Mid semester Questions

1.Explain impression management and impression formation.

2. Explain self-efficacy with bandura theory
3. Define and explain self-esteem.

ANSWERS
1. Ans
Impression Management

Definition:
the process by which individuals attempt to control the perceptions others form of them,
particularly in social or professional settings. This involves strategically presenting oneself
through behaviour, communication, and appearance to create a favourable impression.
Eg: A person will always think that everyone should think good about them.
1. Self-Presentation: People adjust their behaviour, appearance, and speech to create a specific
image. For example, dressing professionally for a job interview.
2. Adaptation: Behaviour changes depending on who they're with and the situation. For
instance, being more polite with a boss than with friends.
3. Goals: The aim is often to gain approval, achieve specific outcomes, or avoid negative
judgments.
Techniques:
- Self-Promotion: Highlighting one’s strengths.
- Appreciation
- Association
- Being Consistent
- Behavioural Matching
- Favour
- Apology
- Excuse
- Conformity

Impression Formation
Definition:
Impression formation is how people form opinions about others based on available
information.

Influencing Factors:
Appearance: First impressions often start with looks.
Non-verbal Cues: Body language and facial expressions matter.
Behaviour: Actions provide insights into character.
Context: The situation affects how behaviours are understood.
 Interaction
Impression management and impression formation happen simultaneously. While one person
tries to manage the impression they give, the other forms an impression based on what they
observe. Understanding both helps in better navigating social interactions.

Ans 2:
Self-Efficacy
Definition: Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations
or accomplish a task.
Bandura's Theory: Developed by psychologist Albert Bandura, self-efficacy theory posits that
individuals with high self-efficacy are more likely to set challenging goals, persevere in the face of
obstacles, and view difficult tasks as achievable.
Influence on Performance:
High self-efficacy is associated with increased effort, persistence, and resilience in the workplace.
Employees with high self-efficacy are more likely to seek out challenging tasks and actively engage in
problem-solving.
Development: Self-efficacy can be influenced by four main sources:
Mastery experiences (past successes or failures),
Vicarious experiences (observing others),
Social persuasion (encouragement or discouragement from others), and
Emotional and physiological states (anxiety, stress).
Applications in Industrial Settings:
Assessing and enhancing self-efficacy through training programs and feedback mechanisms.
Providing role models and mentors for employees to observe and learn from.
Creating a supportive work environment that fosters confidence and skill development.
3 Ans:
Self-Esteem:
Definition: Self-esteem refers to an individual's overall subjective evaluation of their own worth or
value.
Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale: A widely used tool developed by sociologist Morris Rosenberg to
measure self-esteem.
Influence on Behaviour:
High self-esteem is associated with greater resilience to stress, more positive attitudes, and healthier
interpersonal relationships.
Individuals with low self-esteem may exhibit behaviours such as avoidance of challenges, fear of
failure, or seeking validation from others.
Formation and Maintenance:
Self-esteem can be influenced by various factors, including early childhood experiences, social
comparisons, and feedback from significant others.
Continuous feedback and reinforcement from both internal (self-reflection) and external (social
interactions) sources play a role in maintaining self-esteem.
Applications in Industrial Settings:
Promoting a positive organizational culture that values and recognizes employees' contributions.
Providing constructive feedback and recognition for achievements to bolster self-esteem. Offering
opportunities for skill development and personal growth to enhance employees' sense of competence
and value.
In summary, self-efficacy and self-esteem are crucial constructs in industrial psychology, impacting
employee motivation, performance, and overall well-being. Understanding and nurturing these
concepts within the workplace can lead to a more engaged, productive, and satisfied workforce.