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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Electrical Engineering Department
Legazpi City
INTRODUCTION
Clock Problems is a conditional subtopic of the applications of algebra umbrella; applying the
fundamentals to solve analytical word problems like: time, digits, work, motion, and clock. Variations of
clock problems are prevalent in most Engineering Licensure Examinations in the Philippines, making it
crucial for exam takers to extensively understand analytically; being able to translate visual problems
into algebraic expressions. Due to its prevalence in the board exams, clock problems are also frequent in
tertiary level mathematics competitions. The aim of this paper is to introduce the fundamental principles
of solving clock problems, and deriving shortcut formulas and methods to be utilized during a tense and
time-pressured environment such as; competitions and examinations.
This paper is structured progressively; it will not redefine properties and notations that were
already stated on previous sections. If deemed repetitive, subsections will be omitted.
DEFINITION 1.1
Minute Space and Hour Space are units
of distance, not time. There are 60 minute
spaces and 12 hour spaces in a clock, hence
there are 5 minute spaces in 1 hour space.
2 | Solving of Clock Problems Using Visual Analysis and Derivation of Shortcut Formulas
Bicol University | College of Engineering | Delas Llagas
By analyzing the sketch, we know that x is 20 θ = angle between the clock hands
minute spaces from the reference minute hand. 𝜃 =|𝛼− 𝛽|
𝑀𝑀
Then the hour hand moved x/12 minute spaces 𝜃 = |6𝑀𝑀 − 6 (𝑀𝐻 + )|
12
from the reference hour hand.
𝑀𝑀
𝜃 = 6|𝑀𝑀 − (𝑀𝐻 + )|
20 minutes x 6˚ = 120˚ 12
3 | Solving of Clock Problems Using Visual Analysis and Derivation of Shortcut Formulas
Bicol University | College of Engineering | Delas Llagas
Figure 2.1. 0˚ angle between clock hands Figure 2.4. Angle between4:20
4 | Solving of Clock Problems Using Visual Analysis and Derivation of Shortcut Formulas
Bicol University | College of Engineering | Delas Llagas
By analyzing the clock, we can infer that the For better illustration, let us plot the relative
movement of the minute hand to satisfy the points on a straight line;
condition; is equal to the sum of MH and the
movement of the hour hand.
Therefore, we obtain the solution;
𝑋 11
𝑋 = 50 + 12 → 12
𝑥 = 50 Figure 2.6. 90˚ after 4:00 line
X = 54.54 minutes Analyzing the sketch, we can formulate the
Shortcut Method following equation;
11 11
𝑋 = 𝑀𝐻 + 15 → 𝑋 = 𝑀𝐻 + 15
• 12 12
5 | Solving of Clock Problems Using Visual Analysis and Derivation of Shortcut Formulas
Bicol University | College of Engineering | Delas Llagas
𝟏𝟐
𝑿= (𝑴 − 𝟏𝟓)
𝟏𝟏 𝑯
𝟏𝟐
𝑿= (𝟓𝟎 − 𝟏𝟓)
𝟏𝟏
𝑿 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔
6 | Solving of Clock Problems Using Visual Analysis and Derivation of Shortcut Formulas
Bicol University | College of Engineering | Delas Llagas
Derivation of Formulas
a. If the given particular time is less than
6:00; the minute hand will overtake the 4. When will the hands of the clock be at an
hour hand before they form a 180˚ angle of θ after a particular time.
angle. In this section we will derive two general
formulas that encompasses all clock problem
questions when asked for the time elapsed
before the clock hands form an angle θ after a
particular time, including 0˚, 90˚, and 180˚; that
covers the variation such that when; (1)The
minute hand overtakes the hour hand before the
condition is met and (2)the condition is met
before the minute hand overtakes the hour hand.
7 | Solving of Clock Problems Using Visual Analysis and Derivation of Shortcut Formulas
Bicol University | College of Engineering | Delas Llagas
Solution:
Algebraic Formula
𝟔𝟎
𝐗= (𝐇 + 𝐇𝛉 )
𝟏𝟏 𝐇
𝟔𝟎 Example 2.5:
𝑿= (𝟔 + 𝟏. 𝟏) After 6 o’clock, when will the hands of a
𝟏𝟏
𝑿 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟕𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔 continuously driven clock form a 60˚ angle for
the first time
Given:
b. The condition is met before the 𝐻𝐻 = 6
minute hand overtakes the hour hand 60
𝐻𝜃 = =2
30
Let Y = Length of interval in minute spaces
Solution:
Algebraic Formula
60
𝑋= (𝐻 − 𝐻𝜃)
11 𝐻
60
𝑋= (6 − 2)
11
𝑋 = 21.82 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
Shortcut Method
Figure 2.13. θ after 6:00
Suppose that you are asked to find the
plot the sketch as a horizontal line to gain time after 7 o’clock in which the hands of the
a better visualization of the variable clock form a 43.5˚ angle for the first time
relationships and convert MH and θ into hour
We can merge the two conditional formulas
space notation;
into
60
𝑋= (𝐻 ± 𝐻𝜃)
11 𝐻
60 43.5
𝑋 = 11 (7 − 30
)
8 | Solving of Clock Problems Using Visual Analysis and Derivation of Shortcut Formulas
Bicol University | College of Engineering | Delas Llagas
Visual Analysis
𝑌 = 𝑀𝐻𝐸 + 𝑍
𝑋
𝑌 = 𝑀𝐻𝑆 + +𝜃
12
Figure 3.1. interchange start clock 3:00 𝑋
The hour hand moves 12𝐸 of the XE movement of
Let us plot the relative points as a horizontal
line; the minute hand. By analyzing the sketch, we
can say that in terms of the start time clock;
𝑋
𝑋𝐸 = 𝑀𝐻𝑆 +
12
Thus;
Figure 3.2. interchange start clock 3:00 line
9 | Solving of Clock Problems Using Visual Analysis and Derivation of Shortcut Formulas
Bicol University | College of Engineering | Delas Llagas
𝑋
𝑀𝐻𝑆 + 12 And represent the values of the start time clock
𝑍= in terms of the end time clock.
12
Visual Analysis
We will let X be the time elapsed by the
end time clock in relation to its reference angle.
10 | Solving of Clock Problems Using Visual Analysis and Derivation of Shortcut Formulas
Bicol University | College of Engineering | Delas Llagas
11 | Solving of Clock Problems Using Visual Analysis and Derivation of Shortcut Formulas