REFRACTION

TROUGH
LENS
REFRACTION THROUGH LENS
 DEFINITION OF A LENS

A lens is defined as ‘a transparent refracting

medium bounded by either two spherical
surfaces or one surface spherical and
another surface plane’.
A lens is defined as ‘a transparent refracting medium
bounded by either two spherical surfaces or one surface
spherical and another surface’ plane
.

Actionof a lens is understood well if we consider a

lens is made up of set of prisms.
 CONVEX OR CONVERGING
LENS
A convex lens is thicker in the middle and
thinner at its periphery. In other words, a
lens which bulges out in the middle, is the
convex lens. A light beam converges on
passing through a convex lens, so it is also
called converging lens.

A convex lens may be of the following three

types -
1) bi - convex or double convex or equi -
convex.
2) Plano – convex.
3) concavo - convex.
 CONCAVE OR DIVERGING LENS

A concave lens is thicker at the periphery and

thinner in the middle. In other words,
a lens which is bent inwards in the middle is
the concave lens. A concave lens diverges
the light rays incident on it, so it is also
called diverging lens.

A concave lens may be of the following three

types -
1) bi – concave or double concave or equi -
concave
2) Plano - concave
3) convexo – concave
CONVERGING ACTION OF CONVEX LENS
AND DIVERGING ACTION OF CONCAVE
LENS AS A SET OF PRISMS.
Centre of curvature:
Centre of the sphere whose part is
the lens surface, is called the
centre of curvature of that surface
of the lens.
Radius of curvature:

Radius of the sphere whose part is the lens

surface is called the radius of curvature.

Here PC and QC are the radii of curvature.

Principle axis:

It the line joining the center of curvature of the two

surfaces of the lens.

Here the line joining C1 and C2 is the principle

axis.
Optical centre
.

It is the point on the principle axis of

lens such that a ray of light directed
towards it, passes undeviated through
it.
Principle foci
Alight ray can pass through a lens from either side. Hence, a lens has two
principal foci, one on either side of the lens.
For a convex lens, the first focal point 1ison
a point
the principal
F axis of the
lens such that the rays of light coming from it, after refraction through the lens,
become parallel to the principal axis of the lens.
For a convex
lens, the
second focal
point is a
point F2 on
the principal
axis of the
lens such
that the rays
of light
incident
parallel to
the principal
axis, after
refraction
from the
lens, pass
through it
First focal point of a concave lens:
For a concave lens, the first focal point is a point
1 on F
the
principal axis of a lens such that the incident rays of light
appearing to meet at after
it, refraction from the lens become
parallel to the principal axis of the lens
Second focal point of a concave lens:
Fora concave lens, the second focal point2 is onathe
point F
principal axis of the lens such that the rays of light incident parallel
to the principal axis, after refraction from
, appear
the lens
to be
diverging
from this point
 FIRST FOCAL POINT
For a convex lens, the first
focal point is a point on the
principal axis of the lens such
that the rays of light coming
from it, after refraction
through the lens, becomes
parallel to the principal axis
of the lens.

For a concave lens, first focal

point is a point on the
principal axis of the lens such
that the incident rays of
light appearing to meet at it,
after refraction from the lens
become parallel to the
principal axis of the lens .
 SECOND FOCALPOINT

For a convex lens, the

second focal point is a point
on the principal axis of the
lens such that the rays of
light incident parallel to the
principal axis, after refraction
from the lens, pass through
it.

For a concave
lens, second focal point is a
point on the principal axis of
the lens such that the rays of
light parallel to the principal
axis, after refraction from the
lens, appear to be
diverging from this point.
Terms related to lens

Type equation here.

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CONVEX AND A CONCAVE LENS

CONVEX LENS( ConvergingCONCAVE LENS( Diverging

lens) lens)

It is thick in the middle and thinIt is thin inthe middle and thick
at its periphery. at its periphery.

It converges the incident rays It divergesthe incidentrays

towards the principal axis away from the principal axis.

It has a real focus. It as avirtual focus.

It can form real as well as virtual

It can form only virtual images.
image
 RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF RAY
DIAGRAMS FOR LENSES
Ray diagrams are the diagrams to show the formation of image when
the light rays travel from the object , pass through the lenses or
spherical mirrors. These diagrams help us to locate the image, and
study its characteristics.
Rule 1: A light ray incident parallel to the principal axis converges at the
focal point in the case of a convex lens and appears to diverge from the
focal point in the case of a concave lens.

Rule 2: A ray passing through the optic centre of a lens remains

undeviated irrespective of its inclination on the principal axis.

Rule 3: A ray of light which comes through focus (of a convex lens) or
appears to come towards focus (of a concave lens) becomes parallel to
the principal axis after passing through the lens.
RAY DIAGRAM:
 Three principle
rays for drawing
THREE PRINCIPAL RAYS the ray diagrams
are
1. A ray parallel to
the principle
axis.

2. A ray passing
through the
focal point of
appear to go to
the focal point.

3. A ray passing
through the
optical centre.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A REAL AND A VIRTUAL IMAGE
REAL IMAGE VIRTUAL IMAGE

A real image is A virtual image is formed due to

actual formed when the rays intersection of the
rays refracted by the lens refracted by the lens.
appear to meet if they are produced backwards.

A real image can be A virtual image cannot be obtained

on a screen. obtained on a screen.

A real image is inverted A virtual image is

with respect to erect with respect to the the object.
object.
Example- the image of a
distant object formed by
convex lens.
Examples - the image of an
object formed by a concave
lens.
 CONSTRUCTION OF RAY DIAGRAM

Draw line P Q , name it as principal axis

Draw an object AB at given height
Draw a ray of light AO from the top point A of the object
Draw a second ray AD from the same point A of the object ,
parallel to principal axis
BEYOND 2 F1
OBJECT AT 2F
Draw a ray of light AO from the top point A of the object
 OBJECT AT F

F
OBJECT BETWEEN F AND THE LENS
IMAGES FORMED BY CONVEX
LENS
IMAGES FORMED BY A
CONVEX LENS
 Images Formed by Lens
Object Type of image Uses
distance
Inverted, smaller, real
u= Telescope
Inverted, smaller, real
u > 2f Camera, eye
Inverted, same size, real
u = 2f Photocopier
Inverted, magnified, real
f < u < 2f Projector
upright, magnified, real
u=f Spotlight
upright, magnified, virtual
u<f Magnifying
glass
 Concave Lenses
• The image is located at the point from where the two rays
apparently
diverge.

• Theimage also is upright and smaller compared to the

object.

object
 Convex and Concave Lenses
Concave Lenses
• Ray 1 approaches the lens parallel to the principal axis, and leaves
lens along a line that extends back through the focal
the
point.
• Ray 2 approaches the lens as if it is going to pass through the
focal point on the opposite side, and leaves the lens parallel to the
principal axis.
 Concave Lenses
The sight lines of rays 1 and 2 intersect on the same side of the lens
as the object.

Because the rays diverge, they produce a virtual image.

IMAGES FORMED BY CONCAVE LENS
Object LocationImage LocationNature of ImageApplication

Virtual
Erect
Infinity As a point at F1 Galilean telescope
Highly
Diminished

Virtual
Beyond 2F1 Between F1 and OErect Myopic eye
Diminished
IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX LENSES: PRACTICAL
Sign convention is a set of rules to set signs for image
distance, object distance, focal length, etc for
mathematical analysis of image formation. According to it:

1. Object is always placed to the left of lens.

2. All distances are measured from the optical centre of
the mirror.
3. Distances measured in the direction of the incident ray
are positive and the distances measured in the direction
opposite to that of the incident rays are negative.
4. Distances measured along y-axis above the principal
axis are positive and that measured along y-axis below the
principal axis are negative.
Convex lens has positive focal length and concave lens has
negative focal length
 POWER OF LENS

The deviation produced by a

𝟏
lens in the path of rays Power of lens (in D)= 𝒇
refracted through it, is a 𝟏
measure of its power. = 𝒇 (𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓)
The relationship between the
Object distance ….u
Image distance…..v and
Focal length …..f
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=
𝒇 𝒗 - 𝒖
Is given by the lens formula.
THE RELATION BETWEEN DISTANCE OF OBJECT, DISTANCE OF
IMAGE AND FOCAL LENGTH FOR A LENS IS CALLED LENS
FORMULA.
LENS FORMULA
POWER OF A LENS
POWER OF LENS
MAGNIFYING GLASS OR
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
Question: 1
(a) At what position a candle of length
beplaced
3 cm in front of a convex lens so
that its image of length 6 cm be obtained on a screen placed at distance 30 cm
behind the lens?
(b) What is the focal length of the lens)in part (a

Heightof a candle (object) =(b) Lens formula is

O= 3 cm 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Height of the image of the = -
candle =I = 6cm 𝒇 𝒗 𝒖
Image distancev==30cm 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(a) The formula for 𝒇= 𝟑𝟎- −𝟏𝟓
magnification of a lens is 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐼 𝑣 𝒇 = 𝟑𝟎+ 𝟏𝟓
m= = =
𝑂 𝑢 𝟏 1+2 𝟑
6 30
= ∴ 𝒇= 30 = 𝟑𝟎
3 𝑢
∴ u = 15 cm ∴ f = + 10 cm
2: A concave lens forms the image of an object kept at a distance 20 cm
in front of it, at a distance 10 cm on the side of the object.
(a)What is the nature of the image?
(b) Find the focal length of the lens.

Object distance, u = -20 cm

Image distance, v = – 10 cm
(a) It is a virtual image because the image is formed on the same side as
the object. Also, since the lens is a concave lens the image will be erect
and diminished. (b) Lens formula is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇= 𝒗 - 𝒖
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∴ = -
𝒇 −𝟏𝟎 −𝟐𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + =
𝒇 −𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟎 −𝟐𝟎
∴∴ 1 / f =
∴ f = – 20 cm
3 Thefocal length of a convex lens is 25 cm. At what distance
from the optical centre of the lens an
beplaced
object to
obtain a virtual image of twice the size?
Solution:
Solution:
Given,
Focal length, f = +25 cm
Image is virtual and magnified, m = +2
For a lens, magnification is
m=v/u
∴ +2= v / u
∴ v = 2u
Lens formula is,
1 / v– 1 / u = 1 / f
∴ 1 / 2u– 1 / u = 125/
∴ – 1 / 2u = 125/
∴ 2u =– 25
∴ u =– 12.5cm
4 Where should an object be placed in front of a
convex lens of focal length 0.12 m to obtain a real
image of size three times the size of the object, on
the screen? ∴ v = – 3u
Lens formula
Given, is,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Focal length of a convex 𝒇= 𝒗 - 𝒖
lens, f = + 0.12 m m = -3 (real 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −𝟒
image) For a lens, =
𝟎.𝟏𝟐 −𝟑𝒖 𝒖 - 𝟑𝒖
𝟏 −𝟒
magnification ∴ 𝟎.𝟏𝟐= = 𝟑 𝒖
is m = 𝑣 ∴∴ 3u = 0.48
𝑢 m ∴ u = .48
𝑣
∴– 3 = 3
𝑢
∴ u = – 0.16 m
An illuminated object lies at a distance 1.0 m from a screen. A convex lens
is used to form the image of object on a screen placed at distance 75 cm
from the lens. Find: (i) the focal length of lens, and (ii) the magnification.
Solution:
Given,
Image distance, v = 75 cm 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Object distance,-25
u= cm 𝒇= 𝒗 - 𝒖
Lens formula is,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇= 𝟕𝟓- −𝟐𝟓
Fora lens, magnification is
m=v/u
∴ m = 75-25
/ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∴ m =-3 𝒇= 𝟕𝟓+ 𝟐𝟓

𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝒇= 𝟕𝟓+ 𝟕𝟓

𝟏 𝟒 𝟕𝟓
𝒇= 𝟕𝟓= 4f= 75 f= 𝟒 = 18.75
cm
6: A lens forms the image of an object placed at a distance 15
cm from it, at a distance 60 cm in front of it. Find: (i) the focal
length, (ii) the magnification, and (iii) the nature of image.
Given,
Object distance, u = – 15 cm For𝑣 a lens,
−60 magnification
60 is
= =
Image
(i) distance, v = – 60 cm m = 𝑢 −15 15
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇= - 𝒖 formula
𝒗Lens is, ∴ m = +4
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇= −𝟔𝟎 - −𝟏𝟓
(iii) The nature of the image
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 is erect, virtual and
𝒇= −𝟔𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 magnified.
𝒇= −𝟔𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
𝒇= −𝟔𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎
𝟏 𝟑
F= 20cm
7 A lens forms the image of an object placed at a distance of
45 cm from it on a screen placed at a distance 90 cm on the
other side of it. (a) name the kind of lens. (b) find: (i) the
focal length of lens, (ii) the magnification of the image.
Object distance, u = – 45 cm (ii) For a𝟐lens,3
𝟏 𝟏
Image distance, v = + 90 cm (a) The
= + =
image is real since the image is 𝒇 magnification
𝟗𝟎 𝟗𝟎 90
formed on the other side of the lens.
Hence, the lens is a convex lens.
is m = v / u ∴
(b)Magnification of the image m = 90 / – 45
(i) Lens formula is,
𝟏𝟏𝟏
∴m=–2
F= 30 cm
𝒇= 𝒗 - 𝒖
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝒇= 𝟗𝟎 - −𝟒𝟓
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝒇= 𝟗𝟎 + 𝟒𝟓
 8: An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a
concave lens of focal length 20 cm. find: (a) the position
of
the image, and (b) the
magnification of the image
Solution: (ii) For a lens,
Object distance, u = – 20 cm magnification is
Focal length, f = – 20 cm (concave 𝒗
lens)
m=
(a) Lens formula is, 𝒖

∴m=
∴ m = + 0.5
∴ v = – 2 / 20∴ v = -10 cm
Hence the image is 10 cm in
front of the lens on the same side
As the object.
9 A convex lens forms an inverted image of size same as that
of the object which is placed at a distance 60 cm in front of
the lens. Find:
(a) The position of image, and
(b) The focal length of the lens
Solution:
A convex lens forms an inverted, real and an image of the same
size as the object when the object is placed at 2f i.e. u = 2f
(a) In such cases, the image is formed at the point which is
double the focal length on the other side of the lens (2f2)
(b) To find the focal length of this lens, we use the
relationshipObject distance (u) = 2f
Object distance = 60 cm (given)
60 = 2f f
= 60 / 2 f
= 30
Hence, the focal length of this lens is 30 cm
10A concave lens forms an erect image rdsize
of 1/3
of the object which is
placed at a distance 30 cm in front of the lens. Find:
(a) The position of image,
and(b) The focal length of the lens.
Solution:
Distance of the object– u
30=cm
Magnification m = h’/ h
1
=
3
h’
that The magnification is m==
We know
𝑣
ℎ 𝑢
1 𝑣
= = 𝑣
3 𝑢 −30
3v=-30
v = -10 cm
Therefore the image is formed
10cm
at from the lens
.
Len’s formula is
1 / f = 1 / –v 1 / u
1 / f = 1 –/ 15
f =-15 cm
Hence, the focal length is 15 cm and the image is formed at 10 cm from the
lens.
11 The power of a lens is +2.0 D. Find its focal
length and state what kind of lens it is?
Solution:
Given,
Power of the lens = +2D
Since the power is positive,
∴ The lens is convex
Let focal lengthf be
Power 1=
𝑓
2 =1
𝑓
2f=1
F =1
2
F = 0.5 m
∴ The focal length is 0.5 m and the lens is a convex lens
12 Expressthe power (with sign)
of a concave
lens of focal length 20 cm.

Solution :
P = 1 / F (in metre)
P = 1 / 0.2 m
P = 5D
As it is a concave lens so power is negative
Therefore P = – 5D
13 The focal length of a
convex lens is 25 cm.
Express its power with sign.
Solution:
Given,
Focal length, f = +25 cm
= +0.25 m
We need to find the power
P=1/f
P = 1 / +0.25
P = +4.0 D
14Thepower of a lens-2.0 is D. Find its focal length
and its kind.
Solution:
Given,
The power of a lens
-2.=D
Power of a lens is 0
P=1/f
-2 = 1 / f
f = 1 / -2
f = -0. m
f = –550cm
As power is negative it indicates that the lens is a concave lens
Question: 15: The magnification by a lens is -3.
Name the lens and state how are u and v related?
Solution:
Here the negative value of magnification indicates that
the image is real and inverted. The magnitude of
magnification is greater than 1, which means the image
is enlarged. Hence, the lens should be a convex lens.
The relation between u and v is given by m = 𝑣
v = 𝑢𝑣
3=
This −shows
𝑢 the image distance is 3 times that of object
3u
distance.
16: The magnification by a lens is +0.5. Name
the lens and state how are u and v related?
Solution:
The image formed by the concave lens is always
virtual, erect and smaller than the object. Hence,
the magnification is always positive and less than
1
The relation between u and v
is m = v / u 0.5 = -v / -u 1 / 2 =
v / u u = 2v
Hence, the object distance is twice that of image
distance.
17 : A concave lens is a focal length of 30 cm. Find the position and
magnification (m) of image for an object placed in front of it at distance 30
cm. State whether the image is real on virtual?
Solution:
Object distance, u = -30 cm, Focal length, f = -30 cm
Image distance, v = ? Len’s formula is
1/f=1/v–1/u
1 / -30 = 1 / v – 1 / -30
1 / v = -1 / 30 – 1 / 30
1 / v = -2 / 30
1 / v = – 1 / 15
v = -15
The relation between u and v is
m = v / u m = -15 / -30 m = 0.5
The image formed is virtual and erect
18 Find the position and magnification of the image
of an object placed at distance of 8.0 cm in front of a
convex lens of focal length 10.0 cm. Is the image
erect or inverted?
Object distance, u = – 8 cm
Focal length, f = 10 cm
Image distance v = ? Len’s
formula is
1/f=1/v–1/u
1 / 10 = 1 / v – 1 / -8
1 / v = 1 / 10 – 1 / 8
1 / v = (4 – 5) / 40
1 / v = – 1 / 40
v = – 40 cm
The object is placed between the focus and optical
center of the lens.The image formed is virtual and erect.
 PRINCIPLE
To observe a tiny object distinctly we prefer to place it as near to our
naked eye as possible, but to see an object by the naked eye, it is
necessary to place it at least at a distance of 25 cm from the eye which is
the least distance of distant vision for a normal eye. Thus an object is
seen distinctly and of maximum size when it is placed at distance D from
the eye. The angle subtended by the object at the eye actually determines
the size of the image on the retina. To observe a small object which
subtends an angle of less than 1' at the eye. Thus we take help of a
convex lens of short focal length. This magnified image now subtends on
the eye an angle of more than 1', so it is distinctly seen by the eye. This is
the principle of a simple microscope (or magnifying glass or reading
glass.)
CONSTRUCTION -
A simple microscope is a convex
lens of short focal length mounted
in a lens holder.
 WAY OF USING THE MICROSCOPE -

The lens is placed near the eye and the object s at uch a
distance from the lens that the image is formed at a
distance D (called the least distance of distinct vision = 25
cm for the normal eye) from the lens, behind the
object. The eye is kept close to the lens on the other side of
the object.
MAGNIFYING POWER -
The magnifying power of the microscope is given as -

Where f is the focal length of the lens and D is the least distance of distinct vision
for the normal eye.

The magnifying power of the microscope can be increased by using the lens of
short focal length (I.e, shorter the focal length, more is the magnifying
power). But it cannot be increased indefinitely.

USES -
1. A simple microscope is used to see and read the small letters and
figures.
2. It is used by watchmakers to see the small parts and screws of the
watch in optical instruments such as a travelling microscope,
spectrometer, etc.
3. A magnifying glass is provided above the vernier scale so as to
read the scale accurately. Hence it is also called the reading lens.
Ray diagram for location of image in a magnifying
-- glass
Refraction through various lenses, prism and glass slab and their characteristics
Image formation by lens , finding the focal length of the lens
 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATIONOF
FOCAL LENGTHOF A CONVEX LENS
1) Estimation of focal
length
by the distant object
method -

The approximate focal

length of a convex lens can
be determined by using
the principle that a
beam of parallel rays from
a distant
object incident on a
convex lens gets
converged in the focal
plane of the lens.
The approximate focal length of a convex lens can be determined by using the principle
that a beam of parallel rays incident from a distant object is converged in the focal plane
of the lens.
In an open space, against a white wall, a 0 cm end metre scale is placed horizontally
touching the wall.

Bymoving the convex lens to and fro along the length of the metre rule, focus the
object on the wall. The image formed on the wall is almost at the focus of the lens and
from the image, the distance of the lens is read directly by the metre scale. This gives
the approximate focal length of the lens.
APPLICATION OF LENSES
Convex lens is used in simple microscope.
Convex lens is used in compound microscope
Convex lens is used in astronomical telescope
Convex lens is used in slide projector
Convex lens is used in single lens camera
Combination of convex and concave lens is used to correct
chromatic aberration
GALILEAN TELESCOPE
Long sightedness: Hypermetropia is a defect of vision that causes the
impossibility for rays of light to be focused on the retina, but behind
The main
it.
cause for this defect is the insufficient eye lenght
.
CORRECTING HYPERMETROPIA
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which you can see objects near
to you clearly, but objects farther away are blurry. It occurs when the shape of your
causes
eye light rays to bend (refract) incorrectly, focusing images in front of your retina instead
of on your retina
Short Sightedness
Defects of vision and their correction
 COLLIMATOR SPECTROSCOPE

Collimator, device for changing the diverging light or other radiation from a point source into a
parallel beam. collimation of the light is required to make specialized measurements
i spectroscopy
This and in geometric and physical optics. An optical spectrometer (spectrophotometer,
nspectrograph or spectroscope) is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific
portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
TO DIFFERENTIATE .
BETWEEN A CONVEX AND A CONCAVE LENS

1) BY TOUCHING- if the lens is thick in the middleand thinat

the edges, the lens is convex and if the
lens is thin in the middle
and thick at its edges the len is concave.
 2) BY SEEING THE IMAGE
-
A) on keepingthe lens near a printed page, If letters
appears magnified, the
lens is convexand if the letters appear diminished, the lens is concave.
B) on seeing a distant object
through the lens,
itsif
invertedimage is seen, the lens is convex
and ifupright
image is seen,
the lens is concave
.