Republic of the Philippines

Southern Luzon State University

College of Engineering
Lucban, Quezon

LABORATORY WORKBOOK/ MANUAL

for
EEN16L- Electrical Machines 2
Laboratory Experiment

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE, MSEE

Laboratory Instructor

Over-all Rating
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXPERIMENT No. TITLE RATING
1 Familiarization of Electrical Machine 2

2 Short-Circuit Test of the Single-Phase

Transformer

3 Load Operation Characteristics of the

Single-Phase Transformer

4 No Load Test of the Three-Phase

Asynchronous Motor

5 Polyphase Induction Motor

6 Motor Troubleshooting
 Experiment No. 1

FAMILIARIZATION OF ELECTRICAL
MACHINE 2

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE, MSEE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor
I. OBJECTIVES
 To be familiarized with the different equipment used in AC machine
laboratory.
 To know the functions of the various terminals of the machine apparatus.
 To measure the voltage received by the machine/apparatus.
 To draw the apparatus/machine.

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

Definition
A motor generally converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. This
mechanical energy can be used to power everything from heavy, industrial machinery
to everyday tools and appliances. Asynchronous motors are used in general purposes
like driving the mechanical loads.
Contrary to motor, generators convert the mechanical energy by the prime mover
(steam turbine, gas turbine, etc.) into electrical energy. Generators are useful
appliances that supply electrical power during a power outage and prevent
discontinuity of daily activities or disruption of business operations.
A single-phase transformer is a static device which transfer electric energy from
one electric circuit to another with a change in voltage and current levels without any
change in power and frequency. The windings of the transformer are magnetically
linked through path of reluctance. The AC supply voltage is connected in the primary
side while the voltage is induced in the secondary side of the transformer. The iron
losses are (1) eddy current loss on which it is due to alternating flux linking the core,
which will induce emf and can be used by minimizing a core made of thin sheets of
silicon steel. Another is the (2) hysteresis loss is caused by magnetization and
demagnetization of the core as current flows in forward and reverse direction.
Hysteresis loss can be minimized by using core material having high permeability.
A three-phase transformer, also known as a three-phase power transformer system
are used in many industrial and commercial applications due to their efficiency and
ability to handle high loads.
Characteristics
Asynchronous motors are self-starting motors and do not need special starters.
They are also said to be more reliable than single-phase induction motors. Their
starting torque is higher in asynchronous motors, higher than single-phase motors.
A transformer is highly efficient piece of electrical device because of the absence
of mechanical losses in an operation. However, when comparing single-phase to
three-phase transformer, the efficiency of a single-phase transformer is less than
three-phase transformer. The transformer uses a synthetic oil as coolant or insulation
medium for a transformer to prevent sledging.
Three-phase transformer are similar to those of a single-phase transformer, with a
primary difference being the number of phases involved. Three-phase transformers
have three separate primary and secondary winding, each of which is connected to a
separate phase of the power system. The windings are usually arranged in a star or
delta configuration, depending on the specific application

Behavior
The phenomenon which makes asynchronous motor is supported by Faraday’s
Law of Electromagnetic Induction, where a magnetic field is interacting with an
electric circuit to produce an electromotive force EMF. When the stator windings are
supplied, current is present and magnetic flux is created, while the rotor is arranged
where coils are short-circuited each. The rotor short-circuited winding is cut by the
stator magnetic flux.
With how structure the asynchronous motor is, where the current in rotor
generates another flux, there are two fluxes which are in the stator and the motor.
Rotor flux lags with respect to stator flux which would create a torque in the rotor in
the direction of the magnetic field.
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction state that, whenever the conductor
cuts magnetic field or vice versa an emf will be induced in the conductor. However, in
a transformer there is no moving part and so, this moving magnetic flux will cut the
secondary winding and it will induce voltage in the secondary side.
 Three-phase transformer is to transfer electrical power from one three-phase
power system to another. This is typically done in industrial and commercial
applications where large amount of power are needed, such as in factories or data
centers. The transformer can also be used to convert the voltage levels are required/
The terminals of a three-phase transformer are typically labeled A, B, C for the
primary side and X, Y, and Z for the secondary side. These levels correspond to the
phase connections of the power system and are used to ensured that the transformer is
connected correctly. Proper connection is important to ensure that the transformation
functions correctly and does not cause damage to the power system.

III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

 3-phase synchronous Alternator
 3-phase synchronous motor
 3-phase Asynchronous / Induction motor
 1-phase and 3 transformer
 High Voltage connecting wires
 Watt meter
 Ammeter
 voltmeter
 tachometer

IV. PROCEDURE
Motor setup:

1. Check the circuit breaker if it is off. connect the three-phase source to the motor terminal.

2. Parallel to the terminals, connect to each of the remaining terminals using connecting
wires. The terminal at one end is connected to the middle while the other terminal at the
other. as end is connected to the middle as well, making the connecting as well.

3. Attach a piece that will serve as a wig of the rotating of the motor.

4. Energize the part motor by turning on the circuit breaker for the three-phase supply the
motor should start.
5. For observation, dis connect one connection from step 2. the motor should still run.
Disconnecting both connections should stop the mo for from running

6. Measure the speed of the motor by using the tachometer, Aim the red light to the rotating
part attached in step 3.

7. Record the result

8. After use, shut of the power by turning the breaker of from the circuit panel.

Generator coupled in the Motor Setup:

1. With the motor already connected in the previous procedure/ Experimentation, couple the
genera for to the motor. secure the lock before starting any of the equipment / apparatus.

2. Attach a piece that will serve as a wig of the rotating part of the motor.

3. Energize the motor by turning on the circuit breaker for the motor should start. three-phase
supply. the

4. Measure to the speed of the by using the tachometer, Aim the red light to the rotating part
attached in step 3

5. Record the result

6. After use, shut of the power by turning off the breaker from the circuit panel.

Single Phase transformer setup.

1. Connect the wires in the output terminal of the auto trans- former (MID-522-10). These
two wires will serve as line I and Line 2.

2. Energized the trans former.

3. Connect Line 1 and Line 2 to 1u1 and 1u2 terminals of single-phase transformer
respectively.

4. In measuring the voltage of the transformer. set the multimeter to AC voltage by switching
the selector switch.
5. Measure the voltage using 25V AC source supply in the terminal 2u1 & 2u4, 2u1 & 2u2.
2u1 & 2u3, 2u3 & 2u4. 2u3 & 2u2, 3u1 & 323, 3u1 & 3u3, 3u2 & 3u3

6. Repeat step 5 using 50V, 125, 150v. 175V and 200 V AC source.

7. List the table 2. Single phase transformer with the primary terminals 1u1 and 1u2.

8. compute the turns ratio () using the formula

9. Now connect Line 1 and Line 2 to the terminal 1u1 and 1u3. 10.

Measure the voltage of the terminal 2u1 & 2u4, 2u1 & 2u2, 2u4, 2u3 & 2u2 using the 2EV
AC source.

11. Repeat step 10 using JOV, 15%, 100V, 125V, 150V, 175 V and 2004 AC source

12. List the data in table 2.1 Single Phase transformer with the Primary terminals in and luz.

13. Repeat Step 8 in obtaining the value of the turns ratio

Three Phase Transformer setup:

1. Identify the input voltage and current requirement of the system. This will help to
determine the appropriate size and configuration of the transformation.

2. Select a three-phase transformer that meets the requirement of the system. Consider factor
such as voltage, current rating and efficiency when making your selection.

3. Connect the transformer to the power system. this typically involves connecting the
primary winding of the trans former to the three. phase trans former power supply and the
secondary winding to the load

4. verify the phase connections of the transformer. Make sure that the primary (ue-IV6) and
secondary winding (246-216- are connected in three correct phase 2WG, 246-2W4) and so
on sequence, Ac indicated by the terminal labels.

5. Check the voltage and current levels on both sides of the transformer. use a multimeter of
other measuring device to verify that the voltage and current levels the expected range. are
within
6. Adjust the trans for setting as needed. If the voltage on current levels are not within the
desired ranger adjust the taps or other setting to achieve the derived transformers output.

7. Monitor the transformer for any signs of overheating or other issues. Transformers can
generate significant heat during operation so it important to monitor them closely to ensure
they don't become damage.

8. Record the result for your data.

9. After laboratory shut off the trans former properly and unplug every terminals and clean as
you go.

V. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
VI. DATA/TABLE
VII. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
VIII. CONCLUSION
 Experiment No. 2

SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST OF THE SINGLE-

PHASE TRANSFORMER

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

Rating
 MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE, MSEE
Laboratory Instructor

I. OBJECTIVES
 Determine the copper losses
 Measure the short-circuit characteristics
 Evaluate the transformer performance
 Draw/Illustrate the connection diagram of short-circuit test of the single-phase
transformer

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

In the laboratory setting, the short-circuit test for a single-phase transformer is a
pivotal method for analyzing its behavior and performance under specific conditions. The
primary objective is to precisely determine copper losses by implementing a procedure
that involves short-circuiting the secondary winding while providing the primary winding
with a controlled low voltage. This test is facilitated with instruments, including a
wattmeter, ammeter, and voltmeter, all strategically connected to the primary winding.

During the test, the wattmeter plays a crucial role in indicating the total copper
losses, with the ammeter providing essential readings due to its direct proportionality to
the current. By adjusting the voltage to attain a current equivalent to or slightly
surpassing the rated value, recorded voltage values contribute to deriving critical
characteristics such as short-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and power factor. The
results obtained from this comprehensive evaluation are instrumental in constructing
characteristic curves that further enhance our understanding of the transformer's
performance, particularly in short-circuit scenarios.
Figure 1: Electric diagram of the short-circuit test of the single-phase transformer

Central to this test is the application of the following formula for calculating the
power factor (cos θsc):

P SC
cos θ SC =
U SC ∙ I SC

Here, Psc represents the short-circuit power, U sc is the short-circuit voltage, and I sc is the
short-circuit current. These calculated values, derived througsh meticulous adjustments of voltage
until the current reaches or slightly exceeds the rated value, contribute to constructing
characteristic curves. These curves, in turn, serve as a comprehensive guide for interpreting the
transformer's performance, especially in the context of short-circuit scenarios.

Figure 2: Short-circuit test of the transformer

III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
 Power supply: Variable line 0 to 250 V a.c
 A: moving-iron ammeter 2-4A
 V: moving-iron voltmeter 25-5-V
 W: electrodynamic wattmeter 2-4A/250-500V
 Machine mod. M-13

IV. PROCEDURE
1. Connect the primary of the transformer to the AC variable line.
2. Short-circuit both secondary windings to create the desired test conditions.
3. Power up the system.
4. Connect the instruments just like in figure 1.
5. Record the readings for each data point.
6. Calculate the short-circuit power factor using the formula above.
7. Utilize the recorded values for short-circuit power (Psc), short-circuit voltage (Usc),
and short-circuit current (Isc).
8. Repeat the test with only one secondary winding short-circuited.
9. Use the obtained data to calculate primary-to-secondary current rations and turns
ratio.
10. Plot characteristics curves using the derived values.

V. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
VI. DATA/TABLE
VII. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
VIII. CONCLUSION
Questions:
1. Which is the percent value of the short-circuit voltage necessary to make the
rated current cross the machine windings?

2. Is the ratio of the currents equal to the turns ratio?

3. Is the ratio of the currents directly or inversely proportional to the turns

ratio?
 4. What sketch has the curve of the short-circuit voltage versus the short-circuit
current?

Experiment No. 3

LOAD OPERATION CHARACTERISTICS OF

THE SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE, MSEE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor

I. OBJECTIVES
 Connect transformer with RLC load
m Y- connection
m ∆- connection
 Measure the voltage and current m no-load as well as m load condition for Y
and connection.
 Draw the connection.
 Obtain different result in m measurement.
 Repeat the procedures for inductive and capacitive load.

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

No-Load transformer
Definition - No-load condition draws very little current from the primary winding,
and the voltage across the secondary terminals is almost equal to the voltage across
the primary terminals hysteresis and eddy current occur due to the magnetization and
the magnetization of the core material as the alternating current flows through the
transformer, while eddy current losses occur due to the circulation of the currents the
core materials.

Behavior - a no-load transformer is characterized by the absence of a load or current

flowing through the secondary winding. When a transformer is energized with its
primary winding connected to a power source and its secondary winding left open or
unloaded. The transformer will draw a very small magnetizing current to maintain
magnetic field in the core.

Principles-the principle of the no load transformer are based on fundamental

electromagnetic induction. When an alternating current flows to the primary winding
of a transformer, it creates changing magnetic field induces a voltage in secondary
winding, which can be used a power load if one is connected. In case of no-load
transformer, the secondary winding is left open, with no current flows through it.

Characteristic of no-load transformer

1. Low current draw: A no load transformer draws only a small magnetizing current
to maintain the magnetic field.
2. High voltage output: no load transformer can produce a high voltage output
proportional to the number of outputs in secondary winding.
3. Core losses: no load behavior of a transformer can contribute to core losses due to
the magnetizing current flowing through the primary winding.
4. Efficiency: the efficiency of the transformer can be affected by its no load behavior.
5. Operating frequency: no load behavior of a transformer can be influenced by the
operating frequency with higher frequencies leading to increase core losses and lower
efficiency.
Introduction to wye connected load of RLC

A wye connected load of RLC (resistance, inductance and capacitance)

configuration. A wye connected load is characterized by the connection of one end of
each RLC element to a common point, known as the neutral or star point, and the
other end of each RLC element to a separate phase of an electrical system.

The RLC elements in wye-connected load are used to control the power factor and
impedance of the load. The resistance components represent the real power consumed
by the load, while the inductance and capacitance components represent the reactive
power consumed by the load. By adjusting the values of these components, the factor
and impedance of the load can be optimized specific applications.

Behavior - the behavior of a wye-connected load of RLC is influenced components.

The load draws a three-phase current that flows through each of the RLC elements.
The current is shared between the three phases of the electrical system, and the
magnitude of the individual RLC element connected to the phase.

Characteristics
Balanced current distribution: A wye-connected load provides a balanced distribution
of current between the three phases of the electrical phases of the, which reduces the
risk of overloading any reduces.
Power factor control: the wye-connected load allows for control of the power factor
by adjusting the capacitance or inductance: The load allows for control the power
impedance by adjusting the resistance, inductance or capacitance of values.
Reactive power consumption: the wye-connected load consumes reactive power due
to the presence of inductance and capacitance components. Which can cause issues
such as voltage instability and system failure if not properly managed. Current
unbalanced condition, the wye-connected load can cause as overheating, voltage
instability, and system failure.
III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
 3-phase transformer
 Resistive load
 Capacitive load
 Multi meter
 Probe

IV. PROCEDURE

No load:
1. Supply the transformer with three phase supply by connecting it the primary side of
the transformer. Make sure the supply is not live or on while connecting for safety.
2. Energize the supply and record the primary voltage of the transformer. Measure
with line voltage of the probes of the voltmeter inserted to two terminals. Repeat two
more times with varying terminals, which shot into three readings (AB, BC, AC)
3. Record the secondary voltages of the transformer by turning the breaker off.
4. Shut of the supply after recording the result by turning the breaker off.
5. Connect the desired RLC load (resistive, inductive, and capacitive) to the
secondary side of the transformer. Use connecting wires from the secondary side to
the lower terminal of the load. Connect wires to the upper terminals of the RLC load
switch will serve as the neutral wire of the connection.
6. For the resistive load plug in the resistive load fans that, energize the supply by
turning the breaker on
7. Record the line voltage of the load by inserting the probes parallel to the load,
through the upper and lower terminals of the load.
8. Disconnect the wire connecting the load and the secondary and use the ammeter,
connect it on series between the secondary terminal of the transformer and the
resistive load. Record the phase current.
9. Shut off the supply after recording the supply by turning the breaker off.

V. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
VI. DATA/TABLE
VII. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
VIII. CONCLUSION
 Experiment No. 4

NO LOAD TEST OF THE THREE-PHASE

ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Name: Date of Performed:
Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE, MSEE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor

I. OBJECTIVES
 Define asynchronous motor
 Determine the method of three-phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor (SCIM)
 Perform the No-Load Test on SCIM
 Draw the SCIM and its connection

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

 An induction motor, also known as asynchronous motor, is an AC electric motor
in which the electric current in the rotor required to produce torque is obtained
through electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. As a
result, an induction motor can be constructed without electrical connections to the
rotor. A three-phase induction motor that operates on the electromagnetic principle is
known as a squirrel cage induction motor. The reason it is named a "squirrel cage"
motor is' because the "squirrel cage rotor" inside it resembles a squirrel cage.
The no load test is an indirect approach for figuring out the equivalent circuits
circuit characteristics and efficiency for three phase induction motor. This method
involves the decoupling the motor from its load and operating it without the load by
applying the rated voltage the rated frequency to the stator. The two wattmeters are
used to measure the motors input power.
A voltmeter provides the typical rated supply voltage, and an ammeter measures
the no load current. Since the no load current is 20 to 30% of the full load current and
the motor is operating at no load, the total input power is equal to the constant iron
loss, friction and windage losses of the motor. The I²R losses on the primary side are
neglected because they vary with the square of the current. The values measured by
the two wattmeters can be added algebraically to determine the no load losses.
Po =P 13 ± P23
P23 will display a negative reading since the induction motors power factor is
often less than 0.5 when there is no load. Therefore, in order to take the reading, the
current coil terminals must be turned around. It is preferable to use to watt meters
with Cos φ equal to one. The arithmetic mean of the three currents measured by the
ammeter yields the value of the no load current.
I 1+ I 2+ I 3
I o=
3
Then, the power factor is determined by the formula:
Po
cosφ=
√ 3 xVx I o
The data collected during the no load test can be used to calculate various motor
parameters. This information is useful in determining the motors sustainability for a
 particular application and identifying any potential issues with the motor’s
performance.
Overall, download test is an important step in the commissioning process for a
three-phase asynchronous cage motor and it provides valuable information about the
motor’s performance and operating characteristics.

III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

 Three-phase asynchronous / Induction motor
 Multimeter
 Wattmeter
 High voltage connecting wire
 Circuit breaker
 Alligator wires

IV. PROCEDURE
1. Set up the three-phase power supply and connect it to the scim according to
figure 3.1 using the necessary materials and equipment.
2. Connect the watt meter according to the diagram
3. Connect voltmeter across any two of the motor's line terminals.
4. Connect the ammeter in series with one of the stator phases of the motor.
5. Turn on the ac power supply and ensure that the motor is running smoothly.
6. The line-to-line voltage measured by the voltmeter.
7. Record the current flowing through one of the stator phases.
8. Measure the power (PI3) and record the measured values to table 3.1.
9. Repeat the procedures above two times, but now for p23 and p31 and record
the measured values to table 3.2 and table 3.3 respectively.
10. Using the data gathered compute for the values of the no load power load
current and cos o using the formulas in introduction.
11. Make an observation and analysis of the experiment and conclude it.

V. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
VI. DATA/TABLE
VII. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
VIII. CONCLUSION
 Experiment No. 5

POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE, MSEE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor
I. OBJECTIVES
 Define what an induction motor is.
 Describe the parts of an induction motor.
 Enumerate and identify the functions of the parts.
 Draw/illustrate the explosive view of an induction motor.
 Distinguish between a SCIM and WRIM.

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

Induction motors, also known as AC motors, are motors that play a crucial role in
operating various machinery and appliances. Due to their efficiency, robustness, and
relatively simple construction have become a staple in many industrial, commercial,
and domestic applications.

An induction motor operates based on the principles of electromagnetic induction

and rotating magnetic fields. A rotating magnetic field is generated when an
alternating current (AC) is passed through the stator winding. This field induces an
electric current in the rotor, which creates it magnetic field. The interaction between
these fields generates torque, causing the rotor to turn and drive the motor.

One of the main advantages of induction motors is their efficiency. The absence of
brushes and commutators in the construction reduces friction and energy loss,
increasing efficiency. Additionally, their robust construction makes induction motors
highly reliable and can withstand harsh environments. Induction motors differ from
other electric motors like DC motors and synchronous motors in various ways. For
example, DC motors require a direct current supply and have brushes and
commutators to enable current in the rotor windings. This creates friction and wear,
reducing efficiency and lifespan. On the other hand, synchronous motors operate at a
fixed speed, which is synchronized with the supply frequency.

There are two main types of induction motors: squirrel cage and wound rotor
motors. Squirrel cage induction motors have a simple rotor construction with bars
short-circuited at both ends by conducting rings, resembling a squirrel cage. These are
common due to their low cost and minimal maintenance requirements. In contrast,
wound rotor motors have rotor windings connected to external slip rings, which can
be adjusted to control the motor's performance.

Induction motor efficiency and performance can be improved through several

methods. Optimizing the design, such as enhancing the material's quality and
reducing energy loss in the magnetic core, can contribute to increased efficiency.
Proper maintenance, like ensuring the bearings are lubricated, and the motor is clean,

Also maximizes performance. Finally, using variable frequency drives (vfds)

allows for better control over speed and torque, further optimizing energy
consumption. Thanks to their efficiency, durability, and straight-forward design,
induction motors are vital to many industrial and domestic applications understanding
the working principles, types, and components can help individuals and businesses
decide which one is best suited for their needs. With proper design, maintenance, and
control, induction motors can offer reliable and efficient performance for various
applications.

Personally, alternating current (ac) electric motors powered by rotating magnetic

fields are known as induction motors. They consist of a rotor, a stator, and coils that
employ electromagnetic induction to transform electrical energy into mechanical
energy. They are used for loads that need speed control. Induction motors with wound
rotors or slip rings are frequently used in cranes, plunger pumps, elevators,
compressors, and conveyors. Because induction motors are asynchronous, slip is
created when the magnetic field's speed and the shaft 's rotational speed differ, which
increases torque. The rotor induces current while the motor is powered at the stator,
thus the name "induction motor. A common type of ac electric motor is the induction
motor. An induction motor is a generally used ac electric motor. In an induction
motor, the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained via
electromagnetic induction from the rotating magnetic field of the stator winding. The
rotor of an induction motor can be a squirrel cage rotor or wound type rotor. The term
"induction motor" refers to a motor that operates on the electro- magnetic induction
 principle. When an electrical conductor is put in a rotating magnetic field, a
phenomenon known as electromagnetic induction occurs in which the electro motive
force is induced across the conductor. Construction -wise, induction motors are
straightforward and robust. The strength and adaptability of induction motors allow
them to function in any environment. Due to the lack of brushes, commutators, and
slip rings, induction motors are less expensive. They also operate at nearly constant
speed. There is a relative speed between the stator and the rotor, and the rotor flux
speed somewhat lags the stator flux speed. With an increase in the motor's load, the
differences in speed changes little. According to faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, the relative speed between the stator rmf and the rotor rmf causes an
induced emf in the rotor conductors. Rotor conductors are short- circuited, and a rotor
current is produced due to induced emf. A wound rotor induction motor has a stator
with a three- phase winding just like the conventional squirrel cage induction motor
(sum). The difference between wrim and scrim lies in the rotor design. In a sum, the
rotor windings are permanently shorted and there is no mechanism to control rotor
resistance. Wound-rotor motors can be started with low inrush current, by inserting
high resistance into the rotor circuit; as the motor accelerates, the resistance can be
decreased squirrel cage motors have a heavy winding made up of solid bars usually
aluminum or copper, joined by rings at the end of the rotor.

III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

 Internet
 Computer, laptops, cellphones (gadgets)
 Bond paper
 Ballpen
 Electrical machine books/other book references

IV. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
PARTS FUNCTIONS/ DEFINITIONS
V. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
VI. CONCLUSION
 Experiment No. 6

MOTOR TROUBLESHOOTING

Name: Date of Performed:

Course/Year: Date of Submission:

MAURINO N. ABUEL, REE, MSEE

Rating
Laboratory Instructor
I. OBJECTIVES
 Explain the functional sections of an electrical system.
 Use the symptoms of failure to figure out the probable causes of failure.
 Test to eliminate the possibilities systematically.
 Determine why the component or system failed.
 Use meters correctly.
 Work safely around energized equipment.

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

I. Introduction

Troubleshooting is a systematic approach to problem-solving that is often used to

find and correct issues with complex machines, electronics, computers, and software
systems. The first step in most troubleshooting methods is gathering information on
the issue, such as an undesired behavior or a lack of expected functionality. Once the
issue and how to reproduce it are understood, the next step is to eliminate
unnecessary components to determine if the issue persists. This can help identify
component incompatibility issues and problems caused by third-party products. The
keys to successful motor operation include a total understanding of the application,
then choosing the proper type of motor for the application. This must then be
followed by the proper installation - mounting, coupling, and a total understanding of
the motor surroundings or environment.

II. Primary causes of Electrical Motor Malfunction

-Electrical problems

-Mechanical problems
 III. Common causes of Induction Motor problems

-Voltage Variation

-Motor Overheating

-Overload Shut Down Motor

-Noise and Vibration

-Bearings

III. How to Troubleshoot a motor?

Equipment used for troubleshooting

-Clamp meter

-Multimeter

-Megohm tester (Megger)

-Screwdriver

-Pliers

Note: Before you even touch the motor, MAKE SURE THE POWER IS OFF

Why?

-Always turn the power off at the electrical service entrance fuse or breaker box,
to prevent possible electric shock.

-To prevent electrical shock when touching the motor, be sure windings and
capacitor are securely grounded to the ground terminal which should be used in
conformity with local codes.

Don't work on electrical operations if water or moist conditions cannot be avoided.

V. Steps/Guides in Troubleshooting

1. MOTOR FAILS TO STA RT (makes no sound)

 ➤Check the obvious first are the power switch and timer on?

➤Be sure fuses are of proper size and type, then check for a blown fuse or tripped
circuit breaker.

➤Be sure the motor is connected correctly (as shown on motor nameplate), but
first-TURN OFF THE POWER. Check the terminal screw to see if it was
tightened onto wire insulation instead of the wire itself. Verify that the ground
wire is firmly connected to the green ground screw.

➤ Check the voltage at terminal board after first TURNING THE POWER
BACK ON. Be sure you turn the POWER BACK OFF after completing this step.

➤ Check for overloading from other appliances on the same circuit as the motor.

➤Inspect the motor windings for continuity.

2. MOTOR FAILS TO STA RT (hums, tries to start, blows fuse or trips breaker)

➤Check the motor connections after TURNING OFF THE POWER.

➤ Check the voltage (see #5 above) as the motor tries to start. If voltage is too
low, look for undersized wiring, an overloaded circuit or a burned start winding

➤If the voltage is proper at terminals and motor is hot, TURN OFF THE
POWER and allow the motor to cool to ambient temperature then reapply power.

➤ If the motor starts then shuts down, you have an overload.

➤ Check the capacitor but first-TURN OFF THE POWER

Rotate the motor shaft.

If you hear a grinding sound, disassemble the motor and check: the conditions of
bearings, a rotor rubbing the stator, corrosion, a cracked frame, clogged fan or
obstruction(s). Repair or replace any faulty part(s).

➤If the motor has a switch, disassemble the motor and check the contacts for dirt.

3. NOISY MOTOR
 ➤ Air noise is normal, but an excessively high sound level or rough operation can
mean trouble

➤ Mounting, motor coupling and brackets. Tighten loose nuts, bolts or set
screws.

➤ If a noticeable drag is present, check the bearings and bearing load spring.

➤ Make sure motor fan moves freely and rotor isn't rubbing stator

4. Troubleshooting of Capacitor

➤To check a capacitor with an OHMMETER, first TURN OFF THE POWER.

➤ If possible, remove the capacitor from the motor. Use an insulated screwdriver
to discharge the capacitor by shorting it across its terminals.

➤ Then set the ohmmeter to its highest setting and attach the ohmmeter's clips to
the capacitor's terminals

5. For Amperage Check

➤ Remove the leads from the volt-ammeter if attached. Select lowest reading
amperage scale according to motor nameplate rating.

➤ Clamp instrument around one incoming lead at the motor terminal board.

➤ Observe the amperage as motor runs. With proper voltage, the reading should
not exceed the MAXIMUM LOAD or SF amps rating of the motor.

VI. Common Scenario's when troubleshooting Induction Motors (Cause and

Solution)

1. Motor Fails to Start Upon Initial Installation

-Motor is wired incorrectly. Refer to the wiring diagram to verify the motor is
wired correctly.

-Motor damaged and rotor is striking stator. Rotate the motor's shaft and feel for
rubbing.
 -Power supply or line trouble Check the source of power, overload, fuses,
controls, etc..

2. Motor Has Been Running, Then Fails to Start

-Fuse or circuit breaker is tripped Replace the fuse or reset the breaker.

-Stator is shorted or went to ground (Motor will make a humming noise and the
circuit breaker or fuse will trip) Check for leaks through the coils. If leaks are
found, the motor must be replaced.

-Motor overloaded or jammed Inspect to see that the load is free. Verify the amp
draw of motor versus the nameplate rating. Capacitor (on single phase motor)
may have failed First discharge the capacitor. To check the capacitor, set the volt-
ohm meter to RX100 scale and touch its probes to the capacitor terminals. If the
capacitor is OK, the needle will Jump to zero ohms, and drift back to high. Steady
zero ohms indicates a short circuit, steady high ohms indicates an open circuit.

3. Motor Runs but Dies Down

Voltage drop Load

-increased If the voltage is less than 90% of the motor's rating, contact your power
company or check to see that another piece of equipment isn't taking power away
from the motor. Verify that the load has not changed and the equipment has not
gotten tighter. If it is a fan application, verify that the air flow hasn't changed.

4. Motor Takes Too Long to Accelerate

-Defective capacitor

Test the capacitor per previous instructions.

-Bad bearings

Noisy or rough feeling bearings should be replaced by the motor supplier.

-Voltage too low

Make sure the voltage is within 10% of the motor's nameplate rating. If
not, contact your power company or check if some other equipment is
taking power away from the motor.
5. Motor Runs in the Wrong Direction

-Incorrect wiring

Rewire the motor according to the schematic provided with the motor. Groschopp
wiringdiagrams can be found within the "Wiring Diagrams" page of our resources
section or on individual motor pages.

6. Motor Overloaded/Thermal Protector Continuously Drips

-Load too high

Verify that the load is not jammed. If the motor is a replacement, verify
that the rating isthe same as old motor. If the previous motor was a special
design, a stock motor may not beable to duplicate the performance.
Remove the load from the motor and inspect the amp drawof the motor
unloaded. It should be less than the full load rating stamped on the
nameplate(only true for three phase motors).

-Ambient temperature too high

Verify that the motor is getting enough air for proper cooling. Most motors
are designedto run in an ambient temperature of or less than 40°C. (Note:
A properly operating motor may be hot to the touch.)

7. Motor Overheating

-Overload.
Compare actual amps (measured) with nameplate rating. Locate and
remove the source of excessive friction in the motor or load. Reduce
theload or replace the motor with one of greater capacity.

-Improper ventilation

Check external cooling fan to be sure air is moving properly through the
cooling channels. If there is excessive dirt build-up, clean the motor.

-Rotor rubbing on stator

Tighten the thru bolts.

-Over voltage or under voltage

Check the input voltage of the motor to make sure the motor is running at
voltage specified on the nameplate.

-Improper connections

A. Advantages of troubleshooting single-phase induction motors:

1. Simplicity

Single-phase induction motors are relatively simple in construction compared to

three-phase motors, making troubleshooting easier and less complex.

2. Cost-effective

Single-phase induction motors are generally more affordable compared to three-

phase motors, which can make troubleshooting and repairs more cost-effective.

3. Widespread use

Single-phase induction motors are widely used in various applications, including

household appliances, small machinery, and pumps. Therefore, troubleshooting
these motors is a valuable skill as it can be applied to a broad range of devices.

B. Disadvantages of troubleshooting single-phase induction motors:

1. Starting issues

Single-phase induction motors can experience difficulty in starting, especially

under heavy loads. This can complicate troubleshooting as the cause of starting
problems may vary, such as capacitor failure or insufficient power supply.

2. Lower efficiency

Single-phase induction motors tend to have lower efficiency compared to three-

phase motors. This can make troubleshooting more challenging as there may be
multiple factors contributing to reduced performance, such as worn-out bearings
or motor windings.
 3. Capacitor failure

Single-phase induction motors often rely on capacitors for starting and improving
performance. Capacitor failure is a common issue, and troubleshooting it requires
knowledge of capacitor types, testing methods, and replacement procedures.

4. Limited power range

Single-phase induction motors have a limited power range compared to three-

phase motors. Troubleshooting issues related to power limitations, such as motor
overheating or excessive current draw, can be challenging due to the constraints
imposed by single-phase operation.

IV. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

Motor troubleshooting involves identifying and solving problems with electric
motors. The specific materials and equipment needed may vary depending on the type
of motor, its application, and the nature of the issue.

Multimeter:

Used for measuring voltage, current, and resistance. It helps in checking the
electrical parameters of the motor.

Insulation Resistance Tester (Megohmmeter):

Measures the insulation resistance of the motor windings to detect any insulation
breakdown.

Clamp Meter:

Used to measure current without disconnecting wires. It is particularly useful for

troubleshooting issues related to motor currents.

Voltage Tester:

A non-contact voltage tester or a voltage meter is essential for checking the

presence of voltage at different points in the motor circuit.

Continuity Tester:
 Helps in checking the continuity of electrical connections, ensuring that the
circuits are complete and not broken.

V. PROCEDURE
Motor troubleshooting involves a systematic approach to identify and rectify
problems with electric motors.

Understand the System:

Familiarize yourself with the motor and its associated components. Review the motor
documentation, including the nameplate, specifications, and control diagrams.

Visual Inspection:

Perform a visual inspection of the motor and its surroundings. Look for signs of
damage, loose connections, overheating, or any unusual conditions.

Check for Power Supply:

Verify that the motor is receiving the correct power supply, including voltage and
frequency. Use a voltage tester or multimeter to check for power at the motor
terminals.

Check Circuit Breakers and Fuses:

Inspect and reset circuit breakers or replace blown fuses. Ensure that the motor circuit
has the appropriate protection.

Check Motor Rotation:

Verify that the motor is rotating in the correct direction. Incorrect rotation can lead to
performance issues.

Check for Overheating:

Use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the motor. Excessive heat can
indicate problems with the motor or its load.

Inspect Wiring and Connections:

Examine the wiring and connections for loose, damaged, or corroded components.
Tighten connections as needed.

Measure Insulation Resistance:

Use an insulation resistance tester (megohmmeter) to check the insulation resistance

of the motor windings. Low insulation resistance may indicate a potential breakdown.

Measure Current and Voltage:

Use a clamp meter or multimeter to measure the current and voltage in the motor
circuit. Compare the values with the motor's specifications.

Check Control Circuitry:

Inspect the control circuitry, including relays, contactors, and switches. Ensure that
the control signals are reaching the motor as intended.

Use a Power Quality Analyzer:

If available, use a power quality analyzer to assess the quality of the electrical power
supply. Identify issues such as voltage sags, surges, or harmonic distortions.

Perform Continuity Checks:

Use a continuity tester to ensure that electrical paths are complete and that there are
no open circuits.

Inspect Mechanical Components:

If applicable, inspect mechanical components such as bearings, couplings, and belts.

Lubricate or replace components as needed.

Use Troubleshooting Tools:

Depending on the complexity of the issue, use specialized tools such as an

oscilloscope for waveform analysis or a motor rotation tester to diagnose problems.
 Document Findings:

Keep a record of your observations, measurements, and the steps taken during the
troubleshooting process. This documentation can be useful for future reference or
when seeking assistance.

VI. DRAWING/ILLUSTRATION
VII. DATA/TABLE
PARTS FUNCTIONS/ DEFINITIONS
VIII. OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
IX. CONCLUSION