Question 1.

Answer:
 Connection-oriented acknowledged service initialized a connection between
the sender and receiver before establishing a context for information transfer.
This link is used to track data packets sequences and to ensure all packets
delivered correctly.
 Connectionless acknowledged service does not establish a connection before
data transmission. Instead, each data packet is supplied separately, and each
packet is acknowledged individually by the receiver. This service is less
reliable than connection-oriented acknowledged service, but it is faster.
The protocols that provide these services differ in how they handle connections and
acknowledgments.
 Protocols that provide connection-oriented acknowledged service require a
logical connection between the sender and receiver before data is exchanged,
which is also used to keep track of sequence numbers, and timers. There are
many types of protocols in connection-oriented acknowledged service but a
common one is TCP or Transmission Control Protocol.
 Protocols that provide connectionless acknowledged service are very
different, it allows data to be exchanged without setting up a link between
processes and also does not require transmitting protocols to track the
acknowledgment of PDU. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of a
connectionless protocol.

Question 2.
Answer:
As Go-Back-N and Selective Repeat are required for both the Default HDLC
Frame and Extended HDLC Frame, it can be described as follows.
Maximum Send Window Size Maximum Send Window Size in
in Default HDLC Frame Extended HDLC Frame
Go-Back-N 7 127
Selective Repeat 4 64
As topic, we have Distance and Speed of Light:
D (Distance) = 375,000 km = 375 * 106 (m)
c (Speed of Light) = 3 * 108 (m)
Then, we can compute Round Trip Propagation Delay by this formula:
6
D 375 x 10
2 t¿ = = 8
=2 ,5 s
c 3 x 10

We know that:
N × nf 2t × R
=2t ¿ ⇒ n f = ¿ (¿)
R N

In which, n f is Possible Frame Size (bits), Mbps is the number of Megabyte Per
Second.
R = 2 Mbps so that R = 2 x 106 bps.
 Go-back-N:
Default HDLC Frame: N = 7, substitute to (*) then we have
6
2 ,5 ×2 ×10
=714285,7143 (bits)
7

Extended HDLC Frame: N = 127, substitute to (*) then we have

6
2 ,5 ×2 ×10
=39370.07874(bits )
127

 Selective Repeat
Default HDLC Frame: N = 4, substitute to (*) then we have
6
2 ,5 ×2 ×10
=1250000 (bits)
4

Extended HDLC Frame: N = 64, substitute to (*) then we have

6
2 ,5 ×2 ×10
=78125 (bits)
64
 Question 3
Answer :
B1
Address Port
S1 1
S3 2
S4 2
S2 1
S5 2

B2
Address Port
S1 1
S3 1
S4 2
S2 1
S5 2

Question 4:
Answer:
a. There are two things needed to be changes:
First, the frame header must be altered to accommodate the list of frames to
receive. It can be a fixed or a variable number of slots. Because the receiver clearly
determines which frames to be broadcast, NAK is not required.
Second, the transmitter operation must be modified to retransmit frames based on
the received list. If the list contains the m oldest frames that are yet to be received,
then the list can be used to skip retransmissions of previously received frames.
b. If the error rate or latency is significant, performance will undoubtedly improve.
A single frame can ask for the retransmission of several frames.
The performance will increase in cases with high error rate or in cases where the
delay is high. A single frame can request the retransmission of several frames.
Besides, the drawback is the overhead in the header and the increased protocol
complexity relative to pure Selective-Repeat ARQ.
Question 5 :
Answers:
a)
First, the router will check the routing entry starting with the longest prefix (/23)
135.46.61.31 AND 255.255.254.0 != 192.53.40.0 therefore this entry does not
match.
Next longest prefix is 22: 135.46.61.31 AND 255.255.252.0 =135.46.60.0.
Therefore, this packet will routed out over Interface 1.

b)
Similarly, the router will check the routing entry starting with the longest prefix
(/23) 135.46.57.63 AND 255.255.254.0 = 135.46.56.0 != 192.53.40.0 therefore this
entry does not match.
Next longest prefix is 22: 135.46.57.63 AND 255.255.252.0 = 135.46.56.0
Therefore this packet will routed out over Interface 0.