SNU5242 Mwhk; mku;T: Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhop xOq;fd

P q;fs;

Mwhk; mku;T

Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhop xOq;fPdq;fs;

cs;slf;fk;

❖ mwpKfk;

❖ Kw;Nrhjid

❖ Ngr;R xOq;fPdk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fSk; jhf;fq;fSk;

❖ Ngr;Rk; kw;Wk; nkhopr; nraw;ghLfs; vt;thW Njhd;Wfpd;wd

❖ Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhop xOq;fPdq;fs;

❖ tFg;giwfspd; xOq;fikg;G

❖ rhuhk;rk;

❖ Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

❖ crhj;Jizfs;

mwp;Kfk;

,t;tku;tpNy Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhop xOq;fPdq;fs; gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;jg;

gLfpd;wJ. mj;jifa FiwghLs;s gps;isfisg; nghJ tFg;giwf;
fy;tpNahL ntw;wpfukhf ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ePq;fs;
,t;nthOq;fPdq;fis mwpe;jpUj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

,q;F Kjyhtjhf Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhop xOq;fPdq;fs; gw;wp

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;j vj;jzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhop Mfpa ,U
nrhw;fspdJk; fUj;Jf;fis NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhzy; ,q;F eilngWk;.

mLj;j gFjpapy; Ngr;rpdJk; nkhop xOq;fPdj;jpdJk; fUj;Jf;fisAk;;

jhf;fj;ijAk; gw;wp Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. tFg;giwapy; gps;isfs;
gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd ghq;fpid MrpupaUila nraw;ghLfNs
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P q;fs;

Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wikapdhy; MrpupauJ Gyf;fhl;rp kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf

mikfpd;wJ. mJ gw;wp ,q;F fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;wJ.

%d;whk; gFjpapy; Ngr;Rk; nkhopAk; vt;thW Njhd;Wfpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wp

fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jr; rpf;fyhd nrad;Kiwapy; Ngr;R
cWg;Gf;fspdJk; %isapdJk; nraw;gq;F gw;wp ,q;F ePq;fs; fw;Wf;
nfhs;tPu;fs;.

ehd;fhtjhf tFg;giwfspy; nghJthff; fhzg;gLfpd;w Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhopg;

gpur;rpidfs;> xOq;fPdq;fs; gw;wpa mbg;gil tpsf;fj;ijAk;
mg;gpur;rpidfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gijj; jPu;khdpg;gw;F cjTk; fhuzpfs;>
mit Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;> Mrpupau;fs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba Kiwfs;
vd;git gw;wpAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;tPu;fs;.

filrpahf tFg;giwia gpur;rpidf;Fs;shd gps;isfisf; ftUk; tpjj;jpy;

tFg;giwia mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kiw gw;wpAk; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;
gy;NtWgl;l jd;ikfis Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;L fw;wiy ,yFthfTk;
kfpo;rr
; pahfTk; nraw;gLj;jf;$ba Kiw gw;wpAk; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.

,t;tku;itf; fw;W Kbj;j gpd;du; cq;fSf;F Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhop

xOq;fPdKs;s khztHfspd; tho;f;ifapy; rhjfkhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j
KbAk; vd;gjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tPu;fs; vd;gjpw; re;Njfkpy;iy. me;j
mwptpdhYk; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk; MNyhridfisf; filg;gpbg;gjhYk;
FiwghLs;stu;fs; vd xJf;fg;gl;bUe;j xU Fohk; khztu;fis ehl;Lf;Fg;
gad; jUk; gpui[fshf cUthf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

Kw;Nrhjid.

,t;tku;itf; fw;W Kbj;j gpd;du; cq;fs; tFg;giwapy; ePq;fs; re;jpj;j

Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhopf; FiwghLs;s gps;isfs; gw;wp xU fzk;
rpe;jpj;Jg;ghUq;fs;. ePq;fs; mtu;fisg; gw;wp vt;thW epidj;jPu;fs;@
mtu;fSf;F vt;thW fw;gpj;jPu;fs;@ me;j rpe;jidfis kdjpy; ,Uj;jpathW
ehk; ,g;NghJ mj;jifa khztu;fisg; gw;wpf; fw;Nghk;.

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P q;fs;

Ngr;R xOq;fPdk; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fSk; jhf;fq;fSk;

Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhop vd;gd ngUk;ghYk; xNu fUj;jpy; ghtpf;fg;gl;l

NghjpYk; mit ntt;NtW fUj;Jf;fisj; jUk; ,U nrhw;fshFk;. Ngr;R
vd;gJ capH xypfisAk; nka;nahypfisAk; ifahz;L nrhw;fis
cUthf;ff;$ba vkJ Fwpg;gpl;l jirfis gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; MFk;.
nkhop vd;gJ Ngr;R> FwpaPL> vOj;J %yk; fUj;Js;s tpjj;jpy; xypfis
,izj;J nrhw;fisAk;> nrhw;fis ,izg;gjd; %yk; vz;zq;fisAk;
fUj;Jf;fisAk;> tpUg;gq;fisAk; njhlu;GgLj;Jjy; MFk;. (Less &
Urvin 1995)

MfNt Ngr;R xOq;fPdk; vd;gJ thapypUe;J ntsptUk; njhlu;ghly;

njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidahFk;. xypia ntspapLk; NghJ> rupahd xypfisj;
njupT nra;tjpYk; my;yJ Njhw;Wtpg;gjpYk;> kw;Wk; mtw;iwf; ifahz;L
nrhw;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhf xypfis xOq;fikg;gpd;gb Nfhu;g;gjpYk;
Ngr;Rf;Fj; NjitahdthW jir cWg;Gf;fisf; ifahSk; NghJ my;yJ
fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; NghJ ehk; ,jid mtjhdpf;fyhk;. fLikahd
Ngr;R xypf; FiwghLs;stu;fs; mtu;fSf;Fr; nrhy;yg;gl;ltw;iw tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjw;Fg; gjpyhf ePz;l rpf;fyhd thf;fpaq;fis
ntspg;gLj;jTk; Mw;wYs;stu;fs;, vdpDk; kw;wtu;fshy; mtw;iw tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sKbahJ (HARRIS 1990)

gpd;tUk; tpsf;fg;glk; mjid njspthfg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

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P q;fs;

nkhop vd;gJ nrhy;iyNah nrhw;$l;lj;ijNah ,izj;J jdJ

fUj;Jf;fis> vz;zq;fis> tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fis Ngr;rpNyh> vOj;jpNyh
ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wyhFk;. nkhopf; FiwghLs;s khztu;fs;
kw;wtu;fSila Ngr;Rf;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpYk; jdJ fUj;ij
kw;wtu;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;JtjpYk; FiwghLs;stu;fs; Mtu;. kpff;Fiwe;j
xU nrhw;fsQ;rpaNk mtu;fsplk; ,Uf;fpd;wik> nrhw;fspd; nghUis
mwpe;jpUf;fhik> rupahd ,yf;fz Kiwg;gb nrhw;fis gad;gLj;j
,ayhik> vspikahd Vty;fisAk; gpd;gw;w Kbahik vd;gd mtu;fsplk;
fhzg;gLk; rpy gz;GfshFk;.

nkhop> kw;Wk; Ngr;R xOq;fPdk; Vw;gLtjw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; cz;L. rpy

NtWgl;l FiwghLfspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l khztu;fsplk; ,t;nthOq;fPdk;
Vw;glyhk;. Nfs;tpf; FiwghLs;s gps;isfs;> ke;j Gj;jpAs;s csf;
Fiwghl;bdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l khztu;fs;> jir ,af;ff; Fiwghl;bdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs;> mjpNtfr; nraw;ghl;ilf; fhl;Lk; gps;isfs;> %isg;
ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shdjhy; mq;fq;fis ,af;Ftjpy; f\;lj;ij mDgtpf;Fk;
gps;isfs; MfpNahu;fsplk; ,f;FiwghL fhzg;glyhk;. (LESS AND
URWIN 1995)

fUj;Jf;fSk; jhf;fq;fSk;

Ngr;R fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf kdpjDf;F fpilj;j rpwe;j

Mw;wyhFk;. ,d;iwa rpf;fyhd cyfpd; md;whl eltbf;iffis
,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf ,d;wpaikahj xd;whf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;
Ngr;Rf; FiwghLs;s xUtH tha;nkhopapD}lhf xU $w;iw ntspg;gLj;j
Kaw;rpf;ifapy; mtUila ,ayhikiag; gw;wpa Xu; czu;T
nrtpkLg;gtUf;F cldbahf Vw;gLfpd;wJ. nrtpkLg;gtu; ftdk; mtu; NgRk;
ghq;fpd; kPJ nry;fpd;wJ. NgRk; fUj;ijg; gw;wpa Mu;tk; Fiwfpd;wJ@
fUj;Jg;gupkhWk; nrad; Kiw Kwpe;J tpLfpd;wJ. (khl;bDk; kpy;yUk; 1996)

fUj;ijr; nrhy;y vj;jzpf;Fk; Ngr;Rf; FiwghLs;s egUk; nrtpkLg;gtUk;

,e;j Kwpit ,U NtWgl;l epiyikfspy; ghu;f;fpd;wdu;.

Ngr;Rf; FiwghLs;s egupd; gpur;rpid vt;tsTf;F fbdkhf mikfpd;wNjh

me;j msTf;F mtuJ cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wfpd;w jho;T kdg;ghd;ikAk;
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mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. mg;NghJ mtu; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wr; nrad; Kiwapy; Vw;gLk;

Kwpit jdJ Fiwghlhf fUJfpd;whu;. jd;dplk; FiwghLs;sJ vd;gij
mtu; mwpe;J ,Ug;gjhy; mtuJ cs;sj;jpy; Xu; mikjpapd;ik
Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. mtuJ jd;dk;gpf;iAk; tPo;rr
; paile;J tpLfpd;wJ.

Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhop rpfpr;iraspf;Fk; NghJ eilngw;w xU epfo;it ,jw;F

Xu; cjhuzkhff; fhl;l KbAk;.

jha; (xU glj;ijf; fhl;b)

‘ g+id| nrhy;Yq;f
kfd; (glj;ij vLf;f Kaw;rpj;J)
~]h|

jha; - ,y;iy kfd; g+....id. nrhy;Yq;f

kfd; - (rpwpJ rpe;jpj;J> rphpj;j Kfj;NjhL)

~]h.....|

jha; - Nfhgj;NjhL
,y;iy> ,y;iy> ,y;iy. g+............ g+........... g+....... nrhy;Yq;f

kfd; - Kfj;ijr; Rspj;Jf; nfhz;L jiyia Ml;Lfpwhu;> mt;tplj;jpypUe;J

Xbg; Nghfpwhu;.

,t;Tjhuzj;jpypUe;J kfd; jdJ jhapd; vjpu;ghu;f;ifia epiwT nra;a

Kbahikia tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L NgrhjpUe;jhu;. Kfj;ijr; Rspj;jjdhYk;
mt;tplj;ij tpl;Lr; nrd;wjhYk; mtuJ cs;sj;jy; Njhd;wpa jho;T
kdg;ghd;ikia ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.

NtW rpyNtisfspy; Ngr;Rf; FiwghLs;stupd; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wr;

nrad;Kiw Kwpe;J tpOe;jJ ~~nrtpkLj;jtUila FiwghL fhuzkhf||
vd;W $wp jhd; jg;gpf; nfhs;sTk; Kaw;rpg;ghu;.

tFg;giwapy; Mrpupau; ,j;jifa khztu;fSf;F fw;gjpy; FiwghL cs;sJ

vd;W rpe;jpf;Fk; re;ju;gq;fSk; Vuhsk;. mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mtu;fSf;F tpNrl
fy;tp toq;f MNyhrid $Wtu;.
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P q;fs;

Mrpupau;fs; ,t;thW re;Njff; fz;nfhz;L ghu;g;gjhy; tFg;gpy; Vida

khztu;;fSk; Mrpupaiug; gpd;gw;wp Ngr;Rf; FiwghLs;s khztu;fis
myl;rpag;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. rktaJf; FOtpy; goFk; NghJ Ngr;R
xOq;fPdKs;s gps;isfSf;F jkJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
re;ju;g;gk; kpff; FiwthFk;. ,e;epiyikapy; ,tu;fs; Ngr Kbahj Xu;
cyfpy; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;. ez;gu;fs; ,y;yhjtu;fshfpd;wdu;
ghlrhiyf; flg;ghLfspypUe;J mg;Gwg;gLfpd;wdu;. Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l
cjhuzj;jpw; Nghd;W NgRtijf; $l iftpLtu;. ghlrhiyf;Fr;
rKfkspg;gijAk; ntWg;gu;. ,Wjpapy; fw;wy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L Kwptile;J
tpLk;. (Fleming, Milar and Wright 1977)

ehk; ,g;NghJ ajhu;j;jkhd nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;L ,e;epiyikf;F Kfq;f

nfhLg;Nghk;.

nraw;ghL : 01

ghlrhiyapy; my;yJ mz;ba xU tPl;by; ,Uf;Fk; Ngr;R xOq;fPdKs;stu;

vd;W ePu; fUJk; xU gps;isiaj; Nju;e;njLj;J RKfkhd fye;Jiuahlypy;
<LgLq;fs.;

cq;fspy; Vw;gLk; czu;Tfs; kw;Wk; cq;fsJ ftdj;ij <u;f;Fk;

tplaq;fs;; gw;wp Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

,g;NghJ ,e;j ,U tpdhf;fisAk; gw;wp rpe;jpAq;fs;.

1. cq;fsJ fye;Jiuahlypy; ve;j msT epidtpypUf;fpd;wJ.

2. gps;is Ngrpa ghq;F kw;Wk; mq;f mirTfs; gw;wp cq;fsJ
ftdk; ve;jsTf;F nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

,g;NghJ cq;fSf;F Ngr;R xOq;fPdkhdtu;fs; mtu;fsJ md;whl tho;tpy;

fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl Kaw;rpf;Fk; NghJ Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; gpur;rpid gw;wp
xU tpsf;fk; Vw;gl;bUf;Fk; vd ek;GfpNwhk;.

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P q;fs;

Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhopr; nrad;Kiwapd; Njhw;wk;

Ngr;R vdg;gLk; ntspg;ghl;L nkhop Clfk; cUntLg;gjw;F ,U kl;lq;fspy;

jpwd;fs; nraw;glNtz;Lk;.

1. Ngr;Rg; Gydpaf;fj; njhFjp JupjkhfTk;> rupahfTk;> Xu;

xOq;fpYk; nraw;gLjy;
2. '%is" nkhop Mf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; Ngr;Rg; Gyj; njhFjpapd;
jirfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

Ngr;Rg; Gydpaf;fj; njhFjp

,j;njhFjpapdhy; ,U nray;fs; eilngWfpd;wd.

1 Fuy; xyp ntsptUjy;/Njhd;Wjy;.

2 nkhopf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Fwpg;gpl;l xyp ntsptUjy;
3

Fuy; xyp (rj;jk;) cUthjy;

cl;Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;W Rthrg;igapy; Nru;j;J itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xUtu; Ngrj;

njhlq;Fk; NghJ Rthrg;igapypUe;J fhw;W, %lg;gl;l Fuy; tisf;F
Clhf nkJthf ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;NghJ mq;F mjpu;Tk; xypAk;
ntsptUfpd;wd. mJ mq;fpUe;J Nky; Nehf;fp njhz;ilf; FohapD}lhf
nkd;ikahd Nky; mz;zj;jpd; nraw;ghl;bdhy; cw;gj;jpahFk; rj;jj;jpw;F
Vw;g tha;f;FopapD}lhfNth %f;Ff; FohapD}lhfNth ntsptUk;. mg;NghJ
ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy; Fuy; xyp ntsptUk;.

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P q;fs;

mjid kpf vspjhf ,t;thW fhl;lyhk;.

,t;thW cw;gj;jpahFk; Fuy; xyp njspthd rj;jkhf khWk; nrad;

Kiwia ,g;NghJ ftdpg;Nghk;.

rj;jk; cUthFjy;

kdpj Rthrg;igapDs; cw;gj;jpahFk; rj;jk; Ngr;R cWg;Gf;fspd;

njhopw;ghl;bdhy; Njitahd rj;jkhf khWfpd;wJ vd;gJ ,g;NghJ
cq;fSf;Fg; GydhFk;. ,jw;F cjLfs;> ehf;F> nkd;> td; mz;zq;fs;
kw;Wk; fPo;j;jhil vDk; Ngr;R cWg;Gfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.

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P q;fs;

%yk; (Clezy, Stokes, Whitehill, Zubrick 1996)

kdpj Ngr;R cWg;Gj; njhFjp.

1. cjLfs;
2. gw;fs;
3. fbd mz;zk;
4. nkd; mz;zk;
5. Riteh
6. ehrpf;Fk;> tha;f;Fk; gpd;dhYs;s Fop PHARYNZ
7. eh mz;zk;
8. Kd; ehf;F
9. gpd; ehf;F
10. ehrpf; Fop

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P q;fs;

11. Rthrf; Foha;

12. Fuy; tisf;Foha;
13. Fuy; tis
14. Rthrhrak;

rpq;fs nkhopapy; nka; xypg;gpwg;ig ,t;thW ml;ltizg;gLj;jyhk;.

,l tifg;gLj;jy;
Labi
Glo
Bilabi o Dent Palat Alveol Vela
tta
al Dent al al ar r
l
al
gw;fS-
f;F
,ilap
-y;
fPo; my;y Rthrj;- gpd;
,U cjL- J mz;- ij mz;-
tbtikg;G tifg;gLj;jy

cjLfsp- k; Nkw; Nkw-; z- jLj;;J zk;

dhy; -gy;yp- gy;Yf;- xyp gpwf;Fk; rhH
dhYk; Fg; xyp xyp
gpd;dh-
y;
ehrpap-
dhy;
cuha;T g
j> l r. [ l l;l f. f;f
STOP v `
AFFRICA
TE
mjpu;T
FRICATI g;g
VE
ehrp xyp
k d Q z 0
NASAL

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P q;fs;

,izg;ngh
-yp y> u
LIQUID
khw;W xyp
a
GLIDE
miuehrp
SEMINA k;g e;j z;l f;f
SL

NkNy ml;ltiziag; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ xU tup fpilahfTk; Fj;jhfTk;

ntWikahf ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. Mq;fpy nkhopapy; xyp
,t;tifg;gLj;jy;fSf;Fs; mfg;gLtij mLj;jjhf cq;fSf;F fz;L
nfhs;syhk;. NkYk; miuehrp tif Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ,y;iy vd;gijAk;
cq;fSf;F ,g;NghJ fz;L nfhs;syhk;.

ehk; ,g;NghJ xt;nthU xyp tifg;gLj;jiyAk; RUf;fkhf Muha;e;J

ghu;g;Nghk;. xt;nthU xypiaAk; (cr;rupj;J) ntspg;gLj;jpathW mLj;j
gFjpia thrpAq;fs;

,lxyp

1. BILABIAL cjl;il mz;bg; gpwf;Fk;. fPo; cjL Nky; cjl;il

Nehf;fpr; nrd;W ntspr;Rthr fhw;Nwhl;lj;ijj;
jilg;gLj;jpg; gpwf;Fk; xyp

2. DENTAL ehtpd; gFjp Nkw; jhilg; gw;fspd; gpd; gFjpia my;yJ

mij mz;ba mz;zj;ij Nehf;fpr; nrd;W
ntspr;Rthrj;ijj; jilg;gLj;jp gpwf;Fk; xyp.

3. PALATAL mz;z xyp

ehtpd; eLg;gFjp Nky; mz;zj;ijj; njhl;L ntspr;Rthrf;
fhw;iwj; jLj;J gpwf;Fk; xyp.

4. AIVEOLAR ntspr;Rthrj;ijj; jilnra;J gpwf;Fk; xyp.

ehtpd; Kd; gFjp Nky; mz;zj;ij Nehf;fpr; nrd;W
ntspr;Rthrf; fhw;iwj; jilnra;J gpwf;Fk; xyp.
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5. VELAR gpd; mz;zk; rhu; xyp

ehtpd; gpd; mz;zj;jpd; gpd;gFjpia Nehf;fpr; nrd;W
gpwf;Fk; xyp.

6. GLOTTEL ntspr;Rthrf; fhw;iw ntspNa js;Stjdhy; Vw;gLk; xyp.

tifg;gLj;jy;

1. PLOSTIVES ntspr;Rthrf; fhw;Nwhl;lj;ij Kw;whfj; jLj;J

ntsptUk; xyp (g> g;g)

2. NASALS ntspr;Rthrf; fhw;Nwhl;lj;ijj; jLg;gNjhL mf;fhw;W ehrpj;

Jthuj;jpDlhfr; nrd;W ntspg;gLj;Jk; xyp (k)

3. FRICATIVE ntspr;Rthrf; fhw;W Ngr;R cWg;Gf;fs; ,uz;L

NkhJtjhy; Vw;gLk; rpW Jthuj;jpD}lhfr; nry;Yk; NghJ
vOk; xyp (])
4. LOGUID
LATERAL mbeh vy;iy Nky; gy; tupirNahL Nkhj ,lkspg;gjhy;
ntsptUk; xypahFk;. mg;NghJ ntspr;Rthrf; fhw;W
ehf;fpd; ,U gf;fq;fspdhYk; nry;y tpLtjhy; ntsptUk;
xyp (y) MtNjhL gy Kiw NkhJtjhy; (u) xyp
ntspg;gLk;.

5. GLIDE xU Ruj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F khw;wf;$ba xyp

6. SEMINASAL miu ehrpnahyp ntspr;Rthrf; fhw;W %f;F kw;Wk;

tha;f;Fop Mfpa ,uz;bD}lhfTk; nry;Yk; NghJ
ntsptUk; rj;jk;. ,k;nkhop tifg;gLj;jy; Mq;fpy
nkhopapy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

,g;NghJ ehk; Mq;fpyr; Rtbapy; capHnka; xypfspy; tifg;gLj;jiyg;

ghHg;Nghk;.
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Labio
Acveo
Glottal Bilabial – Dental
-r
dental
Stop Voiceless p t
cuha;T Voiced b d
Affricate Voiceless
Voiced
Fricative Voiceless H F th s
mjpu;T Voiced V dh z
Nasal (Voiced) m n
ehrp xyp
Liquid (Voiced) L,r
,izg;
-nghyp
Glide (Voiced) w
khw;W
xyp

nraw;ghL : 02

cq;fSf;F NtWnkhU nkhop njhpAkhapd; mij ml;ltizg; gLj;Jf

my;yJ Gl;Ltk;> (ehw;fhyp) fhkiu> njk;gpyp> [k;G> Nghd;w rpy nrhw;fis
vLj;J ml;ltizg; gLj;Jf.

mt;thW vspikahd Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisAk; vLj;J mt;thNw

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf. mg;NghJ xypapd; gpwg;G gw;wp njspthd mwpT Vw;gLk;
vd;gjpw; re;Njfkpy;iy.

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nkhopAk; kdpj %isAk;

xypia (rj;jj;ij) ntspg;gLj;jp fUj;Jf;fis gupkhw;wk; nra;Ak;

tpyq;FfspdJk; kdpjdJk; %isapd; ,lJ miuf; Nfhsj;jpy; mjDld;
njhlu;Gila gFjp mike;Js;sJ.

%isapd; tsu;r;rpiag; ghu;f;fpd;w NghJ Ie;J taJf;F Kd; xU

gps;isf;F nkhopiaAk; Ngr;irAk; vspjpw; fw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gJ
njupfpd;wJ. (Sousa, 2001)

ehk; ,g;NghJ Ngr;R gpwf;Fk; (ntspg;gLk;) ,U re;ju;g;gq;fspy; %is

njhopw;gLk; Kiw gw;wp ghu;g;Nghk;. vOjg;gl;l VNjDnkhd;iw thrpf;Fk;
NghJ

%isapd; ,lg; gFjp

NkNy cUtpNy nkhopf;Fk; Ngr;Rf;Fk; tpNrlkhd %isapd; ,lg;gf;f

Nfhsj;jpy; kl;Lk; mike;Js;s ,U gFjpfs; vkf;Fj; njd;gLfpd;wd. mit
Ntu;dpf; ,lKk; ~~GNuhfh ,lKk;|| MFk;. mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghL gw;wp ehk;
,g;NghJ ghHg;Nghk;.

cuj;J thrpj;jy;:
,f;fl;lj;jpy; Kjypy; jfty;fs; fz;zpy; mike;Js;s
ghu;it euk;gpd; %yk; ghu;it ikaj;Jf;F nfhz;L
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nry;yg;gLk;. gpd;du; mj;jfty;fs; fUj;ijg; Gupe;J

nfhs;tjw;fhf Ntu;dpf; gFjpf;Fk; mijj; njhlu;e;J
mij ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kiwia jPHkhdpg;gjw;F 'GNuhfh"
gFjpf;Fk;> Ngr;R cWg;Gf;fis ,af;Ftjw;Fj;
Njitahd fl;lisapLtijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
,af;f ikaj;Jf;Fk; fz;zhy; fz;l jfty;fs; nry;Yk;
,r; nrad; Kiw Kbe;jTld; thrpg;gtUf;F cuj;J
thrpf;f KbAk;.

nrtpkLf;Fk; (Nfl;Fk;) jftYf;F Ngr;R %yk; Jyq;Fjy;

,af;f ikak;

,f;fl;lj;jpy; 'Nfl;ly;" nrtpg;Gy cWg;Gf;fspd; %yk; jfty;fisf; Nfl;Fk;

euk;gpD}lhf Nfl;ly; ikaj;Jf;Fr; nry;Yk;. gpd;du; mjd; fUj;ij
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F ~~Ntu;dpf; gFjpf;Fk;|| mjw;F tpilaspg;gjw;F
'GNuhfh gFjpf;Fk;" Ngr;R cWg;Gf;fspd; jirfis nraw;glr; nra;tjw;fhf
,af;f ikaj;Jf;Fk; nry;Yk;. mr;nrad;Kiw g+uzkile;jJk; cldbahf
Ngr;R %yk; tpilasp;f;fg;gLk;.

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NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ,U re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; ftdpj;Jg; ghu;f;ifap;y; Ngr;R

cw;gj;jpahjy; vt;tsT rp;f;fyhd Kf;fpakhd nrad;Kiw vd;gij vkf;F
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sKbAk;.

NkYk; VNjDk; fhuzj;Jf;fhf %isapd; Ngr;Rld; njhlu;Gila

gFjpfSf;F Nrjk; Vw;gLtjhy; Ngr;R njhlu;ghd rpf;fy;fs; Vw;glyhk;.
mjdhy; Ngr;R cWg;Gj; njhFjpapy; Vw;gLk; FiwghLfs; kPJ kl;Lk; ftdk;
nrYj;JtJ jtwhFk;.

ehk; ,g;NghJ tFg;giwapNy re;jpf;Fk; my;yJ vg;NghJk; fhzg;gLfpd;w

rpy gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;JNthk;.

Ngr;R kw;Wk; nkhopg; gpur;rpid.

Foe;ij> gps;is> fl;bsik> tsu;e;Njhu;> KjpNahu; Mfpa vtuplKk; Ngr;R

kw;Wk; nkhopf;Fiwghl;ilf; fhzyhk;. mJ gpwg;G njhlf;fk; my;yJ thOk;
fhyj;jpy; Vw;glf;$ba xU epiyahFk;. mjw;Fr; rpfpr;iraspg;gjw;fhf Ngr;R
kw;Wk; nkhop rpfpr;iraspg;gtuplk; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. NtW rpyNtisfspy;
itj;jpa cjtpAk; Njitg;gLk;. nghJthf tFg;giwapy; fhzg;gLk; Ngr;R
nkhop xOq;fPdq;fs; rpytw;iwg; gw;wp ,q;F ftdpg;Nghk;.

nfhd;Djy;

,g;Ngr;Rf; FiwghLila xUtupd; Ngr;R xNu njhluhf Mw;nwhOf;fhf

tope;NjhlhJ. mJ gy jilfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;.

- xU nrhy;ypd; Kjw; rj;jj;ij kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; xypj;jy;.

- xU nrhy;ypd; Kjy; xypia ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F ePz;lNeuk; vLj;jy;.

- xypia ePl;br; nrhy;Yjy;

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Mfpa ,yl;rzq;fisf; fhzyhk;.

mg;NghJ khztd; mOj;jj;Jf;F cs;shfp cs;shd; vd;gJ fz;kly;

Ntfkhfj; Jbj;jy;> cjLfSk; fPo;j; jhilAk; eLq;Fjy; Mfpatw;wpd;
%yk; cWjpahFk;.

,e;epiy Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; njupatpy;iyahapDk; ngUk;ghYk; cs;Ns

,Ue;Njh> ntspr; #oypy; ,Ue;Njh ngw;w tof;fkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.

,j;jifa xU khztd; xU tFg;giwapy; ,Ue;jhy; ePq;fs; Mrpupau; vd;w

tifapy; mk;khztdJ kdepiyia KOikahfg; ghJfhf;ff; $bathW
nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. ~~nfhd;dd;|| vd;W milahsk; fhl;lg;gLtjw;Nfh> Vsdk;
nra;J xJf;fg;gLtjw;Nfh ,lkspf;ff; $lhJ.

Mrpupau;fSf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;

- vspikahd nkhopapy; NgRq;fs;

- ePq;fs; NgRk; Ntfj;ij rw;Wf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;

- mtu; nrhy;Ytij nrhy;yp Kbf;Fk; tiu nghWikahfTk;

cw;rhfkhfTk; nrtpkLf;fTk;

- mtu; nrhy;y KaYk; nrhy;iy ntspapl Ntz;lhk;

- mtuplj;jpy; jd;dk;gpf;ifia cWjpg;gLj;Jjw;fhf gpioapd;wpf;

fijg;gw;F ,lkspf;fTk;.

- jz;bj;Jk;> fz;bj;Jf; Fiw nrhy;ypAk; cs mOj;jj;Jf;F

cl;gLj;jhjPu;fs;.

- gps;isf;Ff;; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpdhTf;F tpilaspf;f Kd; tuhjPuf

; s;>
kw;wtu;fSf;Fk; ,lkspf;f Ntz;lhk;.

- mtu; Ngr Kw;gLk; NghJ ~~nky;yr; nrhy;Yq;fs;|| ed;whf

%r;nrLq;fs;> kPz;Lk; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J nrhy;Yq;fs;|| Kjypa
MNyhridfis toq;fhjPu;fs;. Vnddpy; mjdhy; mtu;fsJ Kaw;rp
NghjhJ vd epidj;J cs;sj;jpy; Fog;g epiy Njhd;Wk;
jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; rpije;J NghFk;.

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- mtUf;F cq;fsJ Ngr;Rg; ghq;fpYk; ru;;t rk;g+uzkhd jd;ik

,y;iy vd;gijf; fhl;Ltjw;F NgRk; NghJ ~M| ~k;| Mfpa xypfisr;
Nru;j;jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. mg;NghJ ,e;j njsptw;w jd;ik
kw;wtu;fSf;Fk; ,Ug;gjhf epidj;J jq;fSila ,ayhikiag;
gw;wp Fiwahff; fUjhJ mtu;fs; Cf;fkilayhk;.

(www.stntterisa-org)

2. Ngr;R cWg;Gf; FiwghL

xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ngr;rpd; xypia vOg;g Kbahnjdpd; mJ Ngr;Rf;

FiwghlhFk;. tha; my;yJ %f;fpd; mikg;gpd; gpur;rpid ,jw;Ff;
fhuzkhFk;. ,e;epiy Nky; mz;zk; gpsTf;Fs;shtjhy; my;yJ cjl;bd;
gpstpdhy; my;yJ ,Wf;fkhd ehf;fpdhy;> mJTkpd;Nwy; jirfsJ
nraw;ghl;bd; mrhjhuz epiy fuzkhf my;yJ Ngr;irj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;
(ntspg;gLj;Jk;) euk;gpd; nraw;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf Vw;glyhk;. xU gpsTz;l
cjL vd;gJ Nky; cjl;by; Vw;gl;l gpupT MFk;. xU gpsTz;l mz;zk;
vd;gJ thapd; Kfl;by; Vw;gl;l gpsT MFk;. cjL my;yJ Nky; mz;zk;
fUj;jupj;j Muk;g thuq;fspy; KO tsu;r;rpailahikapd; tpisthFk;.
,f;fl;lj;jpNyNa Kfk; cUthfpd;wJ. xNu Neuj;jpy; tsu;rr
; pailAk; Nky;
kw;Wk; ,U gf;fq;fSk; xd;iwnahd;W Nehf;fp tsu;r;rpaile;J ,Wjpahf
kj;jpapy; xd;NwhL kw;wJ neUq;fp fye;J tpLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; xU gpsT
vt;thW Vw;gLfpd;wnjdpy; ,Wjpahf neUq;fp fye;JtpLk; epiy rupahf
epfohikapdhy;> mt;tpilntsp mt;thNw ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mt;thW
epfo;tjw;Fupa fhuzk; my;yJ fhuzq;fs; gw;wp ,Jtiu njspthf
mwpag;gltpy;iy. ,g;gpsT Vw;gLtjw;F guk;giu> #oy; Mfpa ,uz;Lk;
fhuzk; vd;W fUjg;gLfp;d;wJ.

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gpsTgl;l cjL> my;yJ gpsTgl;l mz;zk; xUjiyg; gl;rkhdjhf

my;yJ ,Ujiyg; gl;rkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. xU gpsT KOikahdjhf
my;yJ KOik ngwhjjhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. xd;wpy; gps;is gpsTgl;l cjL
cs;stuhf my;yJ gpsTgl;l mz;zk; cs;stuhf ,d;Nwy; ,uz;Lk;
cs;stuhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

gpsTgl;l cjLk;> gpsTgl;l mz;zKk; jpUj;jf;$ba gpwg;Gf; FiwghLfs;>

gpsTfSf;fhd rpfpr;ir> Muk;g cjl;L rj;jpu rpfpr;ir 3 my;yJ 4
khjq;fspYk; mz;zj;Jf;F 6-12 khjq;fSf;Fs;Sk; Muk;gpf;fg;glyhk;.
Kjy; jpUj;jk; Kbe;J 4-5 tUlq;fspy; kPz;Lk; jpUj;jg;glyhk;. mj;NjhL
%f;fpw;fhd rj;jpu rpfpr;ir fl;bsik tiu jhkjpf;fg;glyhk; (Clezy,
Strokes, Whitehill and Zubrick, 1996).

fl;Lz;l ehf;F

Iakpd;wp Ngr;ir ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd cWg;G ehT.

NgRk;NghJ Mr;rupag;glj;jf;fthW tise;J nespe;J> ntspg;gl;Lk;
NkYau;e;Jk; mJ nraw;gLfpd;wJ. xg;gPll
; stpy; gpwg;gpNy FWfp fl;ilahd
ehf;fpd; Edp ehk; tsu;r;rpailAk; NghJ ePz;Lk; Edp nky;ypajhfTk;
tsu;r;rpailfpd;wJ

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fl;Lz;l ehf;F vd;W fUjg;gLtJ ehf;fpd; Kd; vy;iy fPo;j;jhilAld;

njhlu;Gg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;. mg;NghJ Ngr;Rf;fhd ehf;fpd; gq;F
Fiwfpd;wJ. ghiy cwpQ;rpf; Fbj;jy;> czitr; rhg;gpLjy;> ghdq;fisf;
Fbj;jy;> Mfpa rfy nraw;ghLfSk; kpfTk; f\;lj;NjhL epfo;fpd;wJ.
,ijr; rj;jpu rpfpr;ir %yk; Fzg;gLj;jyhk;. rj;jpu rpfpr;irapd; gpd;du;
Ngr;Rkw;Wk; nkhop rpfpr;ir %yk; gps;isf;F ehf;if ifahSk; rupahd
Kiw fw;gpf;fg;gLk;.

mtu;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; rj;jj;jpy;/ xypapy; fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfs;

tUkhW

1. xu; xyp / rj;jj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf NtnwhU xypiag; ghtpj;jy;.

tapW – > gapU vd nrhy;Yjy;

2. xyp/ rj;jj;ij Kw;whfNt ePf;Fjy;

mk;kh – > k;kh vd nrhy;Yjy;

3. Kw;wpYk; NtW xyp / rj;jj;ij Nru;g;gu;.

tp];Nfhj;J – > bb vd;gu;

4. Nkyjpfkhf xU xypia / rj;jj;ij Nru;g;gu;

g+id – Gg;g+id

Mrpupau;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;

1. itj;jpa MNyhrid ngw;Wf; nfhs;SkhW nrhy;Yq;fs;

2. Xu; xypia / rj;jj;ij jpUj;j KaYq;fs;. mjw;fhf cs;sk;

ftuf;$ba vspikahd nraw;ghLfisr; nra;Aq;fs;. cjhuzkhf
fhfk; Nghy fiujy; (f) rj;jj;ij jpUj;Jtjw;F thiaj; jpwe;J
nra;J fhl;Lq;fs;

3. md;whlk; ghtpf;Fk; nrhw;fis jpdKk; nrhy;Yjy;

4. mtu;fs; gpioahf cr;rupf;Fk; NghJ rpupf;f Ntz;lhk;. rupahd

nrhy;iy ePq;fs; nrhy;Yq;fs;

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5. nkhopapd; xypfSf;F / rj;jj;Jf;Fr; nrtpkLg;gjw;F Vw;w

nraw;ghLfisr; nra;Aq;fs;.

3. cr;rupg;Gg; gpur;rpid

rupahf NgRtjw;F nkhopapd; xypfis ,izf;Fk; Kiwiaj; njupe;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. cr;rupg;Gg; gpur;rpid cs;s gps;isfSf;F ,e;j xyp njhlu;ghf
mwpT ,Ue;j NghjpYk; mijr; rupahfg; ghtpf;f Kbtjpy;iy. mjdhy;
mtu;fsJ Ngr;R nkhop kpf neUq;fpg; goFk; xUtUf;Nfad;wp
kw;wtu;fSf;Fj; njsptpy;yhjpUf;Fk;. nghJthf mtu;fsJ nkhopfspy;
fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; ,itahFk;.

- rpf;fyhdJk; ,ize;j xypfisAk; RUf;fpr; nrhy;Ytu;

- ~Fk| ~fk| vdf; $Wtu;

- KjypYk; KbtpYk; KbTr; rj;jj;ij ghtpg;gu;

- 'Mg;g" vd;gij 'ghg;g" vd;W $Wtu;.

- KjypYs;s vOtha; rj;jj;ij Kw;whf iftpLtu;

- ~rPg;G| ~g;G| vdf;$Wtu;

- Kd; thapdhy; ntspg;gLk; rj;jj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf njhz;ilapy;

cw;gj;jpahFk; rj;jj;ijg; ghtpg;gu;

- mjhtJ w> l> z xypfSf;Fg; gjpyhf ~f> ~`> y| xypfisg;

ghtpg;gu;

gz;lk; – fz;lk;
lfh]; - ffh];
ehfk; - fhfk;

,f;f\;lj;jpdhy; thrpf;Fk;> vOJk; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLk;. fw;gjpy; NghyNt

r%fj;jpy; ClhLk; NghJk; gy gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f NeupLfpd;wJ.

mj;jifa xU gps;is cq;fs; tFg;gpy; ,Ue;jhy;

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- vg;NghJk; rj;jk; njspthf Nfl;Fk; tz;zk; rj;jj;ijf; $l;b

Fiwe;j Ntfj;jpy; $Wq;fs;

- me;jg; gps;isf;F cq;fsJ cjLfs; njspthf njd;gLk;

kl;lj;jpypUe;J Ngr KayTk;

- jpdKk; vspikahd> md;whlk; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;w nrhw;fis me;jg;

gps;isNahL cr;rupf;f epidtpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;

- gps;isapd; ngw;Nwhu;fSf;F tpsf;fkspj;J mtu;fsJ xj;Jiog;igg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

- mj;jh> mf;fh Nghd;w xj;j xyp Nrhbr;;nrhw;fisr; rku;g;gpj;J

NtWghl;il njupT nra;aTk; nrhy;yTk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.

4. Fuy; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpid

Fuypy; mrhjhuz cau; jho;T> xyp guTtjpy; mrhjhuz tpj;jpahrk;> fwL

Kwlhd njhdp Mfpatw;wpypUe;J ,jidf; fz;L nfhs;syhk;.

1. Fuy; tisapy; Vw;gLk; cury;?

gps;isfsplj;jpy; nghJthff; fhzg;gLfp;d;wJ. Kjypy; FuYf;F

Xa;T nfhLj;J gpd;du; rpfpr;iraspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. Fuiy mjpfkhf ghtpg;gjhy; Fuy; tisf;F Vw;gLk; fisg;G

Fuiy cau;j;jpg; NgRtjhy; ,e;epiy Mrpupau;fSf;Fk;> kw;Wk;

tpisahl;L tpohf;fspy; cau;e;j Fuypy; ,ilaPbd;wpf;
$f;FuypLtjhYk; ,J epfoyhk;.

tFg;giwapy; ,e;epiyikfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; khztu; fSf;F rupahd

cl;Rthr ntspr;Rthr Kiwfisg; gapw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk;

5. nkhopj; jhkjk;

nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;jpYk; ,yf;fzj;ijg; ghtpg;gjpYk; cs;s jhkjk; fhuzkhf

gps;isfSf;F fUj;Jf;fis ntspaplTk;> tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk; kpfTk;
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f\;lkhFk;. mjdhy; fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghL

vg;NghJk; Kwpe;J NghFk;. mg;NghJ gps;is cs uPjpahf
Ntjidf;Fs;shfpd;wJ.

,tu;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gz;Gfs;.

❖ Ngrj; jhkjkhjy;> rpyNtis Kjw; nrhy;iy 3 tajstpy; nrhy;Yk;

❖ vspikahd fl;lisfisAk; gpd;gw;w KbahJ

❖ tpdhf;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbahJ. mjdhy; mtu;fsplk; Nfl;Fk;

tpdhf;fis kPz;Lk; nrhy;y Kay;tu;

❖ Nfspf;if tpisahl;Lf;fs;> gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs; $Wk;

fUj;Jf;fs; mtu;fSf;F tpsq;fhJ

❖ vspikahd thf;fpaq;fisf; ifahs;tu;

❖ nrhw;fis epidtpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ fbdk;. mjdhy; ghly;fs;>

ftpijfs; Nghd;wtw;iw kddk; nra;a KbahJ.

❖ nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;jpYs;s Fiwghl;il ePf;Ftjw;F mu;j;jkw;w

nrhw;fisg; ghtpg;gu;. cjhuzk;: mJ Nghd;witfs;

❖ xU fijia my;yJ xU epfo;it xOq;fhf $w KbahJ

❖ xU fye;Jiuahlypy; gp;d;gw;w Ntz;ba rl;l jpl;lq;fs; gw;wp vt;tpj

ftdKk; ,y;iy. cjhuzk;> jdJ re;ju;g;gk; tUk;tiu fhj;jpUg;gu;>
nrhy;Ygtu; Kbf;Fk;tiu nrtpkLg;gu;> fye;JiuahlYf;Fj;
Njitahd cupa jfty;fis kl;Lk; nfhLj;jy;.

❖ fye;Jiuahly;fspy; RatpUg;NghL fye;Jf;nfhs;tu;

❖ jdpikapy; ,Ug;gu;

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gz;Gfisg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ cq;fs; tFg;giwapy;

,j;jifa khztu;fs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs; vd;gJ cq;fSf;F tpsq;f tUk;.
,w;iwtiu ePq;fs; mtu;fis vt;thW ftdpj;jPu;fs;> rw;W rpe;jpj;Jg;
ghUq;fs;. gpur;rpidf;Fupa gps;is vdN;wh? md;Nwy; Nrhk;Ngwp> Kuz;lhd,
klj;jdkhd gps;is vdN;wh? cz;ikapy; ,j;jifa gpur;rpidf;Fupa
gps;isfSf;F tFg;giwapy; ePq;fs; toq;Fk; xj;Jiog;G kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.
fPNo fhzg;gLk; nraw;ghLfisf; ftdpAq;fs;. rupahf nraw;gLj;jpdhy;

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tFg;gpy; cs;s vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fk; rpwe;j ngWNgw;iwg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;syhk;.

1. ,ad;wsT nghUs;fs; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp fw;gpf;f KaYq;fs;.

2. vg;NghJk; njspthfg; Ngrp ghlj;ij ,yFthf tpsq;f itAq;fs;.

3. czu;T cWg;Gf;fisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ghlj;ij

jahuppj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;

4. FO Ntiyfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jk; NghJ gpur;rpidf;Fupa

gps;isia cjtp nra;a tpUk;Gk; khztu;fs; ,Uf;Fk; FOtpy;
Nru;f;fTk;.

5. gpur;rpidf;Fupa gps;is kPJ jdpg;gl;l mtjhdk; nry;yhjthW

Ngr;Rg;gapw;rpfspy; <Lgl ,lkspf;Ff.

6. gps;is nghUj;jkw;w nrhw;fisg; ghtpf;Fk; NghJ gpio vd;W

$whjPu;fs;. rupnad;W ePq;fs; $Wq;fs;.

7. cjhuzk;> ‘ mJNghd;w Ntiyfs’ ; vd;W $wpdhy; Mrpupau; kfNd

g+> fha;> ,iy> ,it vy;yhk; kuq;fspy; cz;L. kuj;Jf;F
mz;ikapy; nrd;W my;yJ xU glj;ijf;fhl;b ,q;Nf ghUq;fs; ~g+>
fha;> ,iy| vd kPz;Lk; $Wq;fs;. ,g;NghJ cq;fSf;F cq;fs;
tFg;giwapy; vg;NghJk; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;w nkhopf; FiwghLk;
mjw;fhf vj;jifa eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk;
xU tpsf;fk; Vw;gl;bUf;fyhk;.

cq;fsJ mLj;j eltbf;if cq;fs; tFg;gpYs;s mj;jifa gps;isfisj;

njupT nra;J mtu;fsJ Ngr;Rf; FiwghL gw;wp xU tpsf;fj;ij
vOJtjhFk;.

mijj; njhlu;e;J ePq;fs; fw;Wf; nfhz;l nraw;ghLfisr; nraw;gLj;Jq;fs;.

fpilf;Fk; ngWNgw;iwf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

tFg;giwiag; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; mikj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;.

Ngr;Rf; FiwghLila gps;isfSf;Fk; tFg;giwapy; vy;yh

nraw;ghLfspYk; Vida gps;isfisg; Nghd;W gq;Fgw;w KbAk;. Mdhy;
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,uz;L Kiwfspy; mtu;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mitahtd

Ngr;R nkhop%yKk; r%fk; mq;fPfupg;gjd; %yKk; jd;dk;gpf;ifiaf;
fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;.

ehk; ,g;NghJ Ngr;R nkhopiag; ghtpg;gJ njhlu;ghf tFg;giwia vt;thW

mikj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;

❖ Ngr;Rf; FiwghLs;s khztu; NgRk;NghJ mtu;fsJ Fiwghl;bd; kPJ

ftdk; nrYj;jhJ Mrpupau;fs; vd;w tifapy mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLk;
juTfs; gw;wp kl;Lk; ftdpAq;fs;.

❖ Ngr;Rf; FiwghLs;s khztu;fSf;F gy Kiwfspy;

gapw;rpngWtjw;F gy re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;f epidtpypUj;jpf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,jid rpW FO Ntiy> nra;jpiaf; nfhz;L nry;yy;
kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahly; Kiw %yk; elj;j KbAk;.

❖ MrpupaUf;F Neuk; gpur;rpidahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Ngr;Rf; FiwghLs;s

khztu;fSf;F RUf;f tpilaspg;gjw;fhd tpdhf;fisr;
rku;g;gpf;fyhk;.

❖ Vida re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtu;;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis tpupthf rku;g;gpf;f

re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;. mtu;fSf;F mq;f mirTfs;> Kfghtid>
glq;fs;> vOj;J %yk; $Wgtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F
cw;rhf%l;Lq;fs;.

❖ Ngr;Rf; FiwghLs;s xU gps;isia MrpupaUf;F mz;ikapy;

,Uj;jpf;nfhs;tijg; gof;fkhfr; nra;JtUfpd;wdu;. mt;thW
nra;ahjPuf
; s;. rupahd Ngr;Rg; ghq;if nrtpkLf;ff; $bathWk;
kw;wtu;fNshL Ngr KbAkhdthWk; kw;w khztu;fSf;F kj;jpapy;
mk;khztu;fis mkur; nra;Aq;fs;.

rhuhk;rk;
Ngr;R ve;j xU nkhopapdJk; gpujhd ntspg;ghl;L ClfkhFk;. mJ Fuy;
xypiag; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jw;fhy cyfpy; Rkhu; 6800 Ngr;R
nkhopfs; Gof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

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Ngr;ir Njhw;Wtpg;gjw;F %isiag; Nghd;Nw Ngr;R cWg;Gf;fSk;

mtrpakhFk;. ngUk;ghyhdtu;fSf;F %isapy; ,lJ miuf; Nfhsj;jpy;
mike;Js;s tpNrl gFjp ,jw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. Ngr;rpd;
cstpaf;fr;nraw;ghL Rthrg;ig> Fuy; tis kw;Wk; Ngr;R cWg;Gf;fs;
%yk; eilngWfpd;wJ. Ngr;Rf;FiwghL gpwg;gpd; NghNjh my;yJ mjd;
gpd;du; thOk; fhyj;jpNyh Vw;glyhk;. mit %isapy; my;yJ Ngr;Rld;
njhlu;Gila cstpaf;fr; nraw;ghLfspy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpid fhuzkhf
Vw;gLk;. tFg;giwapy; nfhd;Djy;> cr;rupg;G> kw;Wk; Fuy; xypapd; gpur;rpid
kw;Wk; nkhop jhkjkhjy;> vd;gdtw;iw nghJthff; fhzg;gLk; Ngr;Rf;
FiwghLfs; vd ngauplyhk;.

,ad;wsT rpWtaJ Kjy; ,f;Fiwghl;il milahsk; fz;L

rpfpr;iraspg;gjd; %yk; Ngr;Rf; FiwghLs;s gps;isfs; fy;tpj;JiwapYk;>
r%fj;jpYk; xJf;fg;gLtjpypUe;J ghJfhj;Jf; nfs;syhk;. rpy Ngr;Rf;
FiwghLfSf;F itj;jpa rpfpr;irAk; mJTk; ,y;yhjtplj;J Ngr;R kw;Wk;
nkhopr; rpfpr;irAk,; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjhy; ,e;epiyikfspypUe;J tpLgl
KbAk;

Mrpupau; vd;w tifapy; ,j;jifa gps;isfis md;ghfTk; ,uf;fj;NjhLk;

mZfp tFg;giwapDs;Ns rhjfkhd elj;ijg; ghq;Ffisr;
nraw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; kpfTk; gaDs;s khztu; Fohj;ij ,e;j ehl;Lf;Fg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; Mw;wy; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;.

▪ Ngr;Rf; FiwghLs;s khztu;; Fwpj;J cq;fsJ cs;sq;fspNy xU

ghjfkhd kdg;ghq;if Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;shjPu;fs;. Vnddpy; mtu;fs;
mijj; njupe;J nfhz;lhy; mtu;fs; cq;fNshL NgRtij iftpl;L
;
tpLthu;fs; vg;NghJk; mtu;fisg; ghu;j;J nghWikNahLk;
cw;rhfj;NjhLk; nrhy;gtw;iwr; nrtpkLq;fs.;

▪ Ngr;Rf; FiwghLila khztDld; NgRtjw;F tpUk;ghj xU epiy

Vw;gl;lhy; mr;nra;jpia ePq;fs; $Wtjw;F kiwKfkhd NtNwhu;
gupkhw;w Kiwia Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.(Lewrs and Doea
1999)

Ngr;Rf; FiwghLila khztu;fisg; nghJthf ePq;fs; tFg;giwapy;

mbf;fb re;jpf;fpwPu;fs; vd;gij epidtpypUj;jpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

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mtu;fSf;Fk; cq;fsJ Vida khztu;fisg; Nghd;W NjitfSk;

gof;ftof;fq;fSk; cz;L. ez;gu;fs; ,Uj;jy;> kfpo;rr
; pahf ,Uj;jy;> kw;w
khztu;fSila kjpg;Gk; mq;fPfhuKk; fpilj;jy; vd;gd mtu;fSf;Fk;
Njit. MfNt mtu;fspd; Vf;fq;fs;> Jauq;fs;> trjpaPdq;fs; gw;wp ePq;fs;
ed;whf mwpe;jpUg;gJ cq;fSf;F kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.

Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

,t;tku;tpd; ,WjpapNy cq;fSf;F gpd;tUk; Mw;wy;fs; fpilf;fg;ngWk;

1. Ngr;R xOq;fPdj;ij gFg;gha;tjw;F

2. Ngr;R xOq;fPdk; njhlu;ghf kdpj r%fk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fUj;Jk;

mJ Ngr;R xOq;fPdKs;s khztdpy; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w
Kiwia tpsf;Ftjw;Fk;

3. gpwg;gpypUe;J 6 taJ tiu nghJthd Ngr;R tsu;r;rpia

tpsf;Ftjw;F

4. Ngr;R gpwg;gjw;F Ngr;R cWg;Gj;njhFjpAk; Ngr;Rf;F cupa %isapd;

tpNrlkhd gFjpAk; nraw;gLk; Kiwia tpsf;Ftjw;F

5. tFg;giwapy; gutyhff; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;w Ngr;Rf; Fiwghl;il

milahsk; fhzTk; cq;fshy; nra;a Kbe;j eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

6. nghJthf Ngr;R xOq;fPdKs;s khztu;fSf;F tFg;giwia

tpUg;gj;NjhL tuNtw;Fk; ,lkhf mikj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.

crhj;Jizfs;

Bowen, C. (1998). Developmental phonological disorders:

A practical guide for families and
teachers. Melbourne: The Australian Council
for Educational Research Ltd.
Clezy, G., Stokes, S., Whitehill, T., and
Zubrick, A. (1996). COMMUNICATION
DISORDERS: An introduction for

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Community-Based Rehabilitation Workers.

Honk Kong University Press.
Fleming, P., Miller, C., and Wright, J. (1997). SPEECH
& LANGUAGE DIFFICULTIES IN EDUCATION.
Winslow Press, UK.
Harris, J. (1990). EARLY LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT:
Implications for Clinical and
Educational Practice. London: Routledge.
Kankanamge, S. (2002). Speech and Language
Difficulties and intervention strategies
National Library, Sri Lanka. (Written in
Sinhala)
Lees, J. and Urwin, S. (1995) CHILDREN WITH LANGUAGE
DISORDERS AITBS India.
Lewis, R. B. and Doorlag, D. H. (1999) TEACHING SPECIAL
STUDENTS IN GENERAL EDUCATION
CLASSROOMS: Fifth Edition. Merrill
Prentice Hall.
Martin, D. and Miller, C. (1996). Speech and Language
Difficulties in the Classroom. David
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Smith, N. (1973) The Acquisition of
Phonology.Cambridge: Cambridge University
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Sousa, D. A. (2001) HOW THE Special Needs Brain Learns
Corwin Press,

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