Aktb`kg seka jkg stujb Mksus

Legte` seka ;

;. Bghbg
Bghbg jbmitk`ub
jbmitk`ub sifirkpk
sifirkpk mukt `ufughkg
`ufughkg kgtkrk
kgtkrk fiskrgyk
fiskrgyk pigjkpktk
pigjkpktkg
g sisier
sisierkgh
kgh jighkg

pighiaukrkg (megsunsb) pir fuakg. Jktk jkrb 3 erkgh ykgh jbwkwkglkrkb jbpireai` jktk

sifkhkb firbmut?

P (pigj
(pigjkp
kpkt
ktkg)
kg) ? 04
044
4 244
244 84
844
4 344 844 044 (r
(rbf
bfuk
ukg)
g)

R (megsunsb) ? <44 <44 644 ;44 644 644 (rbfukg)

Ygtum nigh`btugh meicbsbig meriaksb nkmk jbsusug tkfia fkgtu sifkhkb firbmut?

Zkfia . Zkfia Fkgtu Kgkabsbs Meriaksb Trejult Nenigt

g P R P6 R6 PR
; 044 <44 3:4.444 24.444 6:4.444
6 244 <44 0;4.444 24.444 684.444
< 844 644 :24.444 :4.444 ;:4.444
: 344 ;44 <34.444 ;4.444 34.444
9 844 644 :24.444 :4.444 ;:4.444
3 044 644 3:4.444 :4.444 ;34.444
 :.944 ;.<44 <.:<4.444 <;4.444 ;.4;4.444

Firjkskrmkg tkfia fkgtu tirsifut jbpireai` gbakb-gbakb?

P > :.944
R > ;.<44

P6 > <.:<4.444

R6 > <;4.444

PR > ;.4;4.444

g>3
 Ygtum nigh`btugh meicbsbig meriaksb, nkmk gbakb-gbakb tirsifut jbnksummkg jkakn runus

meicbsbig meriaksb sifkhkb firbmut.

3 (;.4;4.444) - (:.944)(;.<44)
r >
3 . (<.:<4.444)  (:.944) 6 3 . (<;4.444)  (;.<44) 6

3.434.444  9.094.444
>
64.904.444  64.694.444 ;.034.444  ;.324.444

6;4.444
>
<<4.444 ;84.444

6;4 .444
>
98: ,:93< x :;6,<;43

6;4.444
>
6<3.09:,:

> 4,00336;

Okjb jbpireai` gbakb meicbsbig meriaksb ( r ) sifiskr 4,00336; mkrigk gbakbgyk pesbtbc jkg

nigjimktb ; firkrtb `ufughkg megsunsb jkg pigjkpktkg mukt jkg sikrk` (pesbtbc), krtbgyk

pigbghmktkg pigjkpktkg sisierkgh kmkg jbbmutb jighkg pigbghmktkg pighiaukrkg (megsunsb).

Yob @bpetisbs @ufughkg (Yob \bhgbcbmkg)

Tighuobkg
Tighuobkg `bpetisbs
`bpetisbs `ufughkg
`ufughkg jbhugkmkg
jbhugkmkg uob stktbstb
stktbstbm
m ykgh jbsifut Yob t (t-stujigt)
(t-stujigt)..

Tkrknitir ykgh jbuob ykbtu meriaksb jbgetksbmkg jighkg  (ab`kt fkf Istbnksb Tkrknitir). Yob

`bpetisbs `ufughkg pkjk jkskrgyk kjkak` nighuob sbhgbcbmkgsb meicbsbig meriaksb, kpkmk`

fiskr milbagyk `ufughkg ykgh jbpireai` btu mifituakg skok ktku ninkgh kjk `ufughkg ykgh

sisughhu`gyk.

Vunus Yob t ugtum uob `ufughkg kjkak`?

r6 g6
t >
;- r6
 \iakbg nighhugkmkg Yob t, pighuobkg `bpetisbs `ufughkg jkpkt nighhugkmkg mrbtirbk gbakb

meriaksb tkfia (rtkfia) ykbtu jighkg lkrk ninfkgjbghmkg gbakb meicbsbig meriaksb (r `btugh) jighkg

gbakb rtkfia.

Obmk r`btugh 7 rtkfia nkmk `ufughkg kgtkr

kg tkr vkrbkfia sbhgbcbmkg

Obmk r`btugh  rtkfia nkmk `ufughkg kgtkr vkrbkfia tbjkm sbhgbcbmkg

Legte` seka 6

6. Nbsk
Nbskam
amkg
kg nigh
nighhu
hugk
gkmk
mkg
g jk
jktk
tk si
sifi
fiau
aung
ngyk
yk yk
ykbt
btu
u `ufu
`ufugh
ghkg
kg kg
kgtk
tkrk
rk pi
pigj
gjkp
kpkt
ktkg
kg jk
jkg
g

megsunsb. Jbkoumkg `bpetisbs ykgh nigyktkmkg ‑kjk `ufughkg ykgh sbhgbcbmkg kgtkrk

pigjkpktkg jighkg megsunsb„.

Tigyiaiskbkg?

;. Vunu
Vunusk
skg
g `bpet
`bpetis
isbs
bs??

@e ?  > 4 Zbjkm
bjkm kjk
kjk `ufug
`ufughk
hkg
g ykgh
ykgh sbh
sbhgb
gbcb
cbmkg
mkg kgt
kgtkr
krkk pigj
pigjkpk
kpktk
tkg
g jighk
jighkg
g megs
megsun
unsb
sb

@k ?   4 Kjk
Kjk `
`ufu
ufugh
ghkg
kg yk
ykgh
gh sb
sbhgb
hgbcb
cbmk
mkg
g kgt
kgtkr
krkk pig
pigjkp
jkpkt
ktkg
kg jighk
jighkg
g meg
megsu
suns
nsbb

Zkrkc  > 4,49 siakgoutgyk jkpkt jblkrb gbakb t tkfia pkjk  > 4,49 (uob 6 pb`km /6 > 4,469)

jirkokt fifks > g “ 6 > 3 “ 6 > 9 ykbtu sifiskr 6,883:9;

Mrbtirbk pighuobkg?

@e jbteakm obmk t`btugh 7 ttkfia ktku prefkfbabtks 1 4,49

@e jbtirbnk obmk t`btugh  ttkfia ktku prefkfbabtks  4,49

Yob stktbstbm (Yob t)

r6 g6
Nigh
Nigh`b
`btu
tugh
gh gbak
gbakbb t jighk
jighkg
g runu
runus?
s? t >
;- r 6
 (4,00336;) 6 36
t >
; - (4,00336;) 6

4,803423 x 6
>
;  4,803423

> ;,986;2<
4,6;<24:

;,986;2<
>
4, :36:28

> <,<22<3

Okjb jbpireai` gbakb t`btugh sifiskr <,<22<3.

Misbnpuakg

Mkrigk t`btugh (<,<22<3) 7 ttkfia (6,883:

(6,883:9;)
9;) nkmk
nkmk @e jbteak
jbteakm,
m, krt
krtbgy
bgykk `ufughk
`ufughkg
g mijuk
mijuk
vk
vkrb
rbkf
kfia
ia sbhg
sbhgbc
bcbm
bmkg,
kg, kt
ktku
ku pi
pigjk
gjkpk
pktk
tkg
g ninb
ninbab
abmb
mb `ufug
`ufughk
hkg
g yk
ykgh
gh sb
sbhg
hgbc
bcbm
bmkg
kg jighk
jighkg
g

megsunsb. Jighkg jinbmbkg `bpetisbs ykgh nigyktkmkg ‑kjk `ufughkg ykgh sbhgbcbmkg

kgtkrk megsunsb jighkg pigjkpktkg„ jbtirbnk.

Tighuobkg meicbsbig meriaksb jkpkt ouhk jbakmumkg jighkg lkrk ninfkgjbghmkg

gbakb meicbsbig meriaksb jighkg gbakb meriaksb tkfia ktku r tkfia, si`bghhk pirau jblkrb gbakb

rtkfia pkjk tkrkc  > 4,49 jkg g > 3 ykbtu jbpireai` r tkfia > 4,0;; (ab`kt tkfia r). Mkrigk gbakb

r`btugh (4,00336;) 7 r tkfia (4,0;;) nkmk @e jbteakm, krtbgyk pigjkpktkg ninbabmb `ufughkg

sbhgbcbmkg jighkg megsunsb.

Legte` seka <

6. Nighhug
Nighhugkmkg
kmkg jktk
jktk pkjk
pkjk legte`
legte` meri
meriaks
aksbb Trejult Nenigt jighkg nigknfk` vkrbkfia ounak`

kgkm, si`bghhk kmkg jb`btugh `ufughkg kgtkrk pigjkpktkg (P ;) jkg ounak` kgkm (P6) jighkg

megsunsb (R), jighkg jktk sifkhkb firbmut?.

 g P; (rbfukg) P6 R (rbfukg)
; 044 < <44
6 244 < <44
< 844 6 644
: 344 ; ;44
9 844 ; 644
3 044 ; 644
8 244 ; 694
0 ;444 < <44
2 244 < <44
;4 ;;44 < <94

Ygtum
Ygtum niglkr
niglkrbb gbakb
gbakb meicbsb
meicbsbig
ig meriak
meriaksb
sb firhkg
firhkgjk
jk pirau
pirau jbsusu
jbsusug
g tkfia
tkfia fkgtu
fkgtu sifkhk
sifkhkbb

firbmut?

Zkfia . Zkfia Fkgtu Kgkabsbs Meriaksb Firhkgjk

G P; P6 R P;6 P;6 R6 P;R P6R P;P6

; 044 < <44 3:4444 2 24444 6:4444 244 6:44

6 244 < <44 0;4444 2 24444 684444 244 6844

< 844 6 644 :24444 : :4444 ;:4444 :44 ;:44

: 344 ; ;44 <34444 ; ;4444 34444 ;44 344

9 844 ; 644 :24444 ; :4444 ;:4444 644 844

3 044 ; 644 3:4444 ; :4444 ;34444 644 044

8 244 ; 694 0;4444 ; 36944 669444 694 244

0 ;444 < <44 ;444444 2 24444 <44444 244 <444

2 244 < <44 0;4444 2 24444 684444 244 6844

;4 ;;44 < <94 ;6;4444 2 ;66944 <09444 ;494 <<44

 0:44 6; 6944 8634444 9< 389444 6;24444 9044 ;0944

 Ygtum nigh`btugh meicbsbig meriaksb firhkgjk, nkmk tiraifb` jk`uau jb`btugh meicbsbig

meriaksb kgtkr vkrbkfia.

;4 (6.;24.444) - (0.:44)(6.944)
rx;y > 6 6 > 4,02;
;4 (8.634.444) - (0:44) ;4 (389.444) - (6.944)

;4 (9044) - (6;)(6.944)
rx6y > > 4,06:
;4 (9<) - (6;) 6 ;4 (389.444) - (6.944) 6

;4 (;0.944) - (0:44)(6;)
rx;x6 > > 4,3<0
;4 (8634444) - (0:44) 6 ;4 (9<) - (6;) 6

\iakgoutgyk jkrb gbakb meicbsbig meriaksb kgtkr vkrbkfia jkpkt jb`btugh meicbsbig meriaksb

firhkgjk?

6 6
rx; y  rx 6 y  6 (rx;y )(rx 6 y )(rx;x 6 )
Vx;x6y > ;  rx;x 6
6

4,02;6  4,06:6  6(4,02;)(4,06:)(4,3<0)

>
;  (4,3<0) 6

4,82:  4,382  4.2<30;2

>
;  4,:48

4,9<3
>
4,92<

> 4,29;

@ksba
@ksba pir`bt
pir`btugh
ughkg
kg jbpire
jbpireai`
ai` meicbsb
meicbsbig
ig meriak
meriaksb
sb firhkgj
firhkgjkk ( V ) sifisk
sifiskrr 4,29;
4,29; mkrigk
mkrigk

gbakbgyk nigjimktb ; firkrtb tirjkpkt `ufughkg ykgh skghkt mukt kgtkrk pigjkpktkg jkg

ounak` kgkm jighkg megsunsb.

Meicbsbig Jitirnbgksb (V6)

Meicbsbig jitirnbgksb nirupkmkg umurkg misisukbkg (heejgis ec cbt) hkrbs rihrisb

abgbir firhkgjk tir`kjkp suktu jktk (jbfk`ks pkjk fkf siakgoutgyk), ktku jkpkt jbhugkmkg
 ugtum
ugtum nighum
nighumur
ur fiskrg
fiskrgyk
yk megtrbf
megtrbfusb
usb vkrbkf
vkrbkfia
ia fifks
fifks (P) tir
tir`kjk
`kjkp
p vkrbks
vkrbksbb pirufk`
pirufk`kg
kg

vkrbkfia tirbmkt (R). Gbakb meicbsbig jitirnbgksb tiraitkm kgtkrk 4  V6  ;, jkg fbkskgyk

jbgyktkmkg jkakn pirsigtksi. Gbakb V6 sinkmbg nigjimktb ; nigugoummkg sinkmbg fiskr

megtrbfusb
megtrbfusb vkrbkfia fifks (P) tir`kjkp vkrbksb
vkrbksb pirufk`kg
pirufk`kg vkrbkfia
vkrbkfia tirbmkt
tirbmkt (R). Nbskagyk

nighknfba legte` sifiaungyk jbnkgk jbpireai` gbakb V > 4,29; nkmk V 6 > 4,29;6 >

4,24::4 krtbgyk
krtbgyk siauru`
siauru` vkrbkfia fifks ykbtu
ykbtu pigjkpktkg
pigjkpktkg jkg ounak` kgkm ninfirbmkg
ninfirbmkg

megtrbfusb sifiskr 24,::% tir`kjkp vkrbksb megsunsb. \bskgyk sifiskr 2,93% nirupkmkg

megtrbfusb vkrbkfia akbg.

Yob \bhgbcbmkg Meicbsbig Meriaksb Firhkgjk (Yob @bpetisbs)

Tighuobkg
Tighuobkg sbhgbcbmkgs
sbhgbcbmkgsbb meicbsbig
meicbsbig meriaksb
meriaksb hkgjk jbakmumkg
jbakmumkg jighkg Yob C (Kgevk)
(Kgevk)

ykgh runusgyk sifkhkb firbmut?

V 6 /(m )
C > 6
(;  V ) /(g  m  ;)

Mitirkghkg?

V6 > Me
Meic
icbs
bsbi
big
g jiti
jitirn
rnbg
bgks
ksbb

m > Ounak` vk
vkrbkfia fi
fifks

g > Ounak` mksus

Legte` seka :

<. Nbskamkg
Nbskamkg pkjk legte`
legte` sifiaungyk
sifiaungyk jbkoumkg
jbkoumkg `bpetisb
`bpetisbss ykgh nigyktkmkg
nigyktkmkg ‑kjk
‑kjk `ufughkg ykgh
ykgh

sbhgbcbmkg kgtkrk pigjkpktkg jkg ounak` kgkm jighkg megsunsb„.

Tigyiaiskbkg?

k. Vunu
Vunusk
skg
g `bpe
`bpeti
tisb
sbs?
s?
 @e ?  > 4 Zbjkm
Zbjkm kjk `ufughkg ykgh sbhgbcbm
sbhgbcbmkg
kg kgtkrk pigjkpktkg
pigjkpktkg jkg ounak`
ounak` jighkg

megsunsb

@k ?   4 Kjk `ufughkg ykgh sbhgbcbmkg kgtkrk pigjkpktkg jkg oun

ounak`
ak` kgkm jighkg

megsunsb

f. Zkrkc  > 4,49 siakgoutgyk jkpkt jblkrb gbakb Ctkfia pkjk  > 4,49 jirkokt fifks > g “ m -

; > ;4 “ 6 - ; > 8, jbpireai` Ctkfia > :,8:.

l. Mrbt
Mrbtir
irbk
bk pigh
pighuo
uobk
bkg?
g?

@e jbteakm obmk C `btugh 7 Ctkfia ktku prefkfbabtks 1 4,49

@e jbtirbnk obmk C`btugh  Ctkfia ktku prefkfbabtks  4,49

j. Yo
Yobb stk
stktb
tbst
stbm
bm (Y
(Yob
ob C)

6
V /(m )
C > 6
(;  V ) /(g  m  ;)

4,29;6 / 6
> 6
(;  4,29; ) /(;4  6  ;)

4,24::4 / 6
>
4,429922 / 8

4,:966;
>
4,4;<39

> <<,;;;<

i. Misbnpu
puaakg

Gbakb C`btugh sifiskr <<,;;;< jbfkgjbghmkg jighkg gbakb Ctkfia. Mkrigk C`btugh (<<,;;;<) 7

ttkfia (:,8:) nkmk @e jbteakm, krtbgyk kjk `ufughkg ykgh sbhgbcbmkg kgtkrk pigjkpktkg

jkg ounak` jighkg megsunsb.

Legte` seka :

:. \ierk
\ierkgh
gh nk`k
nk`ksb
sbsw
swkk niak
niakmum
mumkg
kg su
surv
rvkb
kb ugtum
ugtum nigi
nigiab
abtb
tb kp
kpkm
kmk`
k` kj
kjkk me
meri
riak
aksb
sb kg
kgtk
tkrk
rk gb
gbak
akbb

stktbstb
stktbstbm
m jighkg gbakb imegenitrbm
imegenitrbm,, ugtum mipigtbghkg
mipigtbghkg pigiab
pigiabtbkg
tbkg tirsifu
tirsifutt jbknfba
jbknfba ;4
;4

nk`ksbswk ykgh tiak` niginpu` nktk muabk` stktbstbm jkg imegenitrbm. (\unfir? \uabykgte
Ygjbp)

Tinilk`kg

K. Oujua
Oujua @ufu
@ufughkg
ghkg kgtkrk
kgtkrk minknp
minknpukg
ukg nk`ksbw
nk`ksbwkk jkakn nink`kn
nink`knbb banu stktbst
stktbstbmk
bmk jkg

banu imegenitrbmk.

F. Tirtkg
Tirtkgykk
ykkg
g Tigiab
Tigiabtbk
tbkg
g

 Kpkmk` tirjkpkt meriaksb pesbtbc kgtkrk minknpukg nk`ksbswk jkakn nink`knb

banu stktbstbmk jkg banu imegenitrbmk 5

L. @b
@bpe
pettisb
isbs

 Zirjkpkt meriaksb pesbtbc minknpukg nk`ksbwk jkakn nink`knb banu stkbstbmk

jkg banu imegenitrbmk

J. Mrbtirbk pighuobkg

@e ? Zbjkm
Zbjkm tirj
tirjkp
kpkt
kt meria
meriaks
ksbb pesbt
pesbtbc
bc kgtk
kgtkrk
rk minkn
minknpu
pukg
kg nk`ks
nk`ksbs
bswk
wk jkakn
jkakn nink
nink`k
`knb
nb

banu stktbstbmk jkg banu imegenitrbmk.

@k ? Zirjkpkt meriaksb pesbtbc kgtkrk minknpukg nk`ksbswk jkakn nink`knb banu

stktbstbmk jkg banu imegenitrbmk.

@e jbtirbnk Obmk

`btugh ≪ tkfia(, g-6) ktku

t `btugh ≪ ttkfia (, g-6)

@k jbtirbnk Obmk
 `btugh 7 tkfia(, g-6) ktku

t`btugh 7 ttkfia (, g-6)

Jktk Rkgh
Rkgh jbmunpuamkg

@ksba pir`btughkg?

3  j b6
xy ;
g (g 6  ;)
 3 x8
xy  ;  4,23
;4(;44  ;)

• Jigh
Jighkg
kg Mrb
Mrbtir
irbbk r `tu
`tugh
gh??
• `btugh (4,23) 7  tkfia (4,8<0)

• Jigh
Jighkg
kg Mr
Mrbt
btir
irbk
bk t `b
`btu
tugh
gh??

xy g6 4,23 ;4  6

t  t   2,328
6 (;  4,26)
(;  r )

Misbnpuakg

 Mkrigk `btugh 7 jkrb tkfia nkmk @k jbtirbnk.

 Mkrigk t `btugh 7 jkrb t tkfia nkmk @k jbtirbnk.
Misbnpuakg?
Zirjkpkt meriaksb pesbtbc kgtkrk minknpukg nk`ksbswk jkakn nink`knb banu stktbstbmk
jkg banu imegenitrbmk.

Legte` seka 9

9.@ksba pigiabtbkg tigtkgh `ufughkg kgtkrk fbkyk bmakg jighkg veauni pigoukakgkg pkjk suktu
pirusk`kkg tirskob jkakg tkfai firbmut. Zigtumkg meicbsbig meriaksbgyk5 jkakn Vp ;444,-.
(\unfir?s`e`bfua Nugbr Yg. Nirlu Fukgk)

Zkfia . Tresijur pigigtukg meicbsbig meriaksb pighiaukrkg fbkyk bmakg jkg veauni pigoukakg .
Fbkyk Bmakg Seauni Tigoukakg
Tigo ukakg
R6 PR
6
(P) (R) P
; 6 < : 9
9 :4 69 ;344 644
8 94 :2 6.944 <94
;4 34 ;44 <.344 344
;6 39 ;:: :.669 804
;9 84 669 :.244 ;.494
 64 04 :44 3.:44 ;.344
69 26 369 0.:3: 6.<44
<4 ;44 244 ;4.444 <.444
P > ;6: R > 998 6.:30 :;.302 2.004

G>0

0 2.004   ;6:  998 

r 
6 6
0 6..:30   ;6:  0 :; .302    998 

2.286
r   4,202
:<30 x 6<.63<