Advanced Diagnostic Tests on Power Transformers

OMICRON, India Workshop on Advanced Diagnostic Measurement of Power Transformers, Sri Lanka
16th October 2012
Contents

1. Advanced DC Winding Resistance measurement

2. Leakage Reactance measurement
3. Advanced Leakage Reactance (FRSL) measurement
4. Case studies
Diagnostic Measurements
Advanced DC Winding Resistance measurement
for
OLTC Tap Check
OLTC

Diverter switch

Tap selector
OLTC
Measurement of static resistance

All internal contacts (diverter switch contacts

+
tap selector switch
+
connection clamps)

+
the winding resistance
Voltage selector contact (new)
Voltage selector switch (in good condition)

Resistance Vs. Taps

285.00

280.00

275.00

270.00 KEMA
Resistance [m ]

265.00
OMICRON 1…21 Ref.
260.00 Temp.
OMICRON 21…1 Ref.
255.00 Temp.
250.00

245.00

240.00

235.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Taps
Voltage selector contact (defective)
 100MVA, 220kV/110kV

R L1 (referred to 20°C)

700.0

650.0

600.0
R L1 1974
m Ohm

R L1 20.2.02 1...19
RL1 20.2.02 19…1
550.0

500.0

450.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Taps
Winding Resistance (after repair)

Resistance L1

650.0
630.0
610.0
Resistance [m

590.0
570.0 Factory Measurement
550.0 OMICRON 1…19
OMICRON 19…1
530.0
510.0
490.0
470.0
450.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Taps
 delta R

Resistance Difference L1 Up-Down

40.0

30.0
Resistance [m

20.0

10.0

0.0 Before repair

-10.0
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19
-20.0

-30.0
Taps

Resistance Difference L1 Up-Down

6.0

4.0
Resistance [m

2.0

0.0
After repair
-2.0

-4.0

-6.0
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Taps
OLTC principle (1)

Tap Selector
Tap Selector

Commutating
Resistors
A B

Diverter
Diverter
Switch
Switch
OLTC principle (2)

Tap Selector

Commutating
Resistors
A B

Diverter
Switch
OLTC principle (3)

Tap Selector

Commutating
Resistors
A B

Diverter
Switch
OLTC principle (4)

Tap Selector

Commutating
Resistors
A B

Diverter
Switch
OLTC principle (5)

Tap Selector

Commutating
Resistors
A B

Diverter
Switch
OLTC principle (6)

Tap Selector

Commutating
Resistors
A B

Diverter
Switch
 Transient Current during Switching Process
Second
transition
A resistor alone

Slope 

3
1 Ripple
First
transition
resistor
Final end
position of the
4 diverter switch
2
Both
transition
resistors

1 = Diverter switch switches to the first transition resistor

2 = Both transistion resistors are in parallel
3 = Second transition resistor alone
4 = Final contact reached, regulation of the test current back to the rated current
Taps 1 - 9 (zoomed)

Tap 1-2 Tap 5-6

Tap 2-3 Tap 6-7

Tap 3-4 Tap 7-8

Tap 4-5 Tap 8-9

Diagnosis of the diverter switch
 Diverter switch (ripple)

Diverter Switch in a Good Condition Aged Diverter Switch

2.5 %
5.5 %

2%
5%

1.5 % 4.5 %

1% 4%

0.5 % 3.5 %

0% 3%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

A UP A DOWN B UP A UP A DOWN B UP

B DOWN C UP C DOWN
B DOWN C UP C DOWN
 Diverter switch (slope)

Diverter Switch in a Good Condition Aged Diverter Switch

Slope Slope
0.0A/s
-0.6A/s
-0.1A/s
-0.65A/s 0 5 10 15 20
A UP -0.7A/s
A UP
-0.2A/s
A DOWN -0.75A/s
A DOWN
B UP -0.8A/s
-0.3A/s B UP
B DOWN -0.85A/s
B DOWN
-0.4A/s C UP -0.9A/s
C DOWN
C UP
-0.95A/s
-0.5A/s C DOWN
-1.0A/s
-0.6A/s -1.05A/s
000 005 010 030 Taps
015 020 025 -1.1A/s
Taps
Aged Diverter switch
 Leakage reactance +
Advanced Leakage Reactance measurements
Leakage Reactance

 Very focused test to detect Winding

deformation

 Measuring leakage reactance and

resistance and comparing to the short
circuit impedance stamped on the
transformer’s nameplate
 Leakage Reactance
• Leakage flux is that which does not link all the turns of the winding

• Winding movement changes the reluctance of the leakage flux path,

resulting in a change in the ‘expected leakage reactance‘ values.
 Leakage Reactance measurement

Forces

10/12/2012

Lsc is getting larger with

wider stray channel

LV Winding
Rsc Lsc
Stray Flux

220kV
HV Wicklung
Winding HV LV
 Advanced Leakage Reactance
Template: TR Short Circuit Imp.
Version: 1.40
Factory Test with W-Meter 3 Phase Measurement

Uk [V] Ik [A] P [W] f [Hz] Z [OHM] Phi [°] R [OHM] X [OHM] L [H]
1479.40 8.89 6270 50 288.2335 74.02338 79.33485 277.1002 0.882037449

Phase A

f [Hz] Z [OHM] Phi [°] R [OHM] X [OHM] L [H]

50 287.8106 74.21368 78.29901 276.9553 0.881576072
Difference to Factory Test [%] -0.14671 0.257084 -1.30566 -0.05231 -0.05230818

Phase B

f [Hz] Z [OHM] Phi [°] R [OHM] X [OHM] L [H]

50 287.9643 73.82169 80.23478 276.5607 0.880319891
Difference to Factory Test [%] -0.09342 -0.27247 1.134345 -0.19473 -0.19472629

Phase C

f [Hz] Z [OHM] Phi [°] R [OHM] X [OHM] L [H]

50 288.7539 74.01075 79.53928 277.583 0.883574133
Difference to Factory Test [%] 0.180545 -0.01706 0.257675 0.17422 0.174219805

Average Difference to Factory Test [%] -0.01986 -0.01082 0.028788 -0.02427 -0.02427155
 Advanced Leakage Reactance

Frequency Response of Stray Losses (FRSL)

A series of leakage reactance

measurents at “multiple frequencies”

Frequency Voltage (V) Current (A) Phase Angle R (Ohms) X

15 Hz 22.243 0.9366 -84.38° 2.326 23.634

30 Hz 46.170 0.9759 -87.23° 2.286 47.257
70 Hz 125.682 1.1396 -88.50° 2.887 110.244
100 Hz 223.642 1.4189 -88.77° 3.383 157.584
200 Hz 207.490 0.6566 -88.82° 6.507 315.920
400 Hz 92.818 0.1446 -88.37° 18.261 641.726
Advanced Leakage Reactance
Rsc Xsc

Zsc

Rac
R represents
dcrepresents
the losses
the resistance
of the
of theflux
stray windings

R
dc
Parallel Strands without twisting
B
HV Winding

Losses
by induced
currents

LV Winding
 Parallel Strands with twisting
B
HV Winding
Continuously
Transposed
Conductors

Induced
currents are
compensated

LV Winding
Parallel Strands with short circuit

B
HV Winding

Additional
losses
by
induced
currents

R Winding is
LV Winding unchanged
Ratio is
unchanged
Case Study 1
Comparison of 3 phases

R(f)

4.5 Ohm
4.0 Ohm
3.5 Ohm
3.0 Ohm
A
2.5 Ohm
B
2.0 Ohm
C
1.5 Ohm
1.0 Ohm
0.5 Ohm
0.0 Ohm
0 100 200 300 400 500
Frequency (Hz)
 Comparison of 3 phases

R(f)

300

250
mOhm

200 A
B
150 C
100

50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Frequency [Hz]
Faulty Phase C
Case Study 2
SFRA measurement (2007)

Zoomed view of SFRA Short Circuit plot for IV-N for

A, B and C phases with tertiary shorted in 2007
 SFRA measurement (2009)

10/12/2012

Zoomed view of SFRA Short Circuit plot for IV-N for

phase A with tertiary shorted in 2009

Difference was only 0.5dB !!!

FRSL result R(f)

IV-N (Tap 17)

20

18

16

14

12
Phase A
R (f)

10 Phase B
Phase C
8

0
15.0Hz 30.0Hz 70.0Hz 100.0Hz 200.0Hz 400.0Hz

Frequency

Short circuit Inductance plot for FRSL measurement of Common winding (IV-N)
with tertiary winding terminal shorted.
FRSL result L(f)

IV-N

0.28

0.275

0.27

0.265

0.26 Phase A
L (f)

Phase B
0.255 Phase C
0.25

0.245

0.24

0.235
15.0Hz 30.0Hz 70.0Hz 100.0Hz 200.0Hz
Frequency

Short circuit Inductance plot for FRSL measurement of Common winding (IV-N)
with tertiary winding terminal shorted.
Faulty Phase A

Deformed winding of IV-N, A phase.

Thank You for Your Attention