Power system protection I

EE 442
Prepared by
Dr. Khaled El Bahrawy
 Lecture #6
Transformer Protection
Contents
1 Differential Protection

2 Transformer protection

3 Classification of transformer faults

4 Classification of transformer protection

5 Transformer Differential protection

1 – Differential protection

- Differential protection responds to vector difference between two or more similar

electrical quantities. Differential protection principles is implemented with the
following applications:

- Generator Differential protection.

- Transformer Differential protection.
- Feeder Differential protection.
- Large motors Differential protection.

- Bus Bar Differential protection.

 – Principle of Circulating Current Differential protection

Principle pf circulating current Differential protection

Normal conditions OR External fault (Through fault current)

- During both normal conditions and external faults (Through fault conditions), the
protection system is balanced. The current vectors entering the Differential relay
I1 – I 2 = 0
 Principle of circulating current Differential protection
Internal fault conditions

- During fault conditions, the protection system is unbalanced. The current vectors
entering the Differential relay I1 – I2 ≠ 0
2 – Transformer Protection

Transformers are one of the most important equipment in the electric network due to
the following facts:

- Transformers are expensive equipment in the network.

- In general, transformers faults are rare, however when a transformer is subject

to a fault, it may cause a lot of internal failure inside the transformer itself.

- Maintenance of transformers may take a lot of time which affect the supply to the
consumers.

- In case of transformer failure, rehabilitation of transformer by a new one will take

a lot of time due to the delivery period of the new transformers from
manufacturer(s).
3 – Classification of transformer faults

Transformer Faults

1. Internal Faults 2. External Faults

• Bucholoz protection • Over Load

• Winding Temperature • HV side Cable Short Circuit fault
• Oil Temperature • LV side Cable Short Circuit fault
• Tank pressure • Differential protection
• Winding faults
• Low oil level
• Differential protection
• Restricted Earth Fault protection
4 – Classification of transformer protection

Transformer
Protection

1. Mechanical 2. Electrical
protection protection

• Bucholoz protection • Differential protection

• Winding Temperature protection • Restricted Earth Fault protection
• Oil Temperature protection • HV Over current protection
• Tank pressure protection • LV Over current protection
• LV Directional Over current protection
5 – Transformer Differential protection

Differential protection of Star-Delta Transformer

Differential protection of Star-Star Transformer
Differential protection of three winding Transformer
Differential protection of Auto Transformer
Schematic Diagram for Transformer Differential protection
Notes:

1 – What is the effect of Transformer energizing on setting of Differential protection

relay ?

2 – What is the effect of transformer vector group on CT connections on both high

voltage side and low voltage side ?

3 – What is the effect of transformer Tap Changer on Differential protection relay ? ?

Example 1

A 3ph, 66/11kV Y/∆ transformer is protected by differential relays. The CTs of ∆ side is
420/5A. Find the CTs ratio on the Y side.

Solution 1

Line current on 66kV side = (11000/66000) x 420 = 70A Then,

Is1 = 5A ∆
Line current of Y connected CT (11kV side) = Phase
current of Y connected CT (11kV side)

This Is2 should be balanced with that current Is1 flows

from ∆ connected CT on 66kV side, then Is1 will equal to
Y
5!
Is2 = 5A
Line current of ∆ connected CT (66kV side) = (Root3)x Phase
current of ∆ connected CT (66kV side)

Then, Phase current of ∆ connected CT (66kV side) = Is1/root 3

Accordingly, Phase current of ∆ connected CT (66kV side) = 5/root3

Therefore, ratio of ∆ connected CT = 70/(5/root3)

Example 2
A 50MVA, 132/66kV, ∆ /Y power transformer is protected by differential protection. If
the CTs on the ∆ side and Y side are 300/5A and 1200/5A respectively. Determine:

- Output current at full load.

- Relay current at full load.
- Minimum Relay current setting to permit 25% overload.
Solution 2
Example 3

A 30MVA, 11.5/69kV, Y/∆ power transformer to be protected by differential

protection. Formulate the complete differential protection for the transformer by
selecting CT ratio & CT connections. The continuous current carrying capacity of
restraining coils of the differential relay should not exceed 5A. If the CT ratio on the
11.5KV side is 3000/5 A, determine the CT ratio on the 69KV side.

Solution 3
Example 4

3Ph, 42MVA, 69/12.5kV, ∆/YGrounded transformer has a load tap changer of ±10%. The
transformer is protected by a differential relay. The relay connection is as shown in the
below figure

The relay has a taps of 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.6, 7.3, 8.0, 9.0 and 10.0. The relay is
nominally a 50% percentage differential relay which means that the
operating current must be at least 50% of the restraining current to cause
tripping. Determine the current transformer ratios and select an appropriate
tap setting of this relay.
Solution 4

I69kV_Prim = 42 x 103 / (SQRT (3) * 69) = 351 A

Then, CT of 400/5A can be selected

Accordingly,
I69kV_Sec = 351 x (5/400) = 4.39 A

I12.5kV_Prim = 42 x 103 / (SQRT (3) * 12.5) = 1940 A

Then, CT of 2000/5A can be selected

Accordingly,
I12.5kV_Sec = 1940 x (5*SQRT(3)/2000) = 8.4 A
Solution 4 (Cont.)

Assume tap #5 is used for 69kV side & tap x for 12.5kV side

Then,

4.39 / 8.4 = 5/x

X = 9.57

Then, Then tap 10 will be selected

Example 5

Three phase, 11/0.4kV power transformer is connected as DELTA/STAR. Turns ratio of

CTs on both DELTA and STAR sides are 2.1/1 and 100/1 respectively. Obtain the
circulating current when fault of 750A of the following types occur on LV side in
following cases.

- Earth fault within the protective zone.

- Earth fault outside protective zone.
- Phase-Phase fault within protective zone.
- Phase-Phase fault outside protective zone.
Solution 5

i - Earth fault within the protective zone

ii - Earth fault outside the protective zone
iii - Phase-Phase fault within the protective zone
iv - Phase-Phase fault outside the protective zone
End of Lecture #6