### Science Reviewer: Matter

#### Introduction to Matter

- Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is composed of atoms and molecules
and exists in various states.

#### States of Matter

1. **Solid**
- Definite shape and volume.
- Particles are closely packed in a fixed arrangement.
- Particles vibrate but do not move from their fixed positions.

2. **Liquid**
- Definite volume but takes the shape of its container.
- Particles are close together but can move past one another.
- Flows and takes the shape of its container.

3. **Gas**
- Neither definite shape nor volume.
- Particles are far apart and move freely.
- Expands to fill the shape and volume of its container.

4. **Plasma**
- Ionized gas with free electrons and ions.
- Conducts electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.
- Found in stars, including the sun, and in fluorescent lights.

#### Properties of Matter

1. **Physical Properties**
- Characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the
substance.
- Examples: color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness, and state of matter.

2. **Chemical Properties**
- Characteristics that describe a substance's ability to change into a different substance.
- Examples: reactivity with other chemicals, flammability, acidity, and ability to rust.

#### Changes in Matter

1. **Physical Changes**
- Changes that alter the appearance or state of matter but do not change its composition.
- Examples: melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, and sublimation.

2. **Chemical Changes**
- Changes that result in the formation of new substances with different properties.
 - Examples: burning, rusting, digestion, and chemical reactions.

#### The Atom: Basic Unit of Matter

- **Structure of the Atom**
- **Nucleus:** Contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral).
- **Electron Cloud:** Surrounds the nucleus; contains electrons (negatively charged).

- **Atomic Number and Mass Number**

- **Atomic Number:** Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
- **Mass Number:** Sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

#### Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

1. **Elements**
- Pure substances consisting of only one type of atom.
- Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
- Examples: Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Gold (Au).

2. **Compounds**
- Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in fixed
proportions.
- Can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
- Examples: Water (H₂O), Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Sodium Chloride (NaCl).

3. **Mixtures**
- Combinations of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.
- Can be separated by physical means.
- Types:
- **Homogeneous Mixtures (Solutions):** Uniform composition throughout. Example:
saltwater.
- **Heterogeneous Mixtures:** Non-uniform composition. Example: salad.

#### The Periodic Table

- Organized arrangement of elements based on atomic number.
- Groups (columns) have elements with similar properties.
- Periods (rows) show trends in properties as you move across.

#### Laws of Matter

1. **Law of Conservation of Mass**
- Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
- The mass of reactants equals the mass of products.

2. **Law of Definite Proportions**

- A chemical compound always contains the same elements in the exact same proportions by
weight or mass.
3. **Law of Multiple Proportions**
- When two elements form more than one compound, the masses of one element that
combine with a fixed mass of the other are in ratios of small whole numbers.

### Review Questions

1. What are the four states of matter and their characteristics?
2. How do physical properties differ from chemical properties?
3. Describe a physical change and a chemical change, providing an example of each.
4. What are the three subatomic particles in an atom, and what are their charges?
5. How do elements differ from compounds?
6. Explain the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
7. What information does the atomic number of an element provide?
8. State the Law of Conservation of Mass and its significance in chemical reactions.
9. What is the periodic table, and how is it organized?
10. Describe an example of the Law of Definite Proportions.

This reviewer covers essential concepts related to matter, providing a comprehensive overview
for students to understand its properties, states, and the basic principles governing it.
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