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Procedia Manufacturing 46 (2020) 708–714

13th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering (INTER-ENG 2019)

13th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering (INTER-ENG 2019)
Design and Optimization of Wind Turbine with Axial Induction
Design and Optimization
Factor andofTip
Wind Turbine
Loss with Axial Induction
Corrections
Factor and Tipa, Loss Corrections
a
Imane Echjijem *, Abdelouahed Djebli
a Imane
Enegetic Laboratory,Sciences Echjijema,Essaadi
Faculty,Abdelmalek *, Abdelouahed Djeblia
University,Tetouan,BP:2121,Tetouan 93030,Morocco
a
Enegetic Laboratory,Sciences Faculty,Abdelmalek Essaadi University,Tetouan,BP:2121,Tetouan 93030,Morocco

Abstract
Abstract
The aerodynamic modeling of an HAWT (horizontal axis wind turbine) is an essential step in the design of this machine.
Generally, the Blade Element Momentum theory (BEM) theory is used. It consists of combining Momentum theory and Blade
The aerodynamic modeling of an HAWT (horizontal axis wind turbine) is an essential step in the design of this machine.
Element Momentum theory, which makes it possible to solve the equations of aerodynamic forces by an iterative method. This
Generally, the Blade Element Momentum theory (BEM) theory is used. It consists of combining Momentum theory and Blade
method does not lead to a concordance with the experience. Several studies have tried to introduce corrections to improve the
Element Momentum theory, which makes it possible to solve the equations of aerodynamic forces by an iterative method. This
model. The purpose of this study is the design of wind turbine blade by taking into account the corrections of the axial and
method does not lead to a concordance with the experience. Several studies have tried to introduce corrections to improve the
tangential induction factors. To that end, an iterative method based on Blade Element Momentum theory (BEM) is used and
model. The purpose of this study is the design of wind turbine blade by taking into account the corrections of the axial and
simulations are conducted for NACA airfoil with 5-digit. The study examined blade constructed with only one profile, and blade
tangential induction factors. To that end, an iterative method based on Blade Element Momentum theory (BEM) is used and
constructed with two different profiles. Their aerodynamic forces were compared and were shown to increase with the use of the
simulations are conducted for NACA airfoil with 5-digit. The study examined blade constructed with only one profile, and blade
blade built with two different profiles ( NACA63421+NACA63215).
constructed with two different profiles. Their aerodynamic forces were compared and were shown to increase with the use of the
blade built with two different profiles ( NACA63421+NACA63215).
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
©
© 2020
2019TheTheAuthors. Published
Authors. by Elsevier
Published B.V. B.V.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
by Elsevier
Peer-review
This is an openunder
accessresponsibility
article under of
the the scientific committee
CC BY-NC-ND of the 13th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Engineeringunder responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
Peer-review
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in
Engineering
Keywords: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine; BEM method; Aerodynamic performances; Iterative approach; NACA airfoil.

Keywords: Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine; BEM method; Aerodynamic performances; Iterative approach; NACA airfoil.

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
The use of wind turbines as renewable source for clean energy generation has become very intense in the last few
decades. In special, horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) have been the most widely used type [1,2]. All main
The use of wind turbines as renewable source for clean energy generation has become very intense in the last few
decades. In special, horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) have been the most widely used type [1,2]. All main

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +212-642-029-330.

E-mail address: imaneechjijem@gmail.com
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +212-642-029-330.
E-mail address: imaneechjijem@gmail.com
2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
2351-9789
Peer-review©under
2019responsibility
The Authors. of
Published by Elsevier
the scientific B.V..ofThis
committee the is an International
13th open access article under Interdisciplinarity
Conference the CC BY-NC-ND in license
Engineering
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering

2351-9789 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering.
10.1016/j.promfg.2020.03.100
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Imane Echjijem and Abdelouahed Djebli / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000 2

actual books about wind turbines design present the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) method, first proposed by
Glauert in 1935[3,4], as the basic method for the aerodynamic analysis. This method is based on a combination of
the blade element and the momentum theories, which allows the equations of aerodynamic forces to be solved by an
iterative method. The convergence of the resolution algorithm leads to the calculation of aerodynamic forces as well
as the shape of the blades [5]. This study presents a method for increase the aerodynamic forces of a wind turbine
blade based on BEM method with Prandtl-Glauert’s correction. Two types of blades are examined; blade
constructed with only one profile and blade constructed with two different profiles; on the one hand we use
NACA63215 and NACA63215+NACA63421, on the other hand we use NACA63421 and NACA6342 1+
NACA63215.
Their aerodynamic forces were compared and were shown to increase with the use of blade built with different
profiles NACA63421+NACA63215.

2. Mathematical Modeling

The Blade Element Momentum theory can be subdivided into two parts. In the first part, the blade is divided into
several independent elements. Further, it is assumed that the aerodynamic forces on each element are solely
determined by the lift and drag coefficients [6,7]. Fig. 1 shows the velocities and forces on a blade element of a wind
turbine blade.

Fig. 1. Velocities and forces on a blade element.

V1 is the wind velocity,  is the angular velocity of rotor, r is the local radius, C is the chord length, Vrel is the
relative wind speed,  is the angle of attack; angle between relative wind speed and the chord of the airfoil;  is the
pitch angle; angle between the chord and the rotor plane;  is the angle of relative wind to the rotor plane which is
the sum of the pitch angle and the angle of attack, a and a are the axial and the tangential induction factors
respectively. Furthermore, the lift and drag forces dL and dD respectively are defined as

1 2
dL  C l V rel Cdr (1)
2

1 2
dD  C d V rel Cdr (2)
2

Vrel
where V12 (1  a)2  2r 2 (1  a)2 , Cl and Cd are the lift and drag coefficients respectively, and depend on the
angle of attack  and the blade profile,  is the air density. The axial component dFa is the main element to the rotor
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thrust; while the tangential component dFt is responsible for the rotor torque. The blade is divided into several
elements, by applying the equations of mass and angular momentum for each element dr , thrust and torque for a
system with B blades can be defined by equations (3)and (4) given respectively

1 V 2 (1  a) 2
dT BdF
  a B 1 CCa dr (3)
2 sin  2

1 V (1  a) r (1  a)
dQ BrdF
  t B 1 CCt rdr (4)
2 sin  cos 

where C a and Ct are the axial and tangential loads coefficients respectively, defined as C a  C l cos   C d sin 
C t  C l sin   C d cos  .The second part in the Blade Element Momentum theory is to apply the Momentum
Theory. Hence, the thrust and torque can be written as

dT  4a(1  a) V12rdr (5)

dQ  4a (1  a) V1r 3 dr (6)

By equating (3) with (5) and (4) with (6), the axial and tangential induction factors can be found as follows:

1
a (7)
4 sin  2
1
Ca

1
a  (8)
4 sin  cos
1
Ct

BC
where  is the solidity of rotor defined as   .The thrust coefficient CT is defined by CT  4a(1  a) and the
2r
82 R R
rhub a(1  a)r
3
power coefficient of wind turbine rotor C p is defined by C p  dr , where   is the
4 V1
R
specific speed, R is the radius of rotor.

2.1. Prandtl’s loss factor correction

Because of the different air pressure between the upwind surface and downwind surface of the profile, the wind
will change the direction of the tip and hub, leading to an aerodynamic loss, this phenomenon is more important
when the number of blades is low. Prandtl corrected the assumption of an infinite number of blades and derived a
correction factor F to equations, the Prandtl’s loss is expressed as:

2  B( R  r )
F arccos exp(( (9)
 2r sin 

The equations (7) and (8) can be corrected as:

 Imane EchjijemImane Echjijem et Djebli
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(2019) 000–000 711
4

1
a (10)
4 F sin  2
1
C a

1
a  (11)
4 F sin  cos 
1
Ct

CT 4Fa(1 a) .
The C T with Prandtl’s loss correction can be corrected as

2.2. Glauert correction for high values of a

When the axial induction factor becomes larger than 0.5, the original BEM theory becomes invalid, Glauert gives
different empirical relations between CT and a [8,9,10,11]. In this paper, we use the Spera’s correction:

1
a  2  K (1  2ac )  ( K (1  2ac )  2) 2  4( Kac2  1))  (12)
2 

4 F sin  2
where K  and ac  0.2 .
C a

3. Numerical results and Discussion:

The method based on Blade Element Momentum theory is applied for two types of blade; blade constructed with
only one profile, and blade constructed with two different profiles. The characteristics of the NACA airfoil: three
blades, rotor diameter 10m, wind speed 15m/s, chord and pitch angle are varied. The solution is obtained by an
iterative numerical approach in MATLAB code. On the one hand, for different values of   8,7,6 we built the blade
with a single profile (NACA63215), then we built it with two profiles (NACA63215+NACA63421 ) for
r1 = [0.8, 3.55] NACA63215 position, then NACA63421 in positions r2 = [3.75, 5]. On the other hand, at λ= 6 we
inversed the arrangement of the profiles, starting with NACA63421 in different positions r1 = [0.8, 3.55];
r1 = [0.8, 2.25]; r1 = [0.8, 1.45], then NACA63215 in positions r2 = [3.75, 5]; r2 = [2.5, 5]; r2 = [1.65, 5] respectively.

3.1. Chord and thrust and torque distributions for NACA63215 and NACA63215+NACA63421 for r1 = [0.8, 3.55]
NACA63215 position

Fig. 2. (a) Chord distribution at   8 ; (b) Chord distribution at   7 ; (c) Chord distribution   6
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Fig. 3. (a) Thrust distribution at   8 ; (b) Torque distribution at   8

Fig. 4. (a) Thrust distribution at   7 ; (b) Torque distribution at   7

Fig. 5. (a) Thrust distribution at   6 ; (b) Torque distribution at   6

For blade with one profile and blade with two profiles; we see a decrease in the chord distribution from the root
to the tip of the blade, noting that the decrease is not linear. The thrust varied linearly and the variation of the torque
is almost constant along the blade, but at the tip of blade are curved by tip loss factor effects. The blade constructed
 Imane Echjijem et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 46 (2020) 708–714 713
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with two different profiles (NACA63215+NACA63421) reduces the chord at the tip positions, and decreases the
thrust and torque forces along the blade compared to the blade constructed with only one profile (NACA63215), the
reduction of thrust and torque is more important in the range from 3.5m to 4.75m and from 1.25m to 4.75m
positions respectively.

3.2. Chord and thrust and torque distributions for NACA63421 and NACA63421+NACA63215 at   6

Fig. 6. (a) Chord distribution for 𝑟𝑟� =[0.8,3.55] NACA63421 position ; (b) Chord distribution for 𝑟𝑟� =[0.8,2.25] NACA63421 position ; (c) Chord
distribution for 𝑟𝑟� =[0.8,1.45] NACA63421 position

Fig. 7. (a) Thrust distribution for 𝑟𝑟1 =[0.8,3.55] NACA63421 position; (b) Torque distribution for 𝑟𝑟1 =[0.8,3.55] NACA63421 position.

Fig. 8. (a) Thrust distribution for 𝑟𝑟� =[0.8,2.25] NACA63421 position ; (b) Torque distribution for 𝑟𝑟� =[0.8,2.25] NACA63421 position.
714 Imane Echjijem et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 46 (2020) 708–714
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Fig. 9. (a) Thrust distribution for 𝑟𝑟� =[0.8,1.45] NACA63421 position; (b) Torque distribution for 𝑟𝑟� =[0.8,1.45] NACA63421 position.

The blade constructed with two profiles (NACA63421+NACA63215), increases the chord and the thrust and the
torque compared to the blade constructed with only one profile (NACA63421), the increase of the chord and the
thrust and the torque occurs only in the range of 3.26 m to 5m tip positions for r1  [0.8,3.55] NACA63421 position,
then occurs in the mid and root positions for NACA63421 positions r1  [0.8,2.25] and r1  [0.8,1.45] respectively.

4. Conclusion

From the study undertaken it may be seen that the blade constructed with NACA63421+ NACA63215 increases
the thrust and the torque compared to the blade constructed with only one profile (NACA63421), but that is not the
case for the blade constructed with NACA63215+NACA63421, which decreases the thrust and the torque along the
blade compared to the blade constructed with a single profile (NACA63215). It may be concluded that to have a
blade constructed with two different profiles (NACA63421+NACA63215) for NACA63421 root positions is
advisable in order to the increase of thrust and torque forces occurs from the root to the tip positions.

References

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