ENROLLMENT.NO : ENROLLMENT.

NO : 22BECE30466
22BECE30466

PRACTICAL: 01
AIM :- Study of Networking Devices

Concept of Network and Networking

More than one devices are connected via any communication links is called network. Network
can be of any type, e.g. telephone network, water supply network, computer network. The process of
establishment a network is called networking. In the computer networking, there may two or more
PC’s are connected with some communication media and communication devices called networking
devices.

Networking Devices at specific layer

Physical layer Repeater, Hub

Data link layer Switch, Bridge
Network layer Router
Application layer Gateway

REPEATER:
Repeater is a device which will take week signal from the one segment, amplify it,
then retransmit it into next segment. With the use of repeater, we can extend network.

Signal attenuation or signal loss — signal degrades over distance

Repeaters can amplify week signal and resend signal to next segment.
Repeater can increase network range.
Can operate at physical layer
This rule states that no more than four repeaters can be used between hosts on a LAN.
The Four Repeater Rule for 10-Mbps Ethernet should be used as a standard when extending
LAN segments.

HUB:

CE: COMPUTER NETWORKS

ENROLLMENT.NO : ENROLLMENT.NO : 22BECE30466
22BECE30466

R HUB can operate at Layer 1 of OSI Model

R Hubs regenerate and retime network signals
R Hubs propagate signals through the network
• They cannot filter network traffic
• They cannot determine best path
• They are used as network concentration points
• They are really multi-port repeaters

SWITCH:

CE: COMPUTER NETWORKS

ENROLLMENT.NO : ENROLLMENT.NO : 22BECE30466
22BECE30466

A switch corrects traffic jam problems by ensuring that data goes straight from its
origin to its proper destination, with no wandering in-between. Switches remember the
address of every computer on the network, and anticipate where data needs to go. Nodes
connected to a switch can expect an immediate 40% to 60% increase in performance. A
switch can also connect networks of different speeds together. A l00Mbps network, for
example, could be connected to a slower l0Mbps network by inserting a switch between the
two networks.

switch can operate at Data link layer of OSI Model

layer 3 switch can operate at network layer which is also called manageable switch
switch has filtering circuit which can define point to point circuit for signals They
can filter network traffic. They can determine best path than Hub.
In this way, switches are used for migrating to faster network speeds without having to discard
older legacy network hardware.
The other advantage is that switches increase the effective bandwidth available for each host.

CE: COMPUTER NETWORKS

ENROLLMENT.NO : ENROLLMENT.NO : 22BECE30466
22BECE30466

BRIDGE

A bridge functions by blocking or forwarding data, based on the destination MAC

address written into each frame of data. If the bridge believes the destination address is on a
network other than that from which the data was received, it can forward the data to the other
networks to which it is connected. If the address is not on the other side of the bridge, the data
is blocked from passing. Bridges “learn” the MAC addresses of devices on connected
networks by “listening” to network traffic and recording the network from which the traffic
originates.

A layer 2 device (data link)

Connect two or more LAN segments, each of which is a separate collision domain.
The purpose is to filter traffic on a LAN, to keep local traffic local, yet allow connectivity to
other segments of the network.
Filter traffic by looking at the MAC address
Frame filtering

CE: COMPUTER NETWORKS

LDRP INSTITUTE OF CE: COMPUTER NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY AND
RESEARCH-Gandhinagar
ROUTER

Routers are more complex and more expensive than bridges. They use information
within each packet to route it from one LAN to another, and communicate with each other and
share information that allows them to determine the best route through a complex network of
many LANs.

How The Router Works?

Routers are basically designed to show a destination path to the message sent by the user. It
will identify the IP address of the destination and ask for the shortest path to send the packet as
early as possible. Here shortest path means, the path through which the packet reaches at the
destination at the maximum speed.
For this purpose router will ask for the address to another router or network nearer to it.
Suppose it finds the destination address from its nearer router or network, it won’t go for another
path. Now, the packets will travel through the path, which is found in the minimum time. Now, the
work of one router is over and another’s starts. Now, the second router will ask another router or
network for the specific destination address and so on. The procedure will continue, until the
packets reach at its proper destination address. At the destination, the server will ask for the
specific site and will also collect the message for the user if it is there. Now, the same process in
reverse mode will start and finally the user will get his message as early as possible.

Define Route between source to destination.

Connect different LAN, WAN
GATEWAY

Provide services to connected & authorized hosts / Nodes through Network.

ENROLLMENT.NO : 22BECE30460
LDRP INSTITUTE OF CE: COMPUTER NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY AND
RESEARCH-Gandhinagar
The term gateway is applied to any device, system, or software application that can perform the
function of translating data from one format to another. The key feature of a gateway is that it
converts the format of the data, not the data itself.

Lab Exercise

1. Define topology & list name of different topologies

Topology defines the structure of the network of how of the components are
interconnected to each other
There are two types of topology: physical & logical
Topologies :- 1) Bus topology
2) Ring topology
3) Mesh topology
4) Star topology
2. List out different kinds of addresses at layers with example

ENROLLMENT.NO : 22BECE30460
LDRP INSTITUTE OF CE: COMPUTER NETWORKS
TECHNOLOGY AND
RESEARCH-Gandhinagar
Form of data Layer at address Name of address Example of address
Message Application Application —Specific forouzan@fhda.edu
Layer Address www.mhhe.com
Segment Transport Layer Port Address 753

Datagram Network Layer Logical Address 132.24.75.9

Frame Data link Layer Physical Address 07:01:02:01:2C:4B

3. What is stands for RJ-45

RJ in RJ-45 stands for “Registered Jack”
The simply refers to the number of the interface standard.
4. Define mapping of
ARP: In Address resolution protocol (ARP) receiver’s MAC address is fetch. through
ARP(32-bit) IP address mapped into (48-bit) MAC address
RARP: In reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) , IP address is fetched through server.
Through RARP (48-bit) MAC address of 48-bits mapped into (32-bit) IP address
5. Compare HUB & SWITCH
No. HUB SWITCH

1 It function in physical layer. It function in Data link layer

2 Switch allows packet switching
3 Hub follows broadcast transmission
4 In hub half duplex transmission technique
is utilized
Hub does not allow packet filtering
5 Switch does not allow packet switching
There is a separate collisios domain in the
switch
Switch follows three i.e: multicast, unicast,
& broadcast transmission
In switch, full duplex transmission
technique is utilized

Sign of Faculty.

ENROLLMENT.NO : 22BECE30460