MULTIMEDIA

Table of Contents
IMAGES...............................................................................................................................................1
MAKING STILL IMAGES:...............................................................................................................2
IMAGE FILE FORMAT:...................................................................................................................2
SOUND:...............................................................................................................................................3
POWER OF SOUND:.....................................................................................................................3
DIGITAL AUDIO:..............................................................................................................................4
MIDI AUDIO:......................................................................................................................................4
MIDI DATA VS. AUDIO DATA:......................................................................................................4
AUDIO FORMATS:...........................................................................................................................4
ADDING SOUND TO YOUR PROJECT:........................................................................................5
AUDIO RECORDING:.......................................................................................................................5
KEEPING TRACK OF YOUR AUDIO:...........................................................................................6
CREATING AN AUDIO CD:.............................................................................................................6
SOUND OF YOUR MOBILE:...........................................................................................................7
SOUND OF THE MOBILE:...............................................................................................................7
PURPOSE OF SOUND ON THE INTERNET.................................................................................8

UNIT-2
IMAGES
Images:
Images are visual representations or pictures that convey information,
ideas, or emotions. In the context of computers and digital media, images are
typically stored and displayed as raster graphics (composed of pixels) or
vector graphics (composed of paths or shapes).
MAKING STILL IMAGES:
Still Image:
A still image is a visual representation captured or created in such a
way that it remains static and does not move or animate.
Key characteristics of still images:

 Static Nature:
o Unlike videos or animations, still images do not involve motion or
change over time. They freeze a moment in time.
 Visual Representation:
o They visually depict subjects, scenes, or concepts, often using
composition, lighting, and other artistic elements to convey
meaning or evoke emotions.
 Versatility:
o Still images are versatile and can be used in various media and
applications, including print media, digital platforms (websites,
social media), presentations, advertisements, and more.
 File Formats:
o They are typically stored in formats such as JPEG, PNG, TIFF, or
BMP, each with different qualities suited to specific uses (e.g.,
JPEG for web, PNG for transparency).
 Creation Methods:
o They can be created through photography, digital drawing,
painting, or manipulation of existing images using software tools
like Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, or Illustrator.

IMAGE FILE FORMAT:

An "image file format" refers to the standard way in which digital images
are encoded and stored in a file. There are several common image file formats,
each with its own characteristics and optimal uses. Here are some of the
most popular ones:

1. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):

This is a widely used format for images. It supports lossy

compression, which means some quality loss is acceptable to achieve
smaller file sizes.

2. PNG (Portable Network Graphics):

 PNG is a versatile format suitable for both images and graphics. It
supports lossless compression, preserving image quality without any
degradation, but resulting in larger file sizes compared to JPEG.

3. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format):

GIF is best known for supporting animations and simple graphics.

It uses lossless compression but is limited to 256 colors, making it less
suitable for photographs but ideal for graphics with solid colors.

4. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format):

TIFF is favoured in professional environments where high-quality

prints are required. It supports lossless compression and can store layers,
making it suitable for editing and archiving images.

5. BMP (Bitmap):

BMP is a straightforward format that stores pixel information

without compression. It results in large file sizes but is widely supported
across different platforms and software.

6. SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics):

SVG is not a traditional image format but rather a vector format

used for scalable graphics like logos and icons. It uses XML-based text
format to describe the image.

7. RAW:

RAW formats are specific to digital cameras and store minimally

processed data from the camera sensor. They offer the highest quality and
flexibility for post-processing but require specialized software to view
and edit.

SOUND:
Sound plays a crucial role in multimedia, enhancing the user experience
by providing auditory information that complements visual content.
POWER OF SOUND:
The power of sound in multimedia lies in its ability to deeply influence
emotions, convey information, and enhance the overall user experience. Here
are some key points highlighting the power of sound in multimedia:
  Emotional Impact
 Storytelling
 Attention and Engagement
 Atmosphere and Tone
 Communication and Clarity

DIGITAL AUDIO:
The multimedia digital audio embraces the use of sound records
converted into digital forms for support in diverse multimedia applications. This
transformation allows for greater flexibility and integration with digital media.
Here are key aspects of digital audio in multimedia:
 MP3: Commonly used for music and podcasts due to its good quality and
compression.
 WAV: High-quality, uncompressed format often used in professional audio
editing.
 AAC: Advanced Audio Coding, offers better sound quality than MP3 at
similar bit rates.
 OGG: Free, open-source format often used in gaming and web applications.

MIDI AUDIO:
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a technical standard that
allows electronic musical instruments, computers, and other devices to
communicate and synchronize with each other. MIDI audio plays a significant
role in multimedia, particularly in music production, gaming, and live
performances.

MIDI DATA VS. AUDIO DATA:

 MIDI Data: Contains information about musical notes (pitch, duration,

velocity), control signals (modulation, expression), and timing (tempo,
synchronization). It doesn't contain actual sound.
 Audio Data: Contains actual sound waveforms that can be played back.

AUDIO FORMATS:
Audio formats are essential for storing and transmitting sound recordings. Each
format has its characteristics, advantages, and best-use scenarios.
 Uncompressed Formats
 WAV (Waveform Audio File Format)
 AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format)
 Lossless Compression Formats
  FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)
 ALAC (Apple Lossless Audio Codec)
 Lossy Compression Formats
 MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3)
 AAC (Advanced Audio Coding)
 OGG Vorbis (Open-source, lossy compression format.)
 Specialized Formats
 MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)
 WMA (Windows Media Audio)
 DTS (Digital Theater Systems)
 AC-3 (Dolby Digital)

ADDING SOUND TO YOUR PROJECT:

Adding sound to your project can significantly enhance its impact and
user engagement. Here is a brief outline on how to incorporate sound effectively
into your project:
1. Define the Purpose of Sound

 Emotional Impact: Enhance the emotional tone with background music.

 Information Delivery: Use voiceovers or narration to convey information.
 Engagement: Employ sound effects to make the experience more interactive
and engaging.
 Atmosphere: Create an immersive environment with ambient sounds.

2. Choose the Appropriate Sound Elements

 Music: Select background music that fits the mood and theme of your project.
 Sound Effects: Use sound effects to highlight actions, transitions, or events.
 Voiceovers/Narration: Record clear and professional voiceovers to guide or
inform users.
 Ambient Sound: Include background noises that add to the realism (e.g., city
sounds, nature sounds).

AUDIO RECORDING:
Equipment and Setup:

 Microphone: Choose between dynamic (for live performance) and condenser

microphones (for studio recording).
 Audio Interface: Connects your microphone to your computer and converts
analog signals to digital.
 Recording Software: Use DAWs like Audacity, Pro Tools, or Logic Pro for
recording and editing.
  Environment: Record in a quiet, acoustically treated space to reduce
background noise and echo.

Recording Process:

 Preparation: Plan your recording session, script, and setup.

 Levels: Set input levels to avoid clipping and distortion.
 Multiple Takes: Record multiple takes to choose the best performance.
 Monitoring: Use headphones to monitor the recording in real-time.

KEEPING TRACK OF YOUR AUDIO:

Organization:

 File Naming: Use consistent and descriptive names (e.g.,

"Podcast_Episode1_Interview.wav").
 Folders: Organize files into folders by project, date, or type of recording.
 Metadata: Add tags and metadata for easier searching and sorting.

Backup:

 External Drives: Regularly back up your audio files to external hard drives.
 Cloud Storage: Use services like Google Drive, Dropbox, or specialized audio
platforms for off-site backup.
 Version Control: Keep multiple versions of your work to track changes and
revert if necessary.

CREATING AN AUDIO CD:

Preparation:

 Format: Ensure all audio files are in a CD-compatible format (usually WAV or
AIFF).
 Editing: Finalize your audio with proper mixing and mastering.

Burning Process:

 Software: Use CD-burning software like Nero, Roxio, or iTunes.

 Burn Speed: Choose a lower burn speed (e.g., 4x) to reduce the risk of errors.
 Track Order: Arrange tracks in the desired order and add any necessary gaps
between them.
 Test: Burn a test CD and play it on various devices to ensure compatibility and
quality.

Adding sound to your internet projects can greatly enhance user experience, engagement, and
accessibility. Here is a comprehensive brief on how to incorporate sound effectively into
web-based projects:
SOUND OF YOUR MOBILE:
Customizing Mobile Sounds:

 Ringtones: Set custom ringtones for different contacts or notifications. Use

audio editing software to create ringtones from your favorite songs or
recordings.
 Notifications: Customize notification sounds for different apps to differentiate
alerts.

Recording Mobile Sounds:

 Voice Memos: Use the built-in voice memo app for quick recordings.
 Apps: Use specialized recording apps for higher quality and more features
(e.g., Dolby On, Voice Recorder & Audio Editor).
 External Microphones: Connect external mics to your mobile for better audio
quality (e.g., lavalier mics, shotgun mics).

Managing Mobile Audio Files:

 Transfer: Use cloud services, email, or USB connections to transfer audio files
from your mobile to your computer.
 Editing: Import mobile recordings into your DAW for further editing and
processing.

SOUND OF THE MOBILE:

Optimizing Mobile Audio:

 Volume Levels: Adjust system and app volume settings to ensure clear audio
output.
 Sound Settings: Explore your mobile’s sound settings for equalizer
adjustments, sound enhancements, and speaker configurations.
 Bluetooth: Use high-quality Bluetooth headphones or speakers for better audio
playback.

Troubleshooting Mobile Audio:

 Connectivity: Ensure proper connection of wired or Bluetooth audio devices.

 App Permissions: Check that apps have the necessary permissions to use the
microphone and speakers.
 Software Updates: Keep your device’s operating system and apps updated to
avoid compatibility issues.
PURPOSE OF SOUND ON THE INTERNET
Engagement:

 Use background music or sound effects to make web pages more engaging.
 Add interactive sounds for buttons, links, and other UI elements to improve
user interaction.

Accessibility:

 Use audio descriptions for visually impaired users.

 Provide audio versions of text content to cater to different user preferences.

Information Delivery:

 Use voiceovers or narration to explain complex concepts or guide users

through processes.
 Implement podcasts, webinars, and audio articles to convey information.