CBLM - Prepare masonry materials

COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
Sector: Industrial Arts
Qualification: MASONRY NCII
Unit of Competency: PREPARE MASONRY MATERALS
Module Title: MASONRY TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AD MATERIALS
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Date Developed: Document No.

December 2022
Issued By:
Developed by:
Darell James B.
Cariaga Revision #: 00
Welcome to the Competency-Based Learning Material for the module:
MASONRY TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AD MATERIALS. This Competency-Based
Learning Material contains training materials and activities for you to
complete.
The unit of competency Prepare Masonry Materials contains the

knowledge, skills and attitudes required for Masonry NC II.
You are required to go through learning activities in order to complete

each learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcomes, there are
Information sheets, Operation sheets/Job sheets and Reference Materials for
further reading to help you better understand the required activities. Follow
these activities on your own and answer the Self-Check at the end of each
learning outcome. You may tear a blank Answer Sheet at the end of each
module or get one from your facilitator/trainer to write your answers for
each self-check.
If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for

assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in
this learner’s guide because you have:
 Been working for some time.
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 Already completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a

particular skill, you don’t have to do the same training again.
If you feel you have some skills, talk to your trainer about having
them formally recognized. If you have a qualification or Certificate of

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competence from previous training, show it to your trainer. If required to
demonstrate these skills, do so. If the skills you acquired are still relevant to
the module, they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL.
At the end of this Competency Based Learning Material, a Learner’s

Diary is used to record important data, jobs undertaken and other
workplace events that will assist in providing further details to your trainer
or assessors. A Record of achievement is also provided for your trainer to
complete once you completed the module.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required

competency and the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and
skills in setting up computer networks with minimum supervision or help
from your instructor. With the aid of this material, you will acquire the
competency independently at your own pace.
 Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the
training of this unit. Read through the learning guide carefully.
It is divided into sections that cover all the skills and knowledge
you need successfully complete in this module.
 Work through all the information and complete the activities in
each section. Read all information sheets and complete the self-
check,suggested references are included to supplement the
materials provided in this module.
 Your instructor will be you trainer, supervisor or manager who
is there to support you and show you the correct way of doing
things covered in your training.
 Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to
consider when you are completing activities and are important
that you listen and take notes.
 You will be given an opportunity to ask questions and practice
on the job.
 Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work
shifts in order to improve your speed, memory and self-
confidence.
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 Communicate to your workmates with relevant experiences and
ask for their guidance.
 Use the self-check questions to test your own progress.
 When you are ready, ask your trainer to observe you in
performing the activities stipulated in the competency based
learning materials.

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 After finishing these activities, ask for written feedback on your
progress. Your trainer keeps feedback/pre-assessment report;
when you have successfully completed each element, ask your
trainer to mark on the reports that are ready for assessment.
 When you have completed this module, and confident that you
have had the sufficient expertise, your trainer will arrange an
appointment with registered assessor to assist you, the result of
your assessment will be recorded in your Competency
Achievement Record.
Masonry NC II
The Masonry NC II Qualification consists of competencies that a person

must achieve to design and develop visual graphic designs for (i) Prepare
masonry materials; (ii) Perform Basic Masonry Works; (iii) Lay brick/block Page 3
for structure; (iv) Plaster wall surface and (v) Install pre-cast balusters and
handrails
This Qualification is packaged from the competency map of the Industrial

Arts (Service sector) as shown in Annex A.

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The units of competency comprising this qualification include the following:
Code Core Competencies
CON712301 Prepare masonry materials
CON712302 Perform basic masonry works
CON712303 Lay brick/block for structure
CON712304 Plaster wall surface
CON712305 Install pre-cast balusters and handrails
MODULE CONTENT
Program/course : Masonry NC II
Unit of competency : Prepare masonry materials
Module : Masonry Tools, Equipment and Materials
INTRODUCTION:
This module contains information and suggested learning activities on

Visual Graphic Design NC III. It consists of 5 learning outcomes. Each
learning outcome has learning contents in the formed of information sheet
that must be read and comprehend. Every information sheet contains
learning activities supported by each instruction sheets. Before you perform
the instructions, read the information sheet and answer the self-check and
activities provided to ascertain to yourself and your trainer that you have
acquired the knowledge necessary to perform the skill portion of the
particular learning outcome.
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this module you must be able to:

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1. Select materials, tools and equipment needed in hauling and mixing;
2. Haul materials;
3. Mix mortar/concrete.
Assessment Criteria:

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1. Quantity and quality of material to be hauled is determined according to
the work instruction.
2. Quantity and quality of materials to be used are placed in designated
area.
3. Quantity and quality of tools and equipment used in hauling are
identified and selected according to work requirements.
4. Quantity and type of materials and tools/equipment used in mixing are
identified according to work requirements.
TOOLS EQUIPMENT MATERIALS

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LEARNING EXPERIENCES
Learning Outcome 3: Create Raster Graphic Using Graphics Application

Learning Activities Special Instructions
1.
2.
Check answers with Answer Key 3.1-1.
Evaluate own performance using the
3.
Performance Criteria Checklist 3.1- 1
4.
5.
Check answers with Answer Key 3.1-2.
6.
7. Check answers with Answer Key 3.1-3.

10.
11. Check answers with Answer Key 3.1-4.

14. Check answers with Answer Key 3.1-5
Information Sheet No. 1.1-1

“Hand Tools in Masonry”
Tools had been regarded as a partner of man’s quest for progress and
survival from the early stone age down to the present generation. The mechanical
advantages, accuracy, speed and efficiency derived from the use of the right tools
and equipment, ahs prompted man to continuously search fort he refinement of old
tools aside from the invention and introduction of new ones hat would provide
greater efficiency and refinement of work.
Comparatively, it could be seen from the structures and works of past
builders, the quality, refinement of texture and the time involved in their

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construction to be far behind the works of the present generation. These could be
mainly attributed to the kind of tools and or power tools that are being used by the
present contemporary builders.
Experienced builder agrees, that the efficiency of the work in building
construction could be augmented by 25 percent or more with the use of the right
kind of tools aside from the improved quality of the work performed.
By hiring an experienced worker who ahs a complete set of tools however
high his demand for pay is more advantageous and cheaper than hiring a beginner
with a lower rate rut without the necessary tools for a particular job. The former
although demanding a higher pay can accomplish work with better quality in short
time than the latter whose risks repair and delay not to mention the extra cost
involved.
The efficiency and quality of the work particularly in building construction
depends upon three factors:
1.Availability and sufficiency of materials.
2.Experience and skill of the workers in their respective field.
3.Complete set of tools and equipment of good quality and standards.
The different kinds of construction tools may be classified according to the

different kinds of trade involved:
1.Carpentry Tools
2.Masonry Tools
3.Tinsmithing Tools
4.Painters Tools
5.Plumbing Tools
6.Electrical Tools
MASONRY TOOLS
Masonry
is the art of shaping, forming, arranging, laying, and uniting stone, bricks,
building blocks, plastering, etc. to form walls and other parts of the building.
Masonry tools are so designed to accomplish many types of masonry work.
Masonry tools also include some of the carpentry tools like the measuring tools,

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testing tools, and guiding tools. Masons also use other kinds of special tools aside
from the previously enumerated tools adopted to the kind of work involved.
Tools Used in Masonry

Name Picture
1. Trowel
The basic masonry trowel is made up of
stainless steel with a plastic/ wooden handle.
The ends of trowel may be bull nosed or
pointed. This is used to lift and spread mortar
in joints during masonry construction. There
are different kinds and sizes of trowels used in
masonry work.
2. Corner Trowel
It is one of the common modifications of the
basic trowel. It is used for shaping corners of
the wall. They are two types of Corner Trowel.
(A) Outside Corner Trowel
There are different designs of outside corner
trowel but the one shown at left side with
shorter flanges is the most common. These
outside corner trowel can have a sharp 90-
degree angle or a bull nose (rounded) edge. Outside Corner Trowel
(B) Inside Corner Trowel

These are more common than the outside
corner trowel, just because corner aid is used
on the outside corners. They have standard
features, comparable to an outside corner tool
but also have adjustable models that can get
wider or narrower, depending on the angle of
the corner. Inside Corner Trowel
3. Mason Square
It is used to set out right angles at the corner
of masonry wall. This is very important and
basic tool used in masonry work. This tool has
“L” shape. It is made of flat steel having each
arm about 0.5 m long.

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4. Plumb Bob
A plumb bob is a pointed weight attached to
the end of the string and is used to find a
vertical reference line called plumb. Plumb is
the vertical equivalent to a spirit level. Plumb
bob has been around for thousands of years,
dating back to Ancient Egypt.
5. Spirit Level
It is used to check the horizontality and
verticality of the surfaces. Spirit level is made
of hard plastic or wood with bubble tube in the
middle. The bubble tube is partially filled with
alcohol in such a way that, an air bubble is
formed in it. The spirit level is placed on
surface of masonry wall and bubble is
checked. The surface is called leveled when the
bubble in the tube settles at middle of tube.
6. Water Level or Tube Level
It is used to transfer and check level. It is a
simple tool to measure the level at two
different points. It is a tool that works on the
principle that water always seeks its own level.
It consists of flexible tube with liquid, and the
liquid at both ends will be at the same level
whether you’re holding them together or
spreading them a hundred feet apart.
7. Shovel
A Shovel is used to manually shift large
quantities of cement and aggregates. To use a
shovel, clasp the D-shaped handle with one
hand and hold the shaft closer to check with
the other hand.
8. Spades
They are used to mix mortar and also used to
place cement, mortar, concrete in head pan.
Spade is also used to dig the soil for
foundation trenches etc. It consists of metal
plate at the end of long wooden handle.

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9. Mortar Pan / ghamela / Bucket
- Mortar pan is commonly used in construction
sites and is made of iron or plastic. It is a
vessel made of rigid plastic or steel used to
hold or carry sand, cement, mortar and
concrete. It is also used to mix mortar and to
lift mortar on working site. To use a mortar
pan, fill it with a quantity of material i.e. sand,
cement, mortar etc. that you are comfortable
with carrying.
- Generally, an iron bucket of up to 10 lit.
capacity is used for mixing the water in the
mortar.
10. Bevel
It is employed to set out angles. It comprises of
two slotted blades of steel and fixed with each
other with thumb screw. It is a tool consisting
of two rules or arms joined together and
opening to any angle.
11. Crowbar
- A digging bar is a long, straight metal bar
used for various purposes, including as a post
hole digger, to break up or loosen hard or
compacted materials such as soil, rock,
concrete and ice or as a lever to move objects.
- Common uses of digging bars include
breaking up clay, concrete, frozen ground, and
other hard materials, moving or breaking up
tree roots and obstacles, and making holes in
the ground for fence posts.
12. Chisel
- Is used for normal splitting, roughing out and
shaping the stone.
- It is used to dress soft stones. A chisel is a
tool with a characteristically shaped cutting
edge of blade on its end, for carving or cutting
stone by hand. Its handle is made from wood
or plastic.

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13. Mash Hammer
A mash hammer is also known as a stone
mason’s hammer. It is used to hit and drive
chisel for rough dressing of stone. It is double-
sided with two striking faces, most often used
in stone masonry work. It should only be used
to strike stones, but can also be used for such
tasks as chipping away mortar in stone
masonry. This hammer consists of a wooden
handle to which is attached a heavy head,
usually made of metal.
14. Masonry Saw
Used to cut the brick and soft stones. It is a
saw with wide cross-cut toothed steel blade
and wooden/plastic handle at one end. I It is
used by one hand.
15. Brick Hammer

It is used for rough cutting of bricks in
different shapes and sizes. One end of the
hammer is square and another end is sharp-
edged. It has one flat traditional face and a
short or long chisel shaped blade. It is also
used to push the bricks if they come out from
the course line.
16. Tape Measure
Tape measure are used to measure out where
your walls begins and ends, or how large an
opening is meant to be.
17. Brush
Soft-bristled are used to remove any excess
mortar.

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18. Measuring Box
A Measuring Box is a container with a
standardized volume that is used to measure
quantities of cement, aggregate or mortar to
create a proportional mix of mortar and
concrete. Here, we use a Measuring Box of One
Cubic Foot. To use a Measuring Box, fill it over
the brim with the material you need to
measure.
19. Mixing Tray
Lightweight steel plate is usually used for
mixing the mortar. It is 2.0 m long and 1 m
wide with the handlebars.
20. Sand Screen

- Usually a wire mesh of 0.9 m x 1.2 m is used
as a screen for sand in a wooden frame or
angular frame. For masonry work, the screen
is 0.6 mm dia. wires and 10 x 10 wires per
square inch.
- for plastering work a screen having 0.3mm
dia. Of wire with 24 x 24 wires per inch
square.
21. Sponge
Use for finishing plaster surfaces as sand
coated-plaster. By applying two or three
rounds of this sponge, a fine sand texture will
appear on the surface.
22. Finishing Trowels

Are used for smoothing out materials like
cement, plaster, etc.

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23. Masonry String
What is masonry string used for?
In Masonry, a string is used to establish a
straight line or a uniform level. It is an
accurate reference to guide the building of
a wall.
CLASSIFICATION OF TOOLS
THE 6 CLASSIFICATIONS OF TOOLS
A. Measuring Tools
B. Marking Tools
C. Testing and Guiding Tools
D. Roughing Up Tools

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E. Surface Finishing Tools
F. Miscellaneous Masonry Tools
A. Measuring Tools
1.Push-Pull Tape rule – is used to measure long distances, available from 1meter
to 50meterslong.
2.Slide Caliper rule – is used to measure outside / inside diameter of cylindrical

objects.
3.Two Foot Four Folding rule – is generally used in measuring short distances. It
is usuallymade up of four folds connected by three hinges spaced at 6 inches of 15
cm apart whichcould be folded-up.
4.Extension Rule – extension rule - a folding rule having a sliding part equal in
length to onesection so as to permit exact measurement of internal dimensionsb
used for measuringinside distances such as doors, windows, etc.
5.Zig-zag rule – is available in 4 ft. (1.20m) and 6 ft. (1.80m) commonly used for
rough layout.
B. Marking Tools
1.Chalk or charcoal line – is used for marking a very rough work.
2.Round pencil lead – used for marking rough work.
3.Scratch awl – used in marking semi-rough work.
4.Compass – is used to inscribe arcs or circle.
5.Divider – is used in dividing distances into equal parts particularly an arc or
circumference.a

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C. Testing and Guiding Tools
1.Level – used for both guiding and testing the work to a vertical or horizontal
position.
2.Plastic hose with Water – is the best and accurate tool for guiding the work in
establishing ahorizontal level.
3.Plumb Bob – used to check or obtain a vertical line. The word plumb means
perpendicular toa horizontal plane.
4.Square – is also known as “Trying Square”. Square is a right angle standard at
90 degreesused in marking or testing work.
D. Roughing Up Tools
Roughing up is the process of preparing the surface and parts of masonry work. It
involves the roughwork of dressing, and preparation of the different phases of masonry
work. Tools for this type aremostly striking tools and those that also need a striking
medium.
1.Mason’s Axe or Hammer – is also known as Ax-Hammer used in two different

ways. The axeto serve as a chisel and the hammer for driving nails and other rough
work in masonry.
2.Brick Hammer – Is another type of combination hammer which is used for
dressing andcutting bricks, stone or concrete and other driving operations.
3.Patent Hammer – is a hammer wherein the head is composed of a group of thin
chisels usedfor dressing stone or concrete.
4.Crandall – A tool with sharp pointed steel spikes used for dressing stone or
concrete.
5.Cross Peen Hammer – is a cross head hammer where one is shaped like a wedge
used forvarious striking need in masonry work.
6.Cold Chisel – is a common tool for carpentry and masonry work used for
dressing or cuttingstone, concrete, metal and other materials with the aid of
hammer.
7.Star Drill – used for boring or drilling holes on hard surface such as rock, stone,
or concrete.
8.Bolster – a tool similar in appearance with the cold chisel including its services
but has awide blade edge. It is also known as blocking chisel.

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9.Wrecking bar – a very useful tool made of steel bar used in demolition work and
in pulling-offlarge nails. Also known as the crowbar
E. Surface Finishing Tools

Tools of this classification are categorized into:
1.Floats – flat tools with a handle at the back usually made of wood.
There are different kindsof float:
1.Common float – used for smoothing or for producing textured surfaces on
cement orplaster.
2.Bull float – a tool used to smooth freshly placed concrete.
3.Devil or Nail float – a tool used to roughen the surface of plaster to
provide a key forthe next coat.
4.Carpet float – used in plastering to produce a fine grained texure in sand
finishes.
5.Angle float – used for finishing corners and for plastering.
2.Trowels – flat hand tools used for applying, spreading, and mortar to produce a
relatively smooth finish on concrete surfaces in the final stages of finishing.
The kind of trowels are:
1.Ordinary trowel – similar in appearances as the ordinary float but with a
steel blade.
2.Pointing trowel – a trowel used in pointing, removing, or laying mortar in
masonry joints.

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3.Brick trowel – a trowel with an offset blade used to pick-up or spread
mortar.
4.Buttering trowel – a small trowel used to spread mortar on bricks and
tiles before it is laid.
5.Edger – a finishing trowel used on the edges of fresh concrete or plaster to
form a rounded corner.
6.Margin trowel – its sides has a box-like appearance especially used for
working corner angles.
F. Miscellaneous Masonry Tools

There is so much duplicity in the functions of masonry tools. There are also
tools which caneasily be fabricated by a prolific mason. Tools of this kind are those
simple tools but are consideredworthy of notice since they accomplish an important
task in making the rigorous work involved in masonry simpler.
1.Spade – a basic construction tool used in many of the dirty work in the concrete
mix orplaster.

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2.G.I. Pail – in the absence of a chute or a buggy, it is used as vessel in handling
especially intransferring concrete mix, mortar, or plaster from the mixing board.
3.Mixing Board – usually made of wood or concrete used for mixing concrete in the
absence ofa concrete mixer. This is usually fabricated on-site.
4.Mason’s Box – a shallow box, made of wood, used to contain mortar or plaster to
make iteasily accessible to the mason.
5.Measuring box – a box, made of board or plywood with handle, used for
measuring sand,gravel, etc. prior to mixing. This tool is also fabricated.
6.Rubber foam – used to obtain a fine-grained texture in plastering.
7.Painter’s brush – its use in masonry work is similar to the foam.
8.Plastic or nylon string – used for marking and guiding the block laying, tile
laying, etc. toproduce a uniform and straight course.
9.Aligning stick – various names can be attributed to this tool which is simply a
straight piece oflumber, more or less 1.5m long used in plastering and concreting
the pavement to assurealignment or a straight surface.
10.Jointer – used in forming seals in brick, block, or stone.
11.Brick Tongs - tools used in carrying a number of brick at once
MATERIALS USED IN MASONRY
Concrete Building Materials includes the following:
1. Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB)

Concrete hollow blocks are the most widely used masonry materials for all
types of construction such as walls, partition and fences. Concrete blocks are

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building modules resembling large bricks molded from concrete (see fig.1).
Comercial sizes of CHB are as follows:
4” x 8” x 16”,
5” x 8” x 16”, and
6” x 8” x 16”,
2. Bricks
Bricks are manufactured from clay and other minerals processed into a
workable consistency, molded to sizes and fined in kiln for stronger, more attractive
products (fig.1)
Kinds of Bricks
a. Common Bricks are bricks made from clay such as the ordinary commercial
bricks.
b. Face Bricks are bricks made from clay materials used on exposed exterior and
interior masonry walls and other architectural application where
the size, color and texture are especially important.
c. Calcium Silicate Bricks are bricks made from clay or non-clay materials used
in furnace construction where resistance to
temperature as high as 178o C is required.
3. Cement
Cement is a combination of calcium silicate and aluminate. The most
extensively used for common masonry works is the Portland cement. It is a very
strong material used for small and large construction, including roads and
highways.
Different types of Cement Used in Construction

a) The ordinary portland cement

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b) The rapid hardening portland cement which is prefered when high early strength
is desired
c) The blast furnance or sulphate cement which is used on structures designed to
resist chemical attacts
d) The portland pozzolan cement with a low hardening characteristic concrete
e) The low heat portland cement used for massive section designed to reduce the
heat of hydration
f) The high alumina cement also called aluminous cement or cement fundu having
prodominant alumina oxide of at least 32% by weight
Types of Cement
a. TYPE I – a normal cement which is commonly used for general construction
b. TYPE IA – this is a normal air entraining cement
c. TYPE II – a modified cement for use in concrete in contact with soil or water
containing sulfates
d. TYPE IIA - this is a moderate sulfate resistant and air entraining cement
e. TYPE III – a high early strength cement
f. TYPE IIIA – high early strength air entraining cement
g. TYPE IV – low heat of hydration cement, developed for use in massive structures
such as dams
h. TYPE V – a special high sulfate resistant cement for use in structures exposed
to fluids containing sulfates such as sea water.
4. Angular and Round Aggregates

These are inert materials such as sand and gravel. There are fine and coarse
aggregates. Aggregates smaller than 10 millimeter in diameter are classified as fine,

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while aggregates bigger than 10 millimeters in diameter are coarse.
5. Water
Water intended for mixing should be clean and free from oil, acid. alkali,
salts or other organic materials.
6. Masonry Anchors, Ties and Reinforcements
Steel Reinforcement is the most widely used reinforcing material in most
constructions. It is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension and
compression stresses. Comparatively, steel is ten times stronger than concrete in
resisting compression load hundred times stronger in tensile stresses.
Steel Bars are the construction material which is used to construct
structure like building, bridge, RCC road, tower, etc. It is used in Concrete to
provide a tensile strength in concrete as the tensile strength of concrete is very less
as compared to the comprehensive strength of concrete.
A rebar, or reinforcing bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used in
reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures. It is usually formed from
carbon steel, and is given ridges for better mechanical anchoring into the concrete.
It can also be described as reinforcement or reinforcing steel.
Types of Reinforcement
a) Square or round bars – Plain
b) Deformed bars – Uneven surface
Identification of Steel Bar

Distinguishing the different shapes and sizes of bar is a problem. One might
accidentally use a lower strength or smaller size of steel bars from what is being
required. All deformed bars are provided with descriptive marking, identifying the

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manufacturer usually by an initial and the bar size number from 3 to18 including
the type of steel such as;
 N – for billet
 A – for axis
 Rail sign – for rail steel
Additional marking for identifying high strength steel bars:
TYPES OF BARS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

1. Hot rolled steel bars – this is the most common type of reinforcement or regular
RCC. Hot rolling is done in the mills which involves giving it deformation on the
surface.

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TYPES OF HOT ROLLED STEEL BARS
A. Mild Steel Bars (MS bars) produced by hot rolling. They are called mild steel
plain bars which are hot rolled as round bars with a smooth surface. Mild steel
bars are available in two grades. Grade I and Grade II. The strength of Grade I is
slightly higher than that of Grade II. These bars are more resistant to corrosion
than tor steel bars.
B. Hot Rolled Mild Steel Ribbed Bars – consists of ribs considerably increase the
bond strength of the bars. Bars with ribs are called Rebar’s or ribbed bars, which
are likely to be confused with HSD bars, are not recommend to use in RC work
C. HOT ROLLED HIGH STRENGTH RIBBED BARS – produced by hot rolling

and got by micro alloying which is of high strength.

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2. COLD TWISTED DEFORMED BARS (TORSTEEL) – These bars are first hot
rolled out of high-grade mild steel, with three or more parallel straight ribs on it.
These are easily identified in the field. As the projections were rolled straight on the
bars in hot rolling, they will form a helix around the bars in cold twisting. Cold
twisting introduces residual stresses in the steel
3. TMT Bars (Thermo-mechanically Treated Reinforcement Bars) – These are

highly deformed steel bars used in reinforce cement concrete (RCC) work
manufactures with the help of advancement of technology. These are the latest

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production in MS steel bars and superior properties such as strength, durability,
welding ability, bending ability and highest quality standards at international level.
Features:
 Better ductibility and malleability
 High yield strength and toughness
 More bonding strength
 Earthquake resistance
 Corrosion resistance
 High thermal resistance
 Economical and safe in use
 No loss of strength at welded joints
4. HSD Steel Bars (High Strength Deformed Bars: IS:1786-1985) – these are
steel bars which provided with lungs, ribs, projection and deformation on the
surface and are produced in form of cold twisted deformed bars These bars are
extensively used for reinforcement purposes in a construction
Features:
 Low Carbon value – HSD have lower carbon level, resulting in good ductility,
strength and welding ability
 Superior bonding strength – HSD are well known for their excellent bonding
strength when used with concrete
 Welding capability – Since these bars have lower carbon content, that have
100% welding capability than conventional bars.
 High tensile strength – HSD bars feature high tensile strength. They offer
great asset in construction process, where a lot of bending and re bending is
required.
 Wide application range – These bars have wide application range like in
building residential, commercial and industrial structures, bridges and etc
 Satisfactorily malleability – minimum weight and maximum strength and
suitable for both compression and tension reinforcement

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4. Welded Wire Fabric (WWF) – these are fabrics and consist of weld mesh
produce from medium tensile steel drawn out from diameter mild steel bars. The
strength of these wires is higher that of mild steel.
Tie Wire for Steel Reinforcement

Tie wire refers to gauge no.16 galvanized iron wire popularly called G.I. tie
wire. Tie wire is used to secure the steel bars in its designed position before
accepting fresh concrete.
Ordering tie wire is not by foot or meter or on its desired length but by
kilogram or roll. One roll is equivalent to 40 to 45 kilograms or approximately 2,285
meters at 53 meters per kilogram.
The length of each tie wire depends upon the size of the bars to be tied on.
The most common size of steel reinforcement specified for concrete hollow blocks is
either 10 mm, 12 mm depending on the plan and specification. However, tie wire is
cut into length ranging from 20 to 40 centimeters, long folded at the center is
accepted.

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MASONRY QUIPMENT
A. Portable Circular saw:
The portable circular saw is an
invaluable power tool. It is mainly a
woodworking tool, but with special
tile cutting blades, it can be used to
cut ceramics and other types of tiles.
B. Cement Mixer
A concrete mixer is a device that
homogeneously combines cement,
aggregate such as sand or gravel, and
water to form concrete.
C. Electric Drill
- A power drill is a tool with an
electrical motor that rotates a
replaceable drill bit at your choice of
speeds to create a hole in a variety of
materials.
- Masonry drill bits are suitable for
drilling holes into tough materials such
as blocks, stones, bricks, or concrete.
D. Jack Hammer
A jackhammer is a powerful demolition
tool that's used to break up hard
surfaces like asphalt, brick, and tile.
SELF CHECK 1.1

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Direction: Identify what is asked for. Use another sheet of paper for your answers.
Types of steel bars

1. N _______________
2. A _______________
3. RS______________
Marking system

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Types of mixture and their Ratios
Mortar mix ratio i.e. proportioning of cement sand in mortar provides

consistency in the performance and appearance of masonry construction. Proper
proportioning of mortar ingredients helps in having the following advantages:
 Uniformity of strength
 Uniform workability
 Uniform color
 Uniformity of proportions and yields
Mainly the proportioning of the cement and sand for mortar are conducted by
volume proportioning compared to weight proportioning. The table-1 below shows
the amount of lime, sand and ordinary Portland cement for different mortar type as
per ASTM C270 - Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry. Table: 1:
Mix Proportions of Mortar as per ASTM C270.
For general purposes, mix 6 parts sand to 1 part cement. For heavy-duty
projects, the ratio can be 4 parts sand to 1 part cement and/or mixing 3 parts sand

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to 1 part cement. The ratio you choose depends on the intended use. For example,
load-bearing structures such as foundations require higher sand to cement ratio
than non-load-bearing structures.
It's vital that you use the same mortar mix ratio through to the end of your
project. Otherwise, you will risk having different shades of mortar and
inconsistencies in strength across the structure.
Types of Mortar Mix
1. Type N Mortar Mix

Type N mortar is usually recommended on exterior and above-grade walls
that are exposed to severe weather and high heat. Type N mortar mix has a
medium compressive strength and it is composed of 1 part Portland cement, 1 part
lime, and 6 parts sand. It is considered to be a general-purpose mix, useful for
above grade, exterior, and interior load-bearing installations. It is also the preferred
mortar mix for soft stone masonry. Type N is the mortar most often used by
homeowners and is the best choice for general application. It typically achieves 28-
day strength in the range of 750 pounds per square inch (psi).
2. Type O Mortar Mix

Type O mortar mix has relatively low compressive strength, at only
about 350 psi. It is used primarily interior, above-grade, non-load–bearing
walls. Type O can be used as an alternative to Type N for some interior
applications, but its exterior use is limited due to its low structural capacity.
It is not recommended in areas subjected to high winds. However, type O
mortar mix is ideal for repointing and similar repair work on existing
structures, due to its consistency and ease of application.
3. Type S Mortar Mix

Offering a high compressive strength of over 1,800 psi and a high-
tensile bond strength, type S mortar is suitable for many projects at or
below grade. It performs extremely well to withstand soil pressure and wind
and seismic loads. Type S is the common choice for many below-grade
applications, such as masonry foundations, manholes, retaining walls, and
sewers, as well as at-grade projects like brick patios and walkways.
Although type S mortar must have a minimum compressive strength of
1,800 psi, it is often mixed for strengths between 2,300 and 3,000 psi.

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4. Type M Mortar Mix
Type M mortar mix has the highest amount of Portland cement and is
recommended for heavy loads and below-grade applications, including
foundations, retaining walls, and driveways. While type M mortar provides
at least 2,500 psi of compressive strength, it offers relatively poor adhesion
and sealing properties, making it unsuitable for many exposed applications.
Type M is preferred for use with natural stone because it offers similar
strength to that of stone.
5. Type K Mortar Mix

Type K mortar is rarely used for new construction but may be
specified for restoration or other specialty applications. It offers a very low
compressive strength of only about 75 psi. Because of its softness, type K is
primarily used for restoring the masonry on historic or ancient buildings
that require a special mix that is not significantly stronger than the existing
masonry.

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Form Works and Platforms
What Is Formwork?
Formwork is one type of temporary mold in

which concrete is poured to cast the required shape of
concrete.
Formworks are made from timber or steel, the

surface in contact with the concrete being selected to
give the required finish. The formwork and its
associated false work must have sufficient strength to
support the weight of the wet concrete without
significant distortion.
There are various types of formwork in

construction such as Timber Formwork, Steel
Formwork, Aluminum Formwork, Plywood Formwork,
Fabric Formwork, Plastic Formwork.
Generally, once the concrete has gained

sufficient strength, the formwork is removed although
in some circumstances it may be left in place
(permanent formwork).
For concrete formwork mostly timber and steel

are the materials most commonly used for formwork, a
range of other materials are used, mainly for specialist
applications.
Importance of Formwork in Construction

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 No doubt formwork is essential for any construction; its main advantage is
that it can’t be replaced with any other technology.
 Using formwork concrete structures can be constructed quickly and in the
most affordable way.
 During all construction work period, a formwork offers appropriate access
and working platforms that considerably enhance workers’ scaffold safety.
 Formwork helps in lowers the timeline and costs of the project by lowering
the floor-to-floor construction cycle time, which means more projects can
fulfill their budgetary demands.
 Formwork facilitates construction managers to offer exact on-time shuttering
and de–shuttering of formwork resources, which results in improving project
effectiveness and resource usage.
 Formwork mainly associated with concrete. It helps in producing smooth
finished surface of the concrete.
 It provides good structural safety by offering solutions against all overlay
loads, producing exceptionally safe and practical structures.
Types of Formworks in Construction

Different formwork types are as follows,
1. Timber Formwork
2. Steel Formwork
3. Aluminum Formwork
4. Plywood Formwork
5. Fabric Formwork
6. Plastic Formwork
1. Timber Formwork

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Timber formwork is the most common type of formwork among all others.
Timber forms are extensively used in construction from the ANCIENT PERIOD.
Timber formwork is the oldest type of form used in construction.
The Timber formwork is one most used in construction among all other types of
formwork. It offers onsite fabrication of the required shape and size. It is easily
used in any construction but it may prove time–consuming for large projects.
Plywood formwork material has a short lifespan. Timber Shuttering is low-cost and
easily workable shuttering. It can be cut and joined in any shape and size. Timber
shuttering should follow the following requirement:
 Lightweight
 Well-Seasoned
 Free from termite attacks
 Easily Workable
Advantages of using Timber Formwork

 Timber Shuttering is easy to form any shape, size, and height.
 It is proven economical for Small projects.
 It can make using locally available timber.
 Timber is light–weighted compared to steel or aluminum Shuttering.
2. Steel Formwork

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Steel formwork is one become more popular due to its strength, durability,
and repetitive reuse for a long period. Steel formwork is costly for small work but
can be used for a large number of projects. Steel shuttering offers a smooth surface
finish to concrete compared to timber formwork. It can be used for circular or
curved structures such as tanks, columns, chimneys, sewers, tunnels, and
retaining walls.
Advantages of Steel Formwork

 Steel has is strong, durable & has a longer life.
 It offers a smooth finish to the surface of the member.
 It is completely waterproof or moisture–proof and minimizes the
honeycombing effect.
 It can be reused for more than 100 times.
 Steel formwork can be fixed and removed with greater ease.

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3. Aluminum Formwork
As we know the density of aluminum is less than compare to steel and that
makes it light weighted than steel. This is the main advantage when compared to
steel.
Aluminum formwork is almost the same as the formwork made from

steel. Shuttering down with aluminum form is proven economical if large
numbers of repeating usage are made in construction. Its major drawback is
that no alteration is possible once the formwork is constructed.
4. Plywood Formwork

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Plywood formwork is one of re-molded timber resin-bonded plywood sheets
are attached to timber frames to make up panels of the required sizes.
It is strong, flexible, and easy to handle. Its life is too short compared to
other materials.
5. Fabric Formwork
With the advancement and new technology trends in building planning and
designing, the construction of complex–shaped structural members is increased. To
satisfy this need the fabric formwork is introduced which made of the flexibility of
this material make it possible to produce concrete in any shape.
The flexibility of fabric formwork makes it possible to produce concrete

members of any shape.

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6. Plastic Formwork
Plastic formworks are lightly weighted, interlocking systems and can be used
more than 100 times. It can be used for normal concrete construction. This type of
formwork is now becoming popular for similar shapes and large housing schemes.
Advantage of Plastic Formwork

 Plastic forms are light in weight hence requires less handling cost.
 It can be utilized in the large concrete section.

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 If careful installation and use, multiple reuses are possible making it highly
economical.
Removal of Formwork
The removal of formwork is also called a strike–off of forms in which concrete

is poured. The formwork should be removed only after when concrete component
achieves its sufficient strength.
Care should be taken during the removal of formwork to ensure the stability
of the remaining formwork.
Factors Affecting Concrete Formwork Striking Times

The time of removal of formwork depends on how quickly concrete members
gain sufficient strength and it depends on the following factors.

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Grade of concrete – As the rich grade of concrete, the rate of development of
strength is higher, and thus concrete gains strength in a shorter time.
Grade of cement – a Higher grade of cement offers a quick setting and it gains
strength in a shorter time.
Type of Cement – The cement type used in concrete also affects the strength
development of concrete. For example, Compare to ordinary Portland cement rapid
hardening cement has higher strength gain in shorter. Low heat cement requires
more time for setting compared to OPC.
Temperature – High temperature of concrete and surrounding at the time of

placing concrete makes it achieve higher strength in shorter times. During winter,
the strength gaining process becomes slower.
Size of the concrete member: The size of the concrete member also matters in the
strength gaining process. Large–sized concrete section members gain strength in a
shorter time than smaller sections.
Generally, the American Concrete Institute recommends the following

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Formwork Removal Time Period | Deshuttering Time
How to Properly Remove Formwork

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 Formwork removal is one of the most hazardous jobs on the site. If not
properly done it not only affects the structure but also can result in high risk
for the laborers working at the site.
 Therefore following important points should be kept in mind while removing
the formwork.
 Conduct proper tests (mostly NDT) on concrete to ensure its strength is
developed.
 Removal of formwork should be started from vertical members are removed
first.
 The supports of the slab or soffits should not remove until it is ensured to
bear their self-weight and external stresses effectively.
 The crowbars should not fix on the side to remove the formworks as it can
damage the edges of the concrete.
 Loose concrete or any other material found in the edges and corners are to
be removed.
 The safety engineers should inspect the site before the removal of formworks
to ensure suitable conditions.
 For workman safety, inspect the formwork position so that sufficient
bracings and work platforms are provided to remove the formwork at higher
elevations.
 Team removing formwork should know about risk and rule regulation of
safety on the construction site.
Scaffoldings Construction Elements and Materials
What is scaffolding?
Scaffolding is a temporary structure to support the original structure as well as

workmen used it as a platform to carry on the construction works. Types of
scaffolding varies with the type of construction work. Scaffolding is made up of
timber or steel. It should be stable and strong to support workmen and other
construction material placed on it.

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List of Scaffolding Components:
1. Standards
The standards also known as uprights; they are perpendicular tubes that
shift the entire weight of the structure to the ground where they lean on a square
base plate to scatter the weight.
2. Ledgers
Ledgers are flat tubes that join between the standards.
3. Transoms

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Transoms lean on the ledgers at the right angles. Major transoms are
positioned next to the standards; they support the standards that are in place and
give support for the boards.
Other Basic Components of the Scaffolding
1. Scaffold Tubes
Scaffold tubes are generally made of aluminium or steel though there is
composite scaffolding that utilises fibril-wound tubes of glass fibre in a polyester or
nylon matrix due to the high cost of composite tube, which is normally used only
when there is a danger from overhead electric cables that can’t be cut off.
2. Scaffold Couplers
Couplers are fittings that hold the tubes together. The most familiar are
known as scaffold couplers and there are three basic types, which are Putlog
Couplers, Right-angle Couplers and Swivel Couplers.
3. Adjustable Base Plates

You can select from different height-adjustable base plates that come with
strong and self-cleaning round threads to adjust to the ground. It comes with
colour and notch markings to render safeguard against over-winding.
4. Diagonal Braces
The diagonal braces with wedge locks further support the basic structure
comprising of vertical standards and ledgers. Additionally, their high connection
standards assist special structures.
5. Toe Boards
Between vertical standards, toe boards are placed. Toe boards are obtainable
in aluminium, steel or wood. The toe board of steel lowers the fire hazard and also
lasts long. Because of its design, there are no openings or gaps between the deck
and the toe board.
6. Decks
Decks are also referred as planks and they are available in aluminium,
aluminium frame with plywood board and hot-dip galvanised steel. Decks are a
structural component and so ledgers aren’t needed at the deck level, which not only
saves cost but also weight.

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Types of Scaffolding used in Construction:
1. Single scaffolding
2. Double scaffolding
3. Cantilever scaffolding
4. Suspended scaffolding
5. Trestle scaffolding
6. Steel scaffolding
7. Patented scaffolding
1. Single Scaffolding
Single scaffolding is generally used for brick masonry and is also called as
brick layer’s scaffolding. Single scaffolding consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs
etc., which is parallel to the wall at a distance of about 1.2 m. Distance between the
standards is about 2 to 2.5 m. Ledgers connect the standards at vertical interval of
1.2 to 1.5 m. Putlogs are taken out from the hole left in the wall to one end of the
ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.

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2. Double Scaffolding
Double Scaffolding is generally used for stone masonry so, it is also called as
mason’s scaffolding. In stone walls, it is hard to make holes in the wall to support
putlogs. So, two rows of scaffolding is constructed to make it strong. The first row
is 20 – 30 cm away from the wall and the other one is 1m away from the first row.
Then putlogs are placed which are supported by the both frames. To make it more
strong rakers and cross braces are provided. This is also called as independent
scaffolding.
3. Cantilever Scaffolding
This a type of scaffolding in which the standards are supported on series of
needles and these needles are taken out through holes in the wall. This is called
single frame type scaffolding. In the other type needles are strutted inside the floors
through the openings and this is called independent or double frame type
scaffolding. Care should be taken while construction of cantilever scaffolding.
Generally cantilever scaffoldings are used under conditions such as

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 When the ground does not having the capacity to support standards,
 When the Ground near the wall is to be free from traffic,
 When upper part of the wall is under construction.
4. Suspended Scaffolding
In suspended scaffolding, the working platform is suspended from
roofs with the help of wire ropes or chains etc., it can be raised or lowered to
our required level. This type of scaffolding is used for repair works, pointing,
paintings etc..

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5. Trestle Scaffolding
In Trestle scaffolding, the working platform is supported on movable tripods
or ladders. This is generally used for work inside the room, such as paintings,
repairs etc., up to a height of 5m.
6. Steel Scaffolding
Steel scaffolding is constructed by steel tubes which are fixed together by
steel couplers or fittings. It is very easy to construct or dismantle. It has greater
strength, greater durability and higher fire resistance. It is not economical but will
give more safety for workers. So, it is used extensively nowadays.

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7. Patented Scaffolding
Patented scaffoldings are made up of steel but these are equipped with
special couplings and frames etc., these are readymade scaffoldings which are
available in the market. In this type of scaffolding working platform is arranged on
brackets which can be adjustable to our required level.
Types of Foundation
What Is Foundation?
The Foundation is the main supporting component of any building
structure. It is the lowest part of the building which is in contact with soil and

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transfers all structural load to soil safely. Without a foundation, you may not see
skyscrapers building in the world. There are different Types of Foundations used in
construction depending upon the nature of the work.
Types of Foundation In Building Construction
1. Isolated Spread Footing

It is one of the simplest and worldwide popular foundations. An isolated
footing is mostly used to support a single column. This type of foundation is
suitable when columns are not closely spaced.
a. Stepped footing
b. Simple spread footing.
c. Sloped footing.
a. Stepped Footing
This type of footings is provided with steps in foundation sides, which is also
known as polestar. The step or polestar is starting from the bottom up to column
size. Stepped footings are generally used when there is a heavy load coming from
the upper superstructure.
b. Simple Spread Footing

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In simple spread footing, only a foundation base is constructed and further
followed by a column. This type of footings is suitable when there is no excessive
heavy load coming from the upper part of the structure as in the case of stepped
footings.
c. Sloped Footing
In this type of footing, there is a foundation base and further followed by a
column. But the slope is given to connect the base to column size and which is also
resembles the shape of trapezoidal. It is also known as trapezoidal slope footing.
Advantages of isolated footing

 In this type of footings shuttering material, the requirement is very less,
which is making it economical compared to others.
 No skilled labor is required.
 It is time-saving because of simple shape.
2. Wall Footings
Wall footings are pad or spread and strip footings that are used to support
structural or nonstructural walls to transmit and distribute the loads to the soil.
All footing runs along the direction of the wall. The thickness and size of the footing
are specified based on the type of soil at the site. The width of footing is generally
kept between 2-3 times the widths of the wall.

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In this foundation, the wall footing can be constructed from plain concrete,
reinforced concrete stone, brick. The wall footing is best suited for small buildings.
Suitability:
It can be more effective for load-bearing structures and boundary wall

construction.
3. Combined Footings
Combined footings are provided when the column is closely spaced. So that
their footing overlaps with each other and when the soil bearing capacity of a soil is
lower this type of footing are used. In such when columns are closely spaced and if
we provide separate isolated footings that would overlap, in such cases, it is better
to provide a combined footing than an isolated footing.

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Following are the situation when we can use combined footing,
 When center to center distance between columns is small and soil has a low
bearing capacity. Individual column footing may overlap each other.
 In case when the column is located near to property line and sewer line, the
column center of gravity will not coincide with footing. Then, it is necessary
to provide combined this footing with that of the adjacent internal column.
 Dimensions of one side of footing are restricted to due to any reason, so that
column footings may be combined.
Suitability:
 For Columns are closely spaced.
 Column located near to property line or sewer line.
4. Cantilever or Strap Footings
When two or more footing is connected by a beam, it is known as a
combined footing, and beam connecting footing is known as a strap.
This is an important foundation. When a square or rectangular footing is

located near to the property line and if it is concentrically located under the column
would extend into the adjoining property, which may not be permissible. For such a
situation a trapezoidal combined footing may be an alternative.

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Sometimes, when the distance between this column and the adjoining
column is big, the combined trapezoidal footing will be quite narrow, with high
bending moments. In such a case, strap footing may be provided.
The strap beam provided to connect two spread footing columns does not
remain in contact with soil and thus does not transfer any pressure to the soil.
The main function of the strap beam is to transfer a load of the heavily
loaded outer column to the inner one. While transferring this load strap footing has
to experience shear force and bending moment. This should be taken into
consideration while designing cantilever or strap footings.
The below figure shows the different positions in which this footing can be
utilized and their choice depends upon the physical conditions of each specific
case.
Suitability
The column is located near the property line and its dimension
restricted
5. Raft or Mat Foundation

A Raft foundation is also known as a Mat foundation, it is a continuous slab
that covers the entire area of building a foundation and transfers its weight to the
ground.

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A Raft foundation is also used for low-bearing capacity soil, as it distributes
the weight of the building over the entire area of the building, and not over the
smaller zone or at the individual point. Ultimately reduces the stress per area on
the soil.
The stress concept is very simple for civil engineers. We know that stress is a
ratio of weight by area. For example, if a building has is 10m x 10 m weighs 100
tons and has a raft foundation, then the stress on the soil is weight/area =
100/100 = 1 ton per square meter.
In another case, if the same building has 4 individual footings, each of 1m x

1m, then the total area of the foundation would be 4 m2, and the stress on the soil
would be 100/4, which is about 25 tons per square meter. So it increases load per
unit area on the foundation.
Suitability
It is recommended when compressed soil such as very soft clay, alluvial

deposits, and compressible fill material where strip, pad or pile foundations would
not provide a stable foundation without excessive excavation.
Deep Foundation
A foundation in which the depth of foundation is more than the width of the
foundation is known as a deep foundation.

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1. Pile Foundation
The pile foundation is a type of deep foundation is made of concrete, timber,

or steel. It is like a small-diameter column that is driven into or cast in the ground.
In simple words, the pile foundation has depth more than a shallow foundation.
This foundation primly used in bridge construction.
This type of foundation is used when the soil below the foundation does not
have sufficient bearing capacity to carry the load of the building into deep soil up to
hard strata. The major function of the pile foundation is to transmit loads to the
lower level of the ground by the combination of friction pile and end-bearing pile at
the pile point or base.
Suitability
We use a pile foundation when:

1. The compressible or weak upper soil layer
2. Presence of horizontal forces3. Expansive soils in the foundation
4. Subjected to uplifting forces
5. Soil erosion
2. Pier or Caisson Foundation

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A Caisson is one type of watertight retaining structure used in the
construction of a concrete dam, as a pier of bridge construction in the river, or for
the repair of ships. Caisson is a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder sunk into the
water or ground to some desired depth and then filled with concrete thus forming a
foundation.
Caisson foundation is majorly used for bridge construction & other

structures that require foundation beneath rivers & other bodies of water. This is
because caisson can be transported by floating to the construction site and sunk in
water to use as a pier of foundation.
They are similar to pile foundations but are installed using a different
method. Caisson foundation is used, when the soil of adequate bearing strength is
found below surface layers of weak materials such as fill or peat.
It is one type of deep foundation, which is constructed above ground level,

then sunk to the required level by excavating or dredging material from within the
caisson.
Suitability
Under Water Construction of bridge pier, Retaining wall or Waterlogged is

construction.
Types of Footings

December 2022
Issued By:
Developed by:
Darell James B.
The classification of footings in the construction is given below,
1. Shallow Foundation
When a depth of foundation is less than the width of the foundation then it
is known as Shallow Foundation. Generally, a shallow foundation is placed no
more than 6 ft depth from the lowest finished floor.
A shallow foundation is generally used when,

(1) The sufficient bearing capacity of soil available at shallow, and
(2) Foundation material or strata do not result in undue settlement.
The shallow foundation has a minimum depth of about 800 mm and the
maximum depth, not more than 4 meters the ground. This type’s foundations are
popular for low-rise building construction.
Footings are the important structural element that transfers the load of
column, beam, slab, and retaining structures to the soil safely.
To transfer the above loads properly to the soil, footings must be designed to
 Prevent excessive settlement
 Minimize differential settlement, and
 Provide adequate safety against overturning and sliding.
References;

December 2022
Issued By:
Page 47
Developed by:
Darell James B.
https://gharpedia.com/blog/40-masonry-tools-used-in-masonry-work-of-your-home/
https://www.academia.edu/28332800/MASONRY_TOOLS
https://www.google.com/search?q=
%E2%80%A2+Mixture+and+proportion+in+masory&rlz=1C1GCEB_enPH986PH986&oq=
%E2%80%A2%09Mixture+and+proportion+in+masory&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i10i160l2.4259j0j4&sourceid=c
hrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on
https://civiconcepts.com/blog/when-to-remove-concrete-forms
https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-scaffolding-in-construction/11845/
https://www.turboscaffolding.com.au/blog/the-basic-accessories-used-in-scaffolding/
https://civiconcepts.com/blog/types-of-foundation

December 2022
Issued By:
Developed by:
Darell James B.

CBLM - Prepare masonry materials

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COMPETENCY-BASED

Sector: Industrial Arts

Qualification: MASONRY NCII

Unit of Competency: PREPARE MASONRY MATERALS

Module Title: MASONRY TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AD MATERIALS

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Date Developed: Document No.

The unit of competency Prepare Masonry Materials contains the

You are required to go through learning activities in order to complete

If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a

Date Developed: Document No.

At the end of this Competency Based Learning Material, a Learner’s

This module was prepared to help you achieve the required

Date Developed: Document No.

The Masonry NC II Qualification consists of competencies that a person

This Qualification is packaged from the competency map of the Industrial

Date Developed: Document No.

This module contains information and suggested learning activities on

Upon completion of this module you must be able to:

Date Developed: Document No.

TOOLS EQUIPMENT MATERIALS

Date Developed: Document No.

Learning Outcome 3: Create Raster Graphic Using Graphics Application

7. Check answers with Answer Key 3.1-3.

11. Check answers with Answer Key 3.1-4.

Information Sheet No. 1.1-1

Date Developed: Document No.

The diﬀerent kinds of construction tools may be classiﬁed according to the

Date Developed: Document No.

Tools Used in Masonry

(B) Inside Corner Trowel

Date Developed: Document No.

Date Developed: Document No.

Date Developed: Document No.

15. Brick Hammer

Date Developed: Document No.

20. Sand Screen

22. Finishing Trowels

Date Developed: Document No.

THE 6 CLASSIFICATIONS OF TOOLS

C. Testing and Guiding Tools

Date Developed: Document No.

F. Miscellaneous Masonry Tools

2.Slide Caliper rule – is used to measure outside / inside diameter of cylindrical

Date Developed: Document No.

1.Mason’s Axe or Hammer – is also known as Ax-Hammer used in two diﬀerent

Date Developed: Document No.

E. Surface Finishing Tools

Date Developed: Document No.

F. Miscellaneous Masonry Tools

Date Developed: Document No.

Information Sheet No. 1.1-1

MATERIALS USED IN MASONRY

Concrete Building Materials includes the following:

1. Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB)

Date Developed: Document No.

Different types of Cement Used in Construction

Date Developed: Document No.

4. Angular and Round Aggregates

Date Developed: Document No.

Identification of Steel Bar

Date Developed: Document No.