Page 1

GOVERNMENT DEGEE COLLEGE

RAJAMPET

COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT

On

“Water facility and drinking water availability”

Under the guidance of Dr.B.Adinarayana M.Sc, Ph.d

Lecturer in Botany

By

D.Kalyani
I Bccs E.M

Hall ticket number: 216030634005

Submitted to

Department of Botany
2022

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 2

 DECLARATION

I declare that the Community Service Project work entitled “water

facility & drinking water availability “submitted to Dept. of zoology.
Govt. Degree College, Rajampeta, YSR Dt, is a bonafied work done by
me, under the supervision of Dr.B.Adhinarayana, MSc, Ph.d Lecturer in
Botany and this work has not been submitted earlier.

Place: Rajampeta Sign. Of the student

Dt:

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 3

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Community Service Project work entitled

“Water facility & Drinking water availability” submitted to Dept. of

Botany, Govt. Degree College, by

(I Bccs E.M), is a bonafied record of project work done by under my

supervision. Further I declare that the project has not been formed the

basis to any other university or institution earlier

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 4

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We deem it is a great privilege and pleasure to express our deep sense of gratitude
and heartfelt thanks to our Project Supervisor, Dr.B.Adinarayana, Lecturer
in Botany, Govt. Degree College, Rajampetafor his inspiring guidance,
continuous encouragement and constructive criticism with timely suggestions
throughout the progress of this work. We indeed blessed to associate with such a
proficient and well experienced researcher.

It is great pleasure to express our heartfelt gratitude and profound respect to

Dr. B. Purushotham Reddy, Principal, Govt. Degree College,

Rajampeta for rendering moral and academic support during this study.

It is a great pleasure to express our heartfelt gratitude and profound respect to

Dr.B.Adinarayana,I/CDept.ofBotany,Govt.Degreecollege,Rajampetafo
rhis valuable suggestions and encouragement throughout the research work.

We express our sincere thanks to Faculty of Botany, sri.s.Bhaskar

rao,nagesh for the completion of this work.

Our deepest feelings of love and gratitude goes to our parents, who laid foundation
and remained as source of inspiration for our career. They encouraged us to continue
moving forward when we thought we would falter. We thank them for all provided
me – support, faith, confidence and patience.

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 5

Lastly, we thank all our well-wishers and whomsoever, who has helped us the least
way possible.

………….……✍

COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT

INTRODUCTION

• Community Service Project is an experiential learning strategy

that integrates meaningful community service with instruction,

participation, learning and community development

• Community Service Project involves students in community

development and service activities and applies the experience to

personal and academic development.

• Community Service Project is meant to link the community with

the college for mutual benefit. The community will be benefited with

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 6

the focused contribution of the college students for the village/ local

development. The college finds an opportunity to develop social

sensibility and responsibility among students and also emerge as a

socially responsible institution.

“Water facility and drinking water availability”

Introduction:

Water is a highly required natural resource for the execution of life

on earth. SO, the importance of water cannot be compared With

anything else. There is no alternative for water. Without water we

can’t live for more than three days. We use water to drinking,

bathing, cooking and more. But we use it carelessly thinking it is

Unlimited.70% surface of our planet is covered with but all this Water

is not fit for our daily use. Only a very small of all water is Usable. We

got water from rivers, lakes, oceans.

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 7

A safe water supply is the backbone of a healthy economy, yet is

woefully under prioritized, globally.

It is estimated that waterborne diseases have an economic burden of

approximately USD 600 million a year in India. This is especially true

for drought- and flood-prone areas, which affected a third of the

nation in the past couple of years.

Less than 50 per cent of the population in India has access to safely

managed drinking water. Chemical contamination of water, mainly

through fluoride and arsenic, is present in 1.96 million dwellings.

Excess fluoride in India may be affecting tens of millions of people

across 19 states, while equally worryingly, excess arsenic may affect

up to 15 million people in West Bengal, according to the World

Health Organization.

Moreover, two-thirds of India’s 718 districts are affected by extreme

water depletion, and the current lack of planning for water safety

and security is a major concern. One of the challenges is the fast rate

of groundwater depletion in India, which is known as the world’s

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 8

highest user of this source due to the proliferation of drilling over the

past few decades. Groundwater from over 30 million access points

supplies 85 per cent of drinking water in rural areas and 48 per cent

of water requirements in urban areas.

All children have the right to clean water and basic sanitation, as

stated in the Convention on the Rights of a Child. The ultimate aim of

UNICEF’s work in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is to ensure

that all children fulfil this right, and that no child is left behind.

When families do not have a safe and reliable water source,

preferably direct to their home, then it is often women and children

that are responsible for collecting water. School attendance in India

decreases when children are required to spend hours collecting

water. A 22 per cent increase in school drop outraces has been

reported in drought-affected states. Close to 54 per cent of rural

women – as well as some adolescent girls - spend an estimated 35

minutes getting water every day, equivalent to the loss of 27 days’

wages over a year.

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 9

Source: Analysis of the situation of children, adolescents and Women

in India 2016). In 2015, India achieved 93 per cent coverage of access

to improved water supply in rural areas. However, with the shift from

the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) the new baseline

Estimates that less than 49 per cent of the rural population is using

safely managed drinking water (improved water supply located

on-premises, available when needed and free of contamination).

Supporting Swajal: Providing clean water to every child in India

In 2019, after Prime Minister Modi’s re-election, the Ministry of

Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS) was restructured under a

new ministerial organogram, under which the MDWS’s mandate

became one of two pillars under a new ministry named Jal Shakti.

While sanitation remains a priority the focus is on the provision of

24/7 piped water supply is on the rise. UNICEF has been the

‘development partner of choice’ for the Government of India and has

played a key role in the revamping and implementation of the

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 10

Government of India’s flagship National Rural Drinking Water

Programme.

Thanks to UNICEF’s continued advocacy, technical assistance and

engagement with

Ministry of Jal Shakti, safe drinking water and sanitation remain high

on the agenda of India’s new government. UNICEF is currently

working closely with the Ministry of Jal Shakti on the Jal Shakti

Abhiyan and Jal Jeevan Abhiyaan.

UNICEF focuses on community-managed drinking water, including

water safety and security planning, in support of the NRDWP. At the

institutional level, UNICEF focuses on developing improved water

quality monitoring systems and strengthening operation and

maintenance of water supply infrastructures.

One current initiative is Swajal, which seeks to enable communities

to self-manage safe water sources within their habitations, and is

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 11

supported by UNICEF through policy development, training of

trainers, and communication campaigns.

The Ministry of Jal Shakti launched “Swajal” as a pilot project that is

designed as a demand-driven programme involving the community

to provide sustainable access to safe drinking water to people in rural

areas. The Swajal programme is empowering communities to plan,

design, implement and monitor single village drinking water supply

schemes, and organize community ownership for operation and

maintenance.

The target population for Swajal in 117 aspirational districts across 28

states is about 0.5 million a year.

This Programme has helped in prioritizing integrated water safety

planning, behaviour change and community participation in most

deprived aspirational districts, and Water Quality Monitoring (WQM).

This contributed to achieving 18.6 million people gaining access to

safe drinking water.

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 12

UNICEF is supporting the Ministry of Jal Shakti in strengthening the

Swajal and the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP)

programme at national and in 14 states. UNICEF will be contributing

to reaching about two million populations over four years.

UNICEF’s technical assistance has focused on facilitating the

development of national-level guidelines for implementation of

Swajal focusing on community participation, technology options,

operation and maintenance.

The guidelines give specific emphasis on women participation in the

various stages of planning, implementation and management of

schemes. For example, the local person responsible for regular

operation and minor repairs is preferably a woman from the village

who will be trained and engaged through deliverable-based

payments.

The learning’s from Swajal will be upscale to NRDWP strengthening

the community management aspects along with technological

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 13

options. UNICEF will strengthen the on-going support to the Ministry

of Jal Shakti for community management of water supplies.

The NRDWP, with its revised programmatic approach, has focused on

developing the capacity building, which included the development of

training content and support in delivering the training. UNICEF is

bridging the gaps in the areas of human resources and institutional

capacity, technical skills development and community management

and behaviour change, ensuring participation of women.

OBJECTIVES:

● Over 2 billion people live in water-stressed countries, which are

expected to be exacerbated in some regions as result of climate

change and population growth.

● Globally, at least 2 billion people use a drinking water source

contaminated with faeces. Microbial contamination of

drinking-water as a result of contamination with faeces poses

the greatest risk to drinking-water safety.

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 14

 ● While the most important chemical risks in drinking water arise

from arsenic, fluoride or nitrate, emerging contaminants such

as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, per- and polyfluoro alkyl

substances (PFASs) and micro plastics generate public concern.

● Safe and sufficient water facilitates the practice of hygiene,

which is a key measure to prevent not only diarrhoeal diseases,

but acute respiratory infections and numerous neglected

tropical diseases.

● Microbiologically contaminated drinking water can transmit

diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid and

polio and is estimated to cause 485 000 diarrhoeal deaths each

year.

● In 2020, 74% of the global population (5.8 billion people) used a

safely managed drinking-water service – that is, one located on

premises, available when needed, and free from contamination.

Overview Water facility and drinking water availability

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 15

Safe and readily available water is important for public health,

whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food production or

recreational purposes. Improved water supply and sanitation, and

better management of water resources, can boost countries’

economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction.

In 2010, the UN General Assembly explicitly recognized the human

right to water and sanitation. Everyone has the right to sufficient,

continuous, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable

water for personal and domestic use.

Drinking-water services

Sustainable Development Goal target 6.1 calls for universal and

equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water. The target is

tracked with the indicator of “safely managed drinking water

services” – drinking water from an improved water source that is

located on premises, available when needed, and free from faecal

and priority chemical contamination.

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 16

In 2020, 5.8 billion people used safely managed drinking-water

services – that is, they used improved water sources located on

premises, available when needed, and free from contamination. The

remaining 2 billion people without safely managed services in 2020

included:

• 1.2 billion people with basic services, meaning an improved

water source located within a round trip of 30 minutes;

• 282 million people with limited services, or an improved water

source requiring more than 30 minutes to collect water;

• 368 million people taking water from unprotected wells and

springs; and

• 122 million people collecting untreated surface water from

lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.

Sharp geographic, sociocultural and economic inequalities persist,

not only between rural and urban areas but also in towns and cities

where people living in low-income, informal or illegal settlements

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 17

usually have less access to improved sources of drinking-water than

other residents.

Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of

diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid

and polio. Absent, inadequate, or inappropriately managed water

and sanitation services expose individuals to preventable health risks.

This is particularly the case in health care facilities where both

patients and staff are placed at additional risk of infection and

disease when water, sanitation and hygiene services are lacking.

Globally, 15% of patients develop an infection during a hospital stay,

with the proportion much greater in low-income countries.

Inadequate management of urban, industrial and agricultural

wastewater means the drinking-water of hundreds of millions of

people is dangerously contaminated or chemically polluted. Natural

presence of chemicals, particularly in groundwater, can also be of

health significance, including arsenic and fluoride, while other

chemicals, such as lead, may be elevated in drinking-water as a result

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 18

of leaching from water supply components in contact with

drinking-water.

Some 829 000 people are estimated to die each year from diarrhoea

as a result of unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hand hygiene. Yet

diarrhoea is largely preventable, and the deaths of 297 000 children

aged under 5 years could be avoided each year if these risk factors

were addressed. Where water is not readily available, people may

decide hand washing is not a priority, thereby adding to the

likelihood of diarrhoea and other diseases.

Diarrhoea is the most widely known disease linked to contaminated

food and water but there are other hazards. In 2017, over 220 million

people required preventative treatment for schistosomiasis – an

acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms contracted

through exposure to infested water.

In many parts of the world, insects that live or breed in water carry

and transmit diseases such as dengue fever. Some of these insects,

known as vectors, breed in clean, rather than dirty water, and

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 19

household drinking water containers can serve as breeding grounds.

The simple intervention of covering water storage containers can

reduce vector breeding and may also reduce faecal contamination of

water at the household level.

Economic and social effects

When water comes from improved and more accessible sources,

people spend less time and effort physically collecting it, meaning

they can be productive in other ways. This can also result in greater

personal safety and reducing musculoskeletal disorders by reducing

the need to make long or risky journeys to collect and carry water.

Better water sources also mean less expenditure on health, as people

are less likely to fall ill and incur medical costs and are better able to

remain economically productive.

With children particularly at risk from water-related diseases, access

to improved sources of water can result in better health, and

therefore better school attendance, with positive longer-term

consequences for their lives.

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 20

Challenges

Historical rates of progress would need to double for the world to

achieve universal coverage with basic drinking water services by

2030. To achieve universal safely managed services, rates would need

to quadruple. Climate change, increasing water scarcity, population

growth, demographic changes and urbanization already pose

challenges for water supply systems. Over 2 billion people live in

water-stressed countries, which are expected to be exacerbated in

some regions as result of climate change and population growth.

Re-use of wastewater to recover water, nutrients or energy is

becoming an important strategy. Increasingly countries are using

wastewater for irrigation; in developing countries this represents 7%

of irrigated land. While this practice if done inappropriately poses

health risks, safe management of wastewater can yield multiple

benefits, including increased food production.

Options for water sources used for drinking-water and irrigation will

continue to evolve, with an increasing reliance on groundwater and

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 21

alternative sources, including wastewater. Climate change will lead to

greater fluctuations in harvested rainwater. Management of all water

resources will need to be improved to ensure provision and quality.

WHO's response

As the international authority on public health and water quality,

WHO leads global efforts to prevent water-related disease, advising

governments on the development of health-based targets and

regulations.

WHO produces a series of water quality guidelines, including on

drinking-water, safe use of wastewater, and recreational water

quality. The water quality guidelines are based on managing risks,

and since 2004 the Guidelines for drinking-water quality promote the

Framework for safe drinking-water. The Framework recommends

establishment of health-based targets, the development and

implementation of water safety plans by water suppliers to most

effectively identify and manage risks from catchment to consumer,

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 22

and independent surveillance to ensure that water safety plans are

effective and health-based targets are being met.

The drinking-water guidelines are supported by background

publications that provide the technical basis for the Guidelines

recommendations. WHO also supports countries to implement the

drinking-water quality guidelines through the development of

practical guidance materials and provision of direct country support?

This includes the development of locally relevant drinking-water

quality regulations aligned to the principles in the Guidelines, the

development, implementation and auditing of water safety plans and

strengthening of surveillance practices.

• Guidelines for drinking-water quality

• Water Safety Plan resources

• Developing drinking-water quality regulations and standards

• Supporting publications to the Guidelines for drinking-water

quality.

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 23

Since 2014, WHO has been testing household water treatment

products against WHO health-based performance criteria through

the WHO International Scheme to Evaluate Household Water

Treatment Technologies? The aim of the scheme is to ensure that

products protect users from the pathogens that cause diarrhoeal

disease and to strengthen policy, regulatory and monitoring

mechanisms at the national level to support appropriate targeting

and consistent and correct use of such products.

WHO works closely with UNICEF in a number of areas concerning

water and health, including on water, sanitation, and hygiene in

health care facilities. In 2015 the two agencies jointly developed

WASH FIT (Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement

Tool), an adaptation of the water safety plan approach. WASH FIT

aims to guide small, primary health care facilities in low- and

middle-income settings through a continuous cycle of improvement

through assessments, prioritization of risk, and definition of specific,

targeted actions. A 2019 report describes practical steps that

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 24

countries can take to improve water, sanitation and hygiene in health

care facilities.

Andhra Pradesh Status of tap water supply in rural homes

METHODOLOGY

The WATER FACILITIES AND DRINKING WATER AVALABILITY and

Demographical status is very important for assessing the

characteristics of village/ward/ Panchayati. For developing the

country based on water facilities and drinking water availability. The

Village water facilities survey conducted at MARUKUDUPALLI, YSR

Kadapa (DIST). The sample of 30 household families in the village and

calculated percentage their respective opinion of providing the

facilities of Government. The following idea and project to know

about status of water facilities and drinking water availability in

Kadapa.

This is a descriptive study with the following research

questions

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 25

 ⮚ To study water facilities and drinking water availability analysis

in sankarapuram.

⮚ To study status of requirements provided by Government In this

project, using simple random sampling technique to collect the

information about sankarapuram water sapply, Annamayya

district.

⮚ We design questionnaire based on provided by Government of

Andhra Pradesh. A collected sample of 30 households from one

Panchayati,pedda orampadu, Annamayya.

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 26

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 27
AREA AND POPULATION Pedda orampadu:

The area of Pedda orampadu village 10km and the population of

pedda orampadu village total pupils: 100 members

Male Population: 60 members

Female Population: 40 members

Village Highlights:

Locality Name:pedda orampadu

Mandal Name:obulavaripalli

District: Annamayya

State: Andhra Pradesh

Region: Rayalaseema

Language: Telugu

Time 07:05 pm

Pedda orampadu VILLAGE MAP:

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 28
WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 29
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

We collected 30 samples from Ntr colany village kadapa district using

simple random sampling and analysed. The following results based

on WATER FECILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVELIBILITY with other

opinion on basic requirements in pedda orampadu, Annamayya

district, Andhra Pradesh.

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 30

 ❖ WATER SUPPLY TO HOUSE

Water supply Frequency percent

GOOD 21 70%

BAD 9 30%

TOTAL 30 100%

70% good water supply and 30% bad water supply

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 31

 ❖ THE WATER COMING IN EVERY DAY?

Water is coming frequency percent

Yes 20 67%

No 10 33%

Total 30 100%

Is the water coming every day 67% people?

Is the water every day not coming 33% people

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 32

 ❖ The water able to drink

Able to drink frequency percent

Yes 30 100%

No 0 0%

100% of people able to drinking water

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 33

 ❖ Do you have any health problems

Health problems frequency percent

Yes 5 17%

No 25 83%

Total 30 100%

17% people are suffering for health problems

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 34

 ❖ which type of water coming?

Water type Frequency Percent

Bore water 30 100%

Panchayati water 0 0%

Total 30 100%

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 35

100% of people are used to only bore water.

❖ Which type of water come to in house?

Water type Frequency Percent

Normal 20 67%

Mineral 10 33%

Total 30 100%

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 36

REFERENCES:

⮚ Master and sanitation i economic and sociological perspectives.

8 Bournes, Peter G. (1984).
⮚ Water, wastes and health in hot climates. 23 Feachem, Richard;
McGarry, Michael; Mara, Duncan (1980).
⮚ Practical solutions in drinking water supply and waste 36
disposals for developing countries. IRC; University of
Technology (Loughborough) WEDC Group (1982).

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 37

 ⮚ Achieving success in community water supply and sanitation
projects. 85 WHO; SEARO (1985).
⮚ Wastewater treatment and disposal: engineering and ecology in
2 pollution control. Archival, S.J. (1981).
⮚ Making the links: guidelines for hygiene education in
community 7 water supply and sanitation. Boot, Marilee T.
(1984).
⮚ Sanitation and disease: health aspects of excreta and 21
wastewater management. Feachem, Richard G.; Bradley, David
J.; Garelick, Hentda; Mara, D. Duncan (1983).
⮚ Water, wastes and health in hot climates. 23 Feachem, Richard;
McGarry, Michael; Mara, Duncan (1980).
⮚ Developing and using audio-visual materials in water supply
and 41 sanitation programmes. Karlin, Barry; Isely, Raymond B.
(1984).
⮚ Water and human health. 51 McJunkin, F. Eugene (1983).
Health education for tropical schools. 52 McNeil, R.J.;
Anderson, M.E. (1986).
⮚ Guide to simple sanitary measures for the control of enteric 60
diseases. Rajagopalan, S.; Shiftman, M.A. (1974).
⮚ The control of schistosomiasis: report of a WHO Expert
Committee 82 WHO (1985).
Helping a billion children learn about health. 86 WHO/UNICEF (1985).

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 38

 ⮚ https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2016/05/24/bringing-cl
ean-water-india-villages.
⮚ https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/clean-drinking-water

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 39

WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 40
WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 41
WATER FACILITY AND DRINKING WATER AVAILABILITY Page 42