1.

Forming a group and developing a list of behaviors that are always right and
behaviors that are always wrong can be a subjective and complex task since
moral judgments can vary among individuals and cultures. However, it is
possible to identify some general behaviors that are widely considered as right or
wrong. For example:
1.1 Behaviors that are always considered right:
a. Respect for others: Being kind, understanding, and empathetic towards others is a
fundamental right behavior. This includes valuing their opinions, listening carefully, and not
discriminating or being prejudiced against them based on their race, gender, religion, or any
other characteristic.
b. Honesty and integrity: Telling the truth, being open about our actions and
communications, and taking responsibility for our mistakes are important qualities that help
build trust and mutual respect in relationships and society.
c. Compassion and altruism: Showing care and concern for the well-being of others is a
right behavior that can be seen in acts of kindness, volunteering, donating to charitable
causes, or helping those in need.
d. Environmental responsibility: Taking steps to reduce our impact on the environment,
conserving natural resources, promoting sustainable practices, and advocating for
environmental protection are considered right behaviors as they help preserve our planet for
future generations.
1.2 Behaviors that are always considered wrong:
a. Violence and aggression: Using physical or verbal force to harm others or engage in
conflicts without just cause is widely considered wrong. This includes domestic violence,
assault, terrorism, war crimes, and any form of intentional harm.
b. Theft and dishonesty: Stealing from others or engaging in fraudulent activities
undermines trust within communities and can have severe legal consequences.
c. Discrimination: Treating individuals unfairly based on their race, gender identity, sexual
orientation, religion or any other characteristic is morally wrong as it violates human rights
principles of equality and justice.
d. Environmental degradation: Actions that lead to pollution of air and water resources;
deforestation; overexploitation of natural resources; waste generation; climate change denial;
or any other activity that negatively impacts the environment are considered wrong behaviors
as they threaten the well-being of our planet.
It is important to note that while these behaviors are generally considered right or wrong
across cultures and societies today (with some exceptions), moral judgments may vary
depending on cultural context or personal beliefs about what constitutes ethical conduct.
a) Logical Consistency: This tests whether the moral argument follows a logical structure
without contradictions. For example:
- Premise: Killing innocent people is morally wrong.
- Premise: War involves killing innocent people.
- Conclusion: Therefore, war is morally wrong.

b) Empirical Adequacy: This examines whether the moral argument aligns with empirical
evidence or observable facts. For example:
- Premise: Empirical studies consistently show that stealing causes harm to individuals and
society.
- Premise: Behaviors that cause harm to individuals and society are morally wrong.
- Conclusion: Therefore, stealing is morally wrong.

c) Moral Intuition: This involves appealing to common moral intuitions or widely accepted
moral principles. For example:
- Premise: It is universally recognized that causing unnecessary suffering is morally wrong.
- Premise: Animal cruelty causes unnecessary suffering.
- Conclusion: Therefore, animal cruelty is morally wrong.

In my own example, let’s consider the moral argument about the use of animal testing for
medical research:
- Premise: Animal testing is necessary to develop life-saving medicines and treatments.
- Premise: Saving human lives and reducing suffering is a moral imperative.
- Conclusion: Therefore, animal testing can be morally justified in the context of medical
research.

2. The five different approaches to values in dealing with moral issues are:
a) Consequentialism: This approach focuses on the consequences or outcomes
of actions. It emphasizes maximizing overall happiness or utility. For example,
in the context of a medical dilemma, consequentialism would assess the moral
value of an action based on the net improvement in the well-being of patients.
b) Deontology: This approach emphasizes following moral duties and principles.
It focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions, regardless of their
consequences. For instance, deontology would prioritize respecting patient
 autonomy and adhering to principles like truth-telling, even if it leads to
negative outcomes.
c) Virtue Ethics: This approach emphasizes developing moral character traits or
virtues. It focuses on cultivating virtuous qualities such as honesty,
compassion, and integrity. In a medical scenario, virtue ethics would consider
the moral values and character of the healthcare professional involved.
d) Cultural Relativism: This approach asserts that moral values are determined
by cultural norms and vary across different societies. It suggests that there is
no universal standard for morality. In a cross-cultural context, cultural
relativism would acknowledge the diversity of moral values and practices,
seeking to understand and respect different perspectives.
e) Ethical Pluralism: This approach recognizes that multiple moral values and
principles can be valid and relevant in different situations. It allows for the
consideration of various ethical frameworks and the balancing of conflicting
moral claims. Ethical pluralism encourages a nuanced approach to moral
decision-making, considering a range of perspectives and values.

3. Applying all ethical approaches presented in the chapter requires deliberation

and consideration of different perspectives. The chosen ethical approaches
include consequentialism, deontology, virtue ethics, cultural relativism, and
ethical pluralism.
In a hypothetical scenario where a patient is terminally ill and in severe pain, the different
ethical approaches would yield varied considerations:
-Consequentialism: This approach would assess the consequences of available actions.
Euthanasia might be considered if it leads to a reduction in the patient’s suffering and
improves overall well-being.
-Deontology: Deontological principles, such as respect for autonomy and the sanctity of life,
might prohibitthe deliberate ending of a patient’s life, even in cases of extreme pain. The
focus would be on providing palliative care to alleviate suffering.
-Virtue Ethics: Virtue ethics would emphasize the cultivation of virtues such as compassion
and empathy in the healthcare professional’s decision-making process. The emphasis would
be on providing compassionate care and support to the patient and their loved ones.
-Cultural Relativism: This approach would consider the cultural values and norms
surrounding end-of-life decisions. Different cultures may have varying perspectives on
euthanasia, and cultural relativism would respect and acknowledge these diverse viewpoints.
-Ethical Pluralism: Ethical pluralism recognizes that there can be multiple valid ethical
considerations. In this scenario, it would involve weighing the principles of autonomy,
beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice to find a balanced approach that respects the
patient’s autonomy while ensuring their well-being.
Throughout the deliberation process, different ethical approaches may lead to differing
solutions or perspectives. Some perspectives may be more useful in certain situations,
depending on the specific factors involved. For example, consequentialism might be more
applicable when considering the overall impact on well-being, while deontology may
prioritize adherence to moral principles.

Considering a variety of ethical perspectives can enhance understanding and provide a more
comprehensive analysis of the moral issue at hand. By examining the problem from different
angles, one can gain a broader perspective and make a more informed and nuanced decision.

In conclusion, applying different ethical approaches to a moral issue involves considering

various factors and perspectives. Each approach has its own strengths and limitations, and
they may lead to different conclusions or insights. By exploring multiple ethical frameworks,
one can gain a deeper understanding of the complexity of moral issues and make more well-
rounded and informed decisions.

CONCLUSION
Developing a comprehensive list of behaviors that are always right or wrong can be
challenging due to subjective interpretations. However, some generally accepted right
behaviors include honesty, respect, compassion, fairness, and responsibility. Wrong behaviors
typically include murder, theft, dishonesty, abuse, and betrayal. During the process, some
behaviors may be nominated but rejected based on differing perspectives and values.
Moral arguments can be tested through logical consistency, empirical adequacy, and moral
intuition. Logical consistency ensures the argument is free of contradictions. Empirical
adequacy examines if the argument aligns with observable facts. Moral intuition appeals to
widely accepted moral principles. For instance, testing the moral argument for animal testing
in medical research involves evaluating its logical structure, empirical evidence on its
necessity, and moral intuitions regarding the value of saving human lives.
The five approaches to values in moral issues are consequentialism (emphasizing
consequences), deontology (focus on moral duties), virtue ethics (cultivating virtues), cultural
relativism (values vary across cultures), and ethical pluralism (considering multiple valid
ethical perspectives).
Applying different ethical approaches to a scenario involving end-of-life decisions,
consequentialism may consider euthanasia for reducing suffering, while deontology
emphasizes the sanctity of life. Virtue ethics prioritizes compassionate care, cultural
relativism acknowledges diverse cultural perspectives, and ethical pluralism balances
autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Different approaches may lead to
varied conclusions, and considering multiple perspectives enhances understanding and
decision-making.