and Economic
Partnership Agreement (TEPA). Initially, India objected to including "data exclusivity" clauses, which would
have hindered Indian pharmaceutical companies from manufacturing generic drugs. However, after
negotiations, both parties agreed to exclude "sensitive" agricultural products and gold imports from the
agreement, marking a significant development in bilateral trade relations.
Relevance:
GS II: International Relations

1. European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
2. Economic Ties Between EFTA States and India
3. Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA)
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

Establishment and Objectives:
 EFTA is an intergovernmental organization created by the Stockholm Convention in 1960.
 The main objective of EFTA is to promote free trade and economic integration among its member
countries within Europe and globally.
Membership and Free Trade Agreements:

 EFTA currently has four member countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.
 The EFTA member states have developed one of the largest networks of Free Trade Agreements
(FTAs) that covers over 60 countries and territories, including the European Union (EU).
Customs Union and Governance Structure:

 Unlike the EU, EFTA is not a customs union, which means that each EFTA member state can set its
own customs tariffs and negotiate foreign trade policies independently.
 The highest governing body of EFTA is the EFTA Council, which meets eight times a year at the
ambassadorial level and twice a year at the ministerial level.
 The EFTA Secretariat is based in Geneva and assists the EFTA Council in managing the relationships
between member states and negotiating and operating FTAs.
 The EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) monitors compliance with European Economic Area (EEA)
rules in Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway.
 The EFTA Court, located in Luxembourg, has the authority to settle internal and external disputes
related to the implementation, application, or interpretation of the EEA agreement.
16 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Economic Ties Between EFTA States and India:

Steady Growth in Two-Decade Trade:
 Over the last two decades, economic relations between the EFTA States and India have witnessed
consistent growth.
2022 Merchandise Trade Surpasses USD 6.1 Billion:

 In 2022, the total merchandise trade between EFTA States and India exceeded USD 6.1 billion.
Key Imports to EFTA States:

 The primary imports to the EFTA States included organic chemicals (27.5%), machinery (17.5%),
and pharmaceutical products (11.4%).
 Noteworthy FY23 Imports from Switzerland to India:
o Gold: $12.6 billion
o Machinery: $409 million
o Pharmaceuticals: $309 million
o Coking and Steam Coal: $380 million
Substantial Levels of Services Trade and FDI:

 Apart from merchandise trade, services trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) between EFTA
States and India have also reached significant levels.
Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA):

Investment Commitment:
 The India-EFTA TEPA involves a significant commitment from the European bloc, pledging $100
billion in investments over 15 years. Sectors targeted include pharma, food processing, engineering,
and chemicals.
Source of Investment:
 The investment, a ground breaking aspect of this FTA, is anticipated to come largely from provident
funds in EFTA countries, including Norway's $1.6-trillion sovereign wealth fund, the world's largest
pension fund.
Nature of Commitment:
 Despite its substantial size, the investment commitment may not be legally binding and falls under
the category of "investment promotion." Notably, it does not constitute a Bilateral Investment
Treaty (BIT) similar to negotiations with the UK and the EU.
Benefits of TEPA:
For EFTA:
Reduction in Indian Tariffs:
 With historically high average tariffs in India (around 18%), the TEPA is expected to lead to
increased imports of machinery, pharmaceuticals, and medical instruments. This reduction in
Indian tariffs is particularly advantageous for EFTA countries.
Crucial Investment Commitment:

 The investment commitment becomes crucial for EFTA, given that India-EFTA trade, especially in
goods, has been in favor of the European grouping. Elimination of duties could potentially widen
India's trade deficit, particularly with countries like Switzerland.
For India:
Attracting Investments and Market Access:
 India seeks to attract investments and gain improved market access for its service sector workforce
through the TEPA.
17 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Joint Ventures and Diversification:

 The agreement opens avenues for joint ventures in key sectors such as pharma (especially medical
devices), chemicals, food processing, and engineering. India sees the TEPA as a means to diversify
imports away from China, especially in critical medical imports where the country currently heavily
depends on China.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Context:
The fourth edition of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Startup Forum was organized on 19th
March 2024 in New Delhi.
Relevance:
GS II: International Relations

1. What is the SCO?
2. Organizational structure of SCO
What is the SCO?

 Founded in June 2001, it was built on the ‘Shanghai Five’, the grouping which consisted of Russia,
China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
 They came together in the post-Soviet era in 1996, in order to work on regional security, reduction
of border troops and terrorism.
 They endowed particular focus on ‘conflict resolution’, given its early success between China and
Russia, and then within the Central Asian Republics.
 Some of their prominent outcomes in this arena entail an ‘Agreement on Confidence-Building in the
Military Field Along the Border Areas’ (in 1996) between China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and
Tajikistan, which led to an agreement on the mutual reduction of military forces on their common
borders in 1997.
 It would also pitch in to help the Central Asian countries resolve some of their boundary disputes.
 In 2001, the ‘Shanghai Five’ inducted Uzbekistan into its fold and named it the SCO, outlining its
principles in a charter that promoted what was called the “Shanghai spirit” of cooperation.
 The precise assertion, combined with some of the member states’ profiles, of building a “new
international political and economic order” has often led to it being placed as a counter to treaties
and groupings of the West, particularly North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).
Member states
 India, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

 The SCO also has four observer states — Afghanistan, Iran, Belarus and Mongolia — of which Iran
and Belarus are now moving towards full membership.
Main goals
 Strengthening mutual trust and neighbourliness among the member states;
 Promoting their effective cooperation in politics, trade, economy, research and technology, and
culture.
Focus areas:
 Education, energy, transport, tourism and environmental protection.
 It also calls for joint efforts to maintain and ensure peace, security and stability in the region; and
the establishment of a democratic, fair and rational new international political and economic order.
18 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Organizational structure of SCO

The SCO secretariat has two permanent bodies —
 SCO Secretariat based in Beijing
 Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) based in Tashkent.
Other than this, the grouping consists of
Heads of State Council (HSC):
 It is the supreme decision-making body of the organisation.
 It meets annually to adopt decisions and guidelines on all important matters relevant to the
organisation.
Heads of Government Council (HGC):

 The HGC (mainly including Prime Ministers) also meets annually to zero in on the organisation’s
priority areas and multilateral cooperation strategy.
 It also endeavours to resolve present economic and cooperation issues alongside approving the
organisation’s annual budget.
Foreign Ministers Council:

 The Foreign Ministers Council considers issues pertaining to the day-to-day activities of the
organisation, charting HSC meetings and consultations on international problems within the
organisation and if required, makes statements on behalf of the SCO.
19 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

All India Household Consumption Expenditure Survey
Context:
Recently, the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation disclosed the general results of the All
India Household Consumption Expenditure Survey conducted from August 2022 to July 2023.
Relevance:
GS III: Indian Economy

1. Highlights of the Recent Household Consumption Expenditure Survey
2. National Statistical Office (NSO)
Highlights of the Recent Household Consumption Expenditure Survey:

Survey Overview:
 Conducted every 5 years by the National Statistical Office (NSO).
 Aims to gather information on household consumption of goods and services.
 Utilized for deriving macroeconomic indicators like GDP, poverty rates, and Consumer Price
Inflation (CPI).
Poverty Reduction:
 NITI Aayog reports a decline in poverty to 5% based on the latest consumer expenditure survey.
Data Quality Issues:

 Findings from the 2017-18 survey were not released due to "data quality" concerns.
Monthly Per Capita Consumer Expenditure (MPCE):

 Urban households show a 33.5% increase (�3,510), while rural households exhibit a 40.42% rise
(�2,008) since 2011-12.
Expenditure Distribution:
 In 2022-23, 46% of rural and 39% of urban household expenditure is on food items.
 The top 5% of rural and urban populations have the highest average MPCE, reaching Rs. 10,501 and
Rs. 20,824, respectively.
State-Wise Analysis:
 Sikkim has the highest MPCE in rural (�7,731) and urban (�12,105) areas.
 Chhattisgarh records the lowest MPCE in rural (�2,466) and urban (�4,483) households.
Among the UTs,

 MPCE is the highest in Chandigarh (Rural Rs. 7,467 and Urban Rs. 12,575).
 It is the lowest in Ladakh (Rs. 4,035) and Lakshadweep (Rs. 5,475) for rural and urban areas
respectively.
Rural-Urban Disparities:
 Meghalaya shows the highest rural-urban difference in average MPCE (83%).
20 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Trend Analysis:
 Share of expenditure on food has gradually declined since 1999-2000.
 Share of non-food items has increased, indicating improved incomes for other expenditures.
 Spending on cereals and pulses within food consumption has reduced.
 Conveyance dominates among non-food items.
Fuel and Light Spending:

 Until 2022-23, fuel and light traditionally saw the highest consumption spending among non-food
items.
National Statistical Office (NSO):

 Formation:
o Established in 2019 by merging the Central Statistical Office (CSO) and the National
Sample Survey Office (NSSO).
 Origins:
o Proposed by the C. Rangarajan Committee as the central body for core statistical
activities.
 Administrative Placement:
o Operates under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
 Functions:
o Collects, compiles, and disseminates accurate, unbiased, and pertinent statistical data.
-Source: The Hindu
21 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

GS-III: Science & Technology: Mar ‘24 PIB
Project ANAGRANINF
Context:
The primary objective of this project is to develop a novel lead compound, particularly an antibiotic, adept at
inhibiting the FabI enzyme and combatting critical gram-negative pathogens.
Relevance:
GS III: Science and Technology

1. Gram-negative bacteria
2. Technology Development Board (TDB)
Gram-negative bacteria:
Cell Wall Structure:
 They possess a thinner peptidoglycan cell wall compared to Gram-positive bacteria.
 Additionally, they have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, making them diderms.
Antibiotic Resistance:
 Gram-negative bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics more effectively.
 They can transfer genetic materials to other bacteria, facilitating the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Infections Caused:
 Common infections associated with Gram-negative bacteria include pneumonia, bloodstream
infections, wound or surgical site infections, and meningitis, especially in healthcare settings.
Antibiotic Resistance:
 These bacteria often display resistance to multiple drugs and are increasingly resistant to many
available antibiotics.
Examples:
 Notable Gram-negative bacteria include species from enterobacter, salmonella, and pseudomonas
genera.
Technology Development Board (TDB):

Establishment:
 TDB is a statutory body established under the Technology Development Board Act of 1995.
Objective:
 The primary goal of TDB is to foster the development and commercialization of indigenous
technology and to adapt imported technology for broader application within India.
22 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

GS-III: Science & Technology: Mar ‘24 PIB
Composition:
 The board comprises 11 members who oversee its operations and decisions.
Financial Support:
 TDB offers equity capital or loans to industrial enterprises and provides financial aid to research
and development institutions.
Funding:
 The Board receives grants from the Government of India. These grants are sourced from cess
collections from industrial entities as per the provisions of the Research and Development Cess Act
of 1986, amended in 1995.
Innovations for Defence Excellence-Defence Innovation

Organisation (iDEX-DIO):
Context:
The Innovations for Defence Excellence-Defence Innovation Organisation (iDEX-DIO), under the aegis of
Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence, is organising DefConnect 2024 at Manekshaw Centre,
New Delhi on March 04, 2024.
Relevance:
GS III: Science and Technology
Innovations for Defence Excellence-Defence Innovation Organisation (iDEX-DIO):

Launch and Affiliation:
 Launched in 2018, iDEX-DIO is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
Objective:
 Aims to foster an innovation ecosystem in the Defence and Aerospace sector.
 Collaborates with startups, innovators, MSMEs, incubators, and academia.
Funding and Management:

 Funded and managed by the 'Defence Innovation Organization (DIO),' established as a not-for-profit
company under the Companies Act 2013.
 HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited) and BEL (Bharat Electronics Limited) are the two founder
members, forming DIO for this purpose.
Functioning:
 Serves as the executive arm of DIO, responsible for executing all necessary activities.
 DIO provides high-level policy guidance to iDEX.
Support Offered:
 Provides grants and support for Research and Development (R&D) projects with substantial
potential for future adoption in the Indian defence and aerospace sectors.
Engagement:
 Currently engaged with over 400 startups and MSMEs, fostering collaboration and innovation in the
defence and aerospace industry.
23 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

GS-III: Environment & Ecology: Mar ‘24 PIB
MethaneSAT
Context:
MethaneSAT — a satellite which will track and measure methane emissions at a global scale — was launched
aboard a SpaceX Falcon9 rocket from California.
Relevance:
GS III: Environment and Ecology

1. Addressing Methane Emissions: Urgency and Impact
2. MethaneSAT: Revolutionizing Methane Emission Monitoring
3. Significance of MethaneSAT: Advancing Global Environmental Goals
Addressing Methane Emissions: Urgency and Impact

Greenhouse Effect:
Methane's Potent Impact:
 Methane, although invisible, stands as a potent greenhouse gas, ranking as the second-largest
contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide.
 It has been a significant factor, contributing to 30% of global heating since the onset of the
Industrial Revolution.
 Over a span of 20 years, methane's warming potency surpasses that of carbon dioxide by 80 times,
underscoring its critical role in accelerating climate change.
Human Health Implications:

Formation of Ground-Level Ozone:
 Methane emissions are linked to the formation of ground-level ozone, a colorless and highly
irritating gas situated just above the Earth's surface.
 A 2022 report highlights the alarming consequence of ground-level ozone exposure, estimating its
involvement in causing one million premature deaths annually.
 Monitoring and mitigating methane emissions become imperative not only for climate stability but
also for safeguarding public health.
MethaneSAT's Role:
Tracking and Measurement:
 MethaneSAT's orbital monitoring capabilities provide a crucial tool in tracking and measuring
methane emissions globally.
 By identifying emission sources and trends, MethaneSAT contributes significantly to understanding
and addressing the environmental and health impacts associated with methane.
24 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Global Collaborative Action:

Mitigating Climate Change:
 The urgency to curb methane emissions aligns with global efforts to mitigate climate change and its
multifaceted impacts.
 As methane plays a substantial role in both the greenhouse effect and adverse health outcomes,
tracking and addressing its emissions are paramount for achieving a sustainable and healthier
future.
MethaneSAT: Revolutionizing Methane Emission Monitoring

 MethaneSAT is a revolutionary satellite designed to orbit the Earth 15 times a day, focusing on
monitoring methane emissions from the oil and gas sector.
 It will create a large amount of data, which will tell how much methane is coming from where, who’s
responsible, and are those emissions going up or down over time.
 Developed by the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), a US-based nonprofit environmental
advocacy group, in collaboration with Harvard University, the Smithsonian Astrophysical
Observatory, and the New Zealand Space Agency.
Key Features:
Comprehensive Monitoring:
 MethaneSAT will generate extensive, near real-time data showcasing methane emissions
worldwide.
 The data will be publicly accessible, aiding stakeholders and regulators in making informed
decisions to mitigate emissions.
Partnerships:
 The EDF partnered with reputable institutions, including Harvard University, the Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory, and the New Zealand Space Agency, for the satellite's development.
Addressing Monitoring Gaps:

 MethaneSAT addresses existing gaps in monitoring systems by providing detailed data on specific
sources, including smaller ones often overlooked.
 Aiming to rectify the reported 70% underestimation of global methane emissions by national
governments, as highlighted by the International Energy Agency (IEA).
High-Resolution Sensors:
 Equipped with advanced infrared sensors and a spectrometer, MethaneSAT can detect methane
concentration differences as small as three parts per billion in the atmosphere.
 This capability allows the satellite to identify smaller emission sources not captured by previous
satellites.
Wide-Camera View:
 MethaneSAT features a wide-camera view of approximately 200 km by 200 km, enabling the
identification of larger emitters known as super emitters.
AI Technology:
 The collected data will undergo analysis using cloud-computing and AI technology developed by
Google, a mission partner.
 Google's Earth Engine platform will host and make the data accessible to the public.
Significance of MethaneSAT: Advancing Global Environmental Goals

Fulfilling Global Methane Pledge 2021:
 MethaneSAT plays a pivotal role in achieving the objectives set forth by the Global Methane Pledge
2021.
o Over 150 countries signed this pledge, committing to a collective reduction of at least
30% in methane emissions by 2030 compared to 2020 levels.
25 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

o The satellite aids countries and companies in meeting these ambitious targets,
contributing to global environmental sustainability.
Driving Transparency:
 MethaneSAT introduces a new era of transparency in monitoring methane emissions.
o The satellite's publicly available data is accessible worldwide, providing a tool for
scrutinizing and verifying the methane reduction commitments made by governments
and corporations.
o This transparency fosters accountability and facilitates a more informed approach to
environmental stewardship.
Catalyzing Global Environmental Initiatives:

 As more than 50 companies pledged to virtually eliminate methane emissions and routine flaring,
MethaneSAT emerges as a crucial instrument in catalyzing and supporting these global
environmental initiatives.
 The satellite's monitoring capabilities contribute to the overall success of environmental
commitments, reinforcing the importance of collective action in addressing climate change.
-Source: The Hindu
Cycas circinalis
Context:
Cycas circinalis is on the verge of extinction in the northern part of the Kerala state after being hit by an
unknown and fast spreading plant disease.
Relevance:
GS III: Species in News
About Cycas circinalis

Common Names:
 Popularly known as Eenthu Pana in Kerala.
 Referred to by various names such as Mund isalu (Kannada), madana kama raja (Tamil), and
Malabari supari (Marathi) in different states.
Taxonomy:
 Belongs to cycads (family Cycadaceae), one of the world’s most endangered plant groups.
 Cycads originated 300 million years ago during the Carboniferous period, making them the oldest
extant group of seed plants.
Features:
 Evergreen palm-like tree, reaching heights of up to 25 ft.
 Typically found in dense, seasonally dry scrubby woodlands in hilly areas.
 Facultative deciduous in extremely dry conditions.
 Similar to areca nut, Eenthu Pana requires complete dryness for preparation, posing a challenge as
it is usually harvested in the rainy season.
 Bears fruits after 40 to 50 years in most cases.
Geographical Distribution:
 Indian endemic species restricted to the Western Ghats, present in states like Kerala, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, and the south of Maharashtra.
Endemism:
 Among the nine recognized cycad species in India, six are endemic.
26 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Applications:
 Serves as a nutraceutical plant for several indigenous communities in the Western Ghats.
-Source: The Hindu
Fourth mass coral bleaching
Context:
According to the U.S. NOAA, the world is on the verge of a fourth mass coral bleaching event which could see
wide swathes of tropical reefs die, including parts of Australia's Great Barrier Reef.
Relevance:
GS III: Environment and Ecology

1. About Coral Reefs
2. Coral Bleaching and Its Implications
3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Findings
About Coral Reefs

 Indonesia has the largest coral reef area in the world and the Great Barrier Reef of the Queensland
coast of Australia is the largest aggregation of coral reefs.
 India, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Chagos have the maximum coral reefs in South Asia.
 Coral Reefs protect humanity from natural calamities acting as a barrier, provide revenue and
employment through tourism and recreation and also provide habitats for fishes, starfish and sea
anemones.
 Coral blocks are used for buildings and road construction, the lime supplied by corals is used in
cement industries and coral reefs may also be used in jewellery.
 India has four coral reef areas:
o Gulf of Mannar,
o Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
o Lakshadweep islands
o Gulf of Kutch.
Risks and threats to coral reefs

 Due to anthropogenic activities such as coastal development, destructive fishing methods and
pollution from domestic and industrial sewage.
 Due to increased sedimentation, over-exploitation and recurring cyclones.
 Coral diseases such as black band and white band due to infectious microorganisms introduced by
the human population that live on the coastal regions.
Coral Bleaching and Its Implications

Causes of Coral Bleaching:
 Exposure to stressful conditions, such as high temperatures, pollution, or changes in water
chemistry, prompts corals to expel zooxanthellae.
 This expulsion leads to loss of color, resulting in the term "bleaching," and, if prolonged, can be fatal
for corals.
Concerns and Impact:

 Coral reefs, vital for marine ecosystems, provide habitats and sustenance for numerous fish species.
 They play a crucial role in coastline protection, storm prevention, and carbon dioxide absorption,
contributing to climate regulation.
 The loss of coral reefs not only diminishes biodiversity and natural beauty but also impacts
ecosystems and communities dependent on them.
27 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Findings:

 The world is approaching a potential fourth mass coral bleaching event, following those in 1998,
2010, and 2014.
 Global significance requires widespread bleaching in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
 The last event (2014-2017) led to significant coral die-offs, with the Great Barrier Reef losing nearly
a third of its corals.
 Preliminary data suggests that around 15% of the world's reefs experienced substantial coral loss
during that event.
 The current situation, exacerbated by climate change, is indicating a more severe scenario than the
previous event.
 Factors include El Niño, leading to warmer ocean waters, and the Earth registering its first 12-
month period with temperatures over 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
 Scientists believe a 1.5C rise is a critical threshold, estimating potential losses of 90% of the world's
coral reefs.
-Source: Down To Earth
28 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

GS-III: Internal Security: Mar ‘24 PIB
LAMITIYE-2024
Context:
Recently, the Indian Army contingent participated in the 10th edition of Joint Military Exercise "LAMITIYE-
2024" with the Seychelles Defence Forces (SDF).
Relevance:
GS III: Security Challenges
About LAMITIYE
Name and Meaning:
 LAMITIYE, derived from the Creole language of Seychelles, translates to 'Friendship'.
 Creole is one of the official languages of Seychelles.
Objective:
 Enhance interoperability in Sub-conventional Operations within Semi-Urban environments.
 Aligned with Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter on Peacekeeping Operations.
Activities:
 Conducts a Field Training Exercise focusing on combat scenarios.
 Facilitates discussions, lectures, and demonstrations on combat strategies and tactics.
Significance:
 Strengthens and promotes bilateral military relations between participating nations.
 Facilitates the exchange of skills and experiences among military personnel.
Seychelles
 Geographical Location:
o Seychelles is an island nation situated in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar.
 Natural Attractions:
o Renowned for its pristine beaches, vibrant coral reefs, and diverse nature reserves.
o Home to rare and unique wildlife, including the iconic giant Aldabra tortoises.
 Aldabra Atoll:
o Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
o Recognized as the world's largest raised coral atoll.
o Houses the largest population of giant tortoises globally, adding to its ecological
significance.
29 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Sea Defenders-2024
Context:
Recently, the maritime security exercise 'Sea Defenders-2024' was held between the Indian Coast Guard
(ICG) and the United States Coast Guard (USCG) at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Relevance:
About Sea Defenders-2024

The exercise encompassed a range of scenarios aimed at enhancing the capabilities of the participating coast
guard units. Here are the key highlights:
 Pollution Response Demonstration: Indian Coast Guard ships and aircraft demonstrated their
proficiency in responding to environmental hazards, particularly oil spills, at sea. This segment of
the exercise showcased the preparedness and effectiveness of the coast guard in mitigating
pollution incidents and safeguarding marine ecosystems.
 Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) Operations: The exercise included simulations of VBSS
operations, which involve inspecting vessels suspected of engaging in illegal activities such as
smuggling or trafficking. This component tested the tactical skills and coordination of personnel
from both coast guards in conducting boarding operations and enforcing maritime law.
 Firefighting and Damage Control: The joint exercise provided a platform for coast guard
personnel to enhance their firefighting and damage control skills. Participants had the opportunity
to practice response techniques to combat onboard fires and manage damage control situations
effectively. This aspect of the exercise aimed to improve readiness and resilience in handling
emergencies at sea.
 Collaboration and Camaraderie: Throughout the exercise, personnel from both coast guards
worked closely together, fostering a spirit of collaboration and camaraderie. By sharing expertise,
resources, and best practices, participants strengthened their bonds and mutual understanding,
paving the way for more effective joint operations in the future.
Exercise MILAN 2024
Context:
Exercise MILAN 2024 recently concluded with the closing ceremony held aboard the INS Vikrant, marking the
end of the Sea Phase off Visakhapatnam.
Relevance:
MILAN 2024: 12th Edition of Multilateral Naval Exercise

Introduction:
 MILAN 2024 marks the 12th edition of the biennial Multilateral Naval Exercise held in
Visakhapatnam, under the Eastern Naval Command's supervision.
Objective:
 The primary goal of MILAN is to enhance professional interaction among friendly navies and to gain
experience in multilateral large-force operations at sea.
Historical Background:
 MILAN had its inception in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1995, with the participation of
navies from Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
30 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Participating Nations:
 The 2024 edition saw the involvement of various nations, fostering collaboration and synergy
among friendly navies.
Two-Phase Structure:
 Harbour Phase:
o Features activities such as the International Maritime Seminar, city parades, tech
exhibitions, expert exchanges, youth officer gatherings, and sports events.
o The International Maritime Seminar was themed 'Partners across Oceans: Collaboration,
Synergy, Growth.'
 Sea Phase:
o Involves the active participation of ships and aircraft from friendly nations, including
units from the Indian Navy, such as carriers and other naval assets.
31 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

32 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05


Monthly PIB Summaries March 2024 LIA

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Monthly PIB Summaries March 2024 LIA

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Monthly PIB Summaries March 2024 LIA

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PIB

www.legacyias.com Legacy IAS Academy © +91 96069 00004/05

Indian Economy Pg- 20 Environment & Ecology

Science & Technology Internal Security Challenges

www.legacyias.com Legacy IAS Academy © +91 96069 00004/05

Sangeet Natak Akademi (SNA) Fellowships and Awards

Dimensions of the Article:

Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship:

Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards:

Sangeet Natak Akademi:

Office and Autonomy:

Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar:

Cultural Heritage Preservation:

Archaeological Discovery in Telangana: Ancient Chalukyan Temples

Dimensions of the Article:

Key Findings in Recent Excavation

Key Features of the Chalukya Dynasty

-Source: The Hindu

3|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Monuments of National Importance

Dimensions of the Article:

About Monuments of National Importance (MNI)

Responsibilities Post Declaration:

4|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

About Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)

5|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Supreme Court Overturns 1998 Ruling on Parliamentary Privilege

Dimensions of the Article:

P V Narasimha Rao Case: Supreme Court's Evolving Rulings

What does Article 105 say?

6|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Parliamentary Privilege: History and Restrictions

Restrictions on Parliamentary Privilege

-Source: The Hindu

7|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Launch of Digital Criminal Case Management System (CCMS) and

Dimensions of the Article:

Criminal Case Management System (CCMS)

8|P age Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

National Investigation Agency (NIA)

When did the NIA come into being?

What are the scheduled offences?

How wide is NIA's jurisdiction?

How does the NIA take up a probe?

-Source: The Hindu

Mushk budiji Rice

About Mushk Budiji Rice

Highlights of the Study

10 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

What is Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy?

National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite

Dimensions of the Article:

11 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05

Animal and Agriculture Component:

Snakebite Envenoming (SE)

WHO's Strategy Against SE

What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)?

The NTD Crisis

12 | P a g e Ph: 96069 00004 / 05