Manual pedal laundry washing machine proposal for funding

Joram M. Omuchenya

Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST)

Directorate of Science Park, innovation and incubation centre (SPIIC):2020

Abstract
A frond loading rotary manual washing machine fabrication operated by pedaling
designed for washing laundry. The fabrication comprises two main functional detachable
structural systems of a frond cylindrical washing compartment and a rear sitting
framework attached with chain actuated ciprocate of a bicycle pedals for pedaling. The
machine is mainly designed for washing laundry at a house hold level and can also be used
for small scale commercial laundry services. The manual operation of the design is also
suitable for the machine to be used as a house hold component for physical exercise to
promote good health to the user.

INTRODUCTION
Laundry work is part of essential services that are closely associated with daily basic needs
of human life. The technology for development of laundry machine was introduced in
approach to reduce the manual labor spent on washing laundry (Mintz, Steven, 2012)[1] .
According to the “History of Washing Machines”, the earliest special –purpose mechanical
washing device was the wash board invented in 1797 by Nathaniel Brigs of New Hampshire
[1].

In developing nations, including Kenya, laundry work has not yet received sufficient
consideration for innovative strategies to improve the related activities as a potential

industry for production and service delivery at local levels . Although a number of
achievements have been made in laundry work technology as an industry, however, there
is a continuous need for development of additional technologies to provide alternative and
cheap methods for washing laundry in approach to improve the related activities at local
levels. At the front line of technological advancement in the modern society, there is also a

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growing concern for the existing machines which are categorized as automatic and semi-
automatic washing machines. The machines have shortcomings of power consumption,
need for constant maintenance, financial constraints and environmental threat (Samsung,
2008).

There is a need for a cheap version of machines that can be accessed by majority of lower
to middle socio economic classes of people in Kenya as a developing nation. The need
provides a significant business opportunity for introduction of a manual laundry washing
machine that is affordable, easy to operate with lower maintenance costs, and
environmental friendly. On the other hand in the, there is also a growing concern for good
health in both people of lower to higher socio economic classes. The concern is also
becoming a compelling need for introduction of integrated technology that can be used for
laundry work as well as for promoting good health on the same platform of function. To
achieve this goal, this invention also attempts to provide an integrated technology for
development of integrated version of a pedal manual laundry washing machine that can be
used for laundry work and for physical exercise to promote good health to the user.

1.2 TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to fabrication of a pedal operated manual laundry washing machine
that is suitable for washing clothes and other related house hold laundry fabrics. The
design is structurally made up of metallic, wooden and in part PVC components to make it
durable and for effective washing.

1.3. Objectives

The aim of this invention is to introduce alternative affordable design of a manual

washing laundry machine. The specific objectives of the invention are:

i) To fabricate affordable and easy to use pedal operated manual laundry machine.

ii) To design an integrated version of a manual washing machine whereby the manual
operation of the machine is also used for physical exercise to promote good health to the
user.

3. SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The invented machine is made up two main sub-assemblies of different structural

functions:

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 1) A frond loading cylindrical washing compartment and.
2) A rear sitting framework of a cycling system

The washing compartment is mounted on (I) a base of rectangular frame work that has
attachment sites for suspending to mounting the compartment. The compartment
comprises of (II) a lower semi cylindrical basin with (III) upper cylindrical dome that
encloses the lower cylindrical basin. The upper dome is attached to the lower cylindrical
basin by a pair of (IV) hinges that allow the upper dome to be opened or closed by a (V) a
handle of a rectangular frame work. The lower and upper halves form a continuous
cylindrical enclosed wash tab. The wash tab encloses (IV) internal rotary herb. The
internal rotary herb is perforated and provides free space of a cylindrical compartment for
loading laundry fabrics inside the herb. The herb has (V) grooves of paddles. Laundry
fabrics can also be aligned on the external circumference of the herb. The herb is connected
to (VI) two small axis subassemblies of herbs that facilitate the rotary centrifugal motion of
the main herb. One of the axis subassemblies of the herbs has attachment site for mounting
(VII) a free wheel ciprocate. The ciprocate provides the attachment site for (VIII) a chain
that transmits torque movement from a pedal system of the rear sitting frame work
attached with the pedals for cycling.

The cycling system is made of a frame work of a rear vertical sub assembly of (IX) a sit
that is mounted on (X) a rectangular base. The base provides the attachment site for
mounting a front vertical projection of a frame work that forms (XI) a steering. The steering
frame work provides the attachment site for mounting (XII) bi lateral handles for
postural support of a person cycling to operate the machine. The base also provides the
attachment site for mounting angular projection of (XIII) cycling support shafts. The shafts
provide the attachment site upon which (IX) cycling pedals are mounted together with its
functional accessories including a rear(X) ciprocate, which pedals (XII) herb with internal
(XIII) bearings balls, bearing cups within on which two (XII) pedals are attached.

Mode of operation

Laundry fabrics are loaded in the main rotary herb of the washing compartment that has
been filled with water containing a detergent. A rotary motion is initiated by a manual
input energy of the operator by cycling the pedals. The cycling motion from pedaling is
transmitted to the free wheel ciprocate of the rotary herb by the chain that connects the
two ciprocate herbs of the rear pedal system and the rotary herb of front washing
compartment. The motion of the rotary herb provides the output energy for washing
laundry by centrifugation that spins and agitates laundry fabrics through water in the
washing compartment. The rotary herb has additional padals that enhances the agitation
to loosen soil from laundry fabrics.

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1.3. LITERATURE REVIEW

The history of laundry machines technology to the current varieties of modern automated
dry cleaners, involves different places of origin of inventions and time of technological
innovations.

According to “History of Washing Machines”, the early machines were domestic hand
operated manual machines constructed from woods. The first patent titled "Clothes
Washing" was granted to Nathaniel Briggs in the same year . The wooden machines were
later on followed by the introduction of metallic machines. The metallic machines were
introduced to allow for the use of worm or hot water for washing. A fire was used to burn
bellow the washtub to kept the water warm throughout the day for washing. The fire was
used to raise the water temperature for more effective washes With time, advancements
were made to washing machine technology in the form of the rotative drum design[2][3].
The rotary machine was patented by Hamilton Smith of United States in 1858("History of
Washing Machines, 1999) [3].

According to Autum Stanley (1995), the first English patent under the category of washing
machine was issued in 1691. The early design patents consisted of a drum washer that was
hand-cranked to make the wooden drums rotate. The technology introduced the idea of
"powered" washing drums. The replacement of wooden drums with metallic drums
allowed for the drum to turn above an open fire or an enclosed fire chamber (Mothers and
Daughters of Invention, 1995) [4].

Additional resources “ Washing machine –MSN Encarta”(2009) reveals that one of the first
inventions in washing machine technology was the use of enclosed containers or basins
that had grooves, fingers, or paddles to help with the scrubbing and rubbing of the clothes.
The person using the washer would use a stick to press and rotate the clothes along the
textured sides of the basin or container. This agitated the clothes to remove dirt and mud.
This crude agitator technology was hand-powered, but still more effective than washing by
hands (Washing Machine - MSN Encarta 2009)[5].

The invention of the washer machines took place alongside with machines for removal of
water from the washed items, the wringer/mangle machine. The wringer/mangle machine
removed water by twisting and squeezing. The first wringers were hand-cranked, but were
eventually included as a powered attachment above the washer tub. The wringer would be
swung over the wash tub so that extracted wash water would fall back into the tub to be
reused for the next load. Each laundry item would be fed through the wringer separately.
The mangle used two rollers under spring tension to squeeze water out of clothing and
related household items.

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 According to Arwen Mohud (1999) the modern process of water removal by spinning was
introduced when electric motors were developed. The process was originally done in a
separate device known as an "extractor". This involved transferring of a load of washed
laundry from the wash tub to the extractor basket to spin out water [5]. The modern
automated machine is a technological advancement that originated from a combination of
the early washing machine and extractor into a single machine. The combination also
opened away for development of a dry cleaning machine that was then defined as a combo
washer dryer.

According to “Mothers and Daughters of Inventions” (1995), the first patent to be issued In
the UK, under the category of Washing machines was in 1691[6].

In 1782, Henry Sidgier issued a British patent for a rotating drum washer, and in 1790s
Edward Beetham sold numerous "patent washing mills" in England [1].

In 1862, Richard Lansdale of Pendleton, Manchester, was issued a patent of a compound

rotary washing machine, with rollers for wringing or mangling. The machine is reported
have been first publicly shown at the 1862 London Exhibition [7].

In 1829, Wartervlies Shaker was reported to have invented a washing machine. The patent
was issued to Amos Larcom of Wartervliet, New York, in the same year (Andrews, et al
1974)[8].

In 1843, a device that combined a washing machine with a wringer mechanism was
introduced by John E. Turnbull, New Brunswick. The machine was patented in Canada as
“Clothes Washer With Wringer Rolls (Goose Lane, 2001) [9]

I n 1876 Margaret Colvin invented the Triumph Rotary Washer. The machine was exhibited
in the Women's Pavilion at the Centennial International Exhibition of 1876 in Philadelphia.
The Shakers won a golden medal at the same time of exhibition ("History of Washing
Machines up to 1800" [10][11]

The introduction of first electric machines were advertised and discussed in newspapers
as early as in the year 1904.The actual inventor of the electric machine remains unknown.
It has been speculated that Alva Fisher could have been or not the inventor of the first
electric washer machine [12]

In 19 28, the electric washing machine sales reached 913,000 units in US and most of them
included a power wringer. There was also some presence of machines with in-built spin
dryers. It is presumed that the first Laundromat was opened in 1934 in Fort Worth, Texas
and was run by Andrew Clein. Patrons used coin-in-the-slot facilities to rent washing
machines. Laundromat was described in newspapers as early as 1884 and they were
widespread during the Depression years [13].

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1.3.1. Automatic machines:

The first domestic automatic washing machine was introduced in 1937 by Bendix Home
Appliance [14]. Automatic washing machines became dominant in the UK in 1970 and were
almost exclusively of the front-loader design. The machine included many of today's basic
features, but it lacked any drum suspension and therefore had to be anchored to the floor
to prevent "walking". The machine was also expensive because of the components
required. The early machines were usually connected to a water supply via temporary slip-
on connectors to sink taps. Many of the early automatic machines had coin-in-the-slot
facilities and were installed in the basement laundry rooms of apartment houses.

Most of the modern front-loading European machines now only have a cold water
connection (called "cold fill"). The machines rely completely on internal electric heaters to
raise the water temperature [15].In the late 1940 and 1950, a large number of US
manufacturers introduced competing automatic machines (mainly of the top-loading
type).In 1947, Bendix Deluxe introduced an improved model of a front loading automatic
machine [16]. The machine had many of the features that are incorporated into modern
machines. The Hoover Company also introduced another early form of automatic washing
machine that used cartridges to program different wash cycles.

Most of the automatic washing machines rely on electromechanical timers to sequence the
washing and extraction process. Electro chemical timers are made up of a series of cams on
a common shaft that is driven by small electric motors via a reduction box. The cams
actuate a switch to engage or disengage a particular part of the machine at appropriate
time of the wash cycle. The early electromechanical timers ran at a constant speed
throughout the wash cycle, and it was possible for the user to truncate parts of the program
by manually advancing the control dial. One of the first machines was invented in 1957 by
Winston L. Shelton and Gresham N Jennings of General Electric in US. The device was
awarded a US Patent 2870278[17].

Automatic machines can be categorized into various functional types of designs including
front loading washer, top washing washers, laundry center, compact, and washer – dryer
combination.

Front-loading washers
These are the most popular option for higher-end shoppers. Some of the benefits of front-
loading washers are that clothes tend to come out cleaner and the machines typically use less
water, detergent, and energy.. Many front-loaders come in a set with a dryer and are calibrated
to work together--those with faster spin cycles turn out dryer clothes (which mean they need
less time in their companion clothes dryer). Some models are stackable with a dryer. Front-
loading washers often cost more up front, but can save you money in the long run. You have to
use high-efficiency detergent with these machines since regular clothes soap creates too many

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suds. The one downside for some people: you have to stoop down to load and unload. Average
dimensions: Width: 27 inches; depth: 27 inches; height: 36 inches. It is best for people with
larger budgets and those who appreciate high performance.

Top-loading washers
The traditional top-loading washer can consume more energy, water, and be noisier--and they
tend to have less capacity. With this model, loads can become unbalanced and stop the wash
cycle. The good news is that for the trade-offs they are less expensive than most front-loaders
and wash clothes faster. High-efficiency top-loading machines are available and with larger-
than-average washtubs and no agitator, but they come with a higher price tag.

Average dimensions: Width: 27 inches; depth: 25.5 inches; height: up to 42 inches. They are
best for Budget shoppers who need to wash loads quickly and who don't want to stop to load
the wash tab.

Laundry center

This washer-dryer duo comes in a set and might be stacked in a closet to take up less space.
The washer may come as a top or front loader depending on your style and budget.
Average dimensions: Width: 27 inches; height: 75 inches; depth: 31 inches. Best for those
who want to save space.

Compact
Some compact washers can be stored and pulled out when needed are best for those who
live in small spaces. Average dimensions: Width: 24 inches or less; depth: 22 inches; height:
33 inches.

Washer-dryer combination
These front-loading and compact washers are popular in Europe, and combine the washer
and dryer into one machine--once you stick your clothes in they will be both washed and
dried. This can be an option for an RV, for example, too. Because these aren't as common in
the United States, repair people might be less knowledgeable about them. Also, the cycles
take longer while the loads are often smaller than a standard washer. Sometimes clothes
can still be slightly damp even after being "dried. Average dimensions: Width: 23 inches;
depth: 22 inches; height: 33 inches. They are best for: Minimalists who want a compact unit
and who don't need their laundry done in a hurry.

1.3.2. Modern washers/laundry machines

The modern washers have undergone great advancements whereby the manufacturers
have made various adjustments on the structural design to reduce the costs of the
machines. The expensive gearbox controlled machines have now been replaced with
electronic controlled motor speed. Some models have been made to be controlled by Wi-
Fi[18].

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 Some manufacturers have taken steps to reduce vibration emanating from their machines
by reducing or controlling motor speeds. This is by using hydraulic suspensions instead of
spring suspensions, and having freely moving steel balls contained inside a ring mounted
on both the front and back sides of the drum in order to counter the weight of the clothes
and reduce vibration.

Other varieties of washing machines include water jets (also known as water sprays and
water showers) and steam nozzles [18]. The machines sanitize clothes and help reduce
washing time and remove soil from the clothes [19] .Water jets get their water from the
bottom of the drum, thus re-cirlculating the water in the washer. Others have special drums
with holes that will fill with water from the bottom of the tub and redeposit the water on
top of the clothes. Some drums have elements with the shape of waves, pyramids, hexagons
or diamonds [20]. Some include titanium or ceramic heating elements to eliminate calcium
build up in the element to allow heating of water [21].

In 1994, Stabar Industries introduced a machine known as System 2000 washing machine.
The machine is the only top-loading, horizontal –axis washer to be manufactured in the
United States. The machine has a hexagonal tub, which spins like a front-loading machine
and it uses only about one third as much water as conventional top-loaders. This type of
horizontal axis washer and dryer (with a circular drum) is often used in Europe, where
space is limited, as they can be as thin as 40 cm in width.

In 1998, a New Zealand – based company known as Fisher & Pavkel introduced a washing
machine that uses a computer- controlled system machine known as Smart Drive. The
system enables the machine to determine certain factors such as load size and
automatically adjusts the wash cycle to match. It also uses a mixed system of washing, first
with the "Eco-Active" wash, using a low level of recirculated water being sprayed on the
load followed by a more traditional style wash. The Smart Drive machine has also direct
dive brushless DC electric motor; which has simplified the bowl and agitator drive by doing
away with the need for a gearbox system.

In 2000, James Dyson invented and launched a machine known as CRo1 Contra Rotator in
Britain. The machine has two cylinders rotating in opposite directions. It was claimed that
this design reduced the wash time and produced cleaner washing than a single cylinder
machine. The machines were discontinued in 2005 as they were very expensive to produce.
The design was patented under USA Patent US7750531B2 [23].

In 2001, Whirlpool Corporation introduced the first vertical-axis high efficiency washing
machine to be top-loading known as Calypso. The machine had awash plate in the bottom
of the tub, which nutated (a special wobbling motion) to bounce, shake, and toss the
laundry around. The design allowed water containing detergent to be simultaneously
sprayed on to the laundry. The machine proved to be good at cleaning, but gained a bad

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reputation due to frequent breakdowns and destruction of laundry. The washer was
recalled with a class- action lawsuit and pulled off the market [24]

In 2003, Maytag introduced a top-loading Neptune washer. The machine had two wash
plates, Instead of an agitator perpendicular to each other and at a 45 degree angle from the
bottom of the tub. The machine would fill with only a small amount of water and the two
wash plates would tumble the load within it, mimicking the action of a front-loading
washer in a vertical axis design.

In 2006, Sanyo introduced the "world-first" home use drum-type washer/dryer type of a
washing machine with "Air Wash" function that used ozone as a disinfectant. The machine
also reused and disinfected rinse water and used only 50L of water in the cycle mode [25]
[25].

In 2008, the University of Leeds invented a concept washing machine that uses only a
cup(less than 300ml) of water and 20 kg of re-usable plastic beads to carry out a full wash.
It is claimed that the machine leaves clothes virtually dry, and uses less than 2 % of the
water and energy otherwise used by a conventional machine. As such, it could save billions
of liters of water each year. The concept is still underdevelopment as the Xeros Washing
Machine [26].

1.3.3. Eco indicators

In 2012, eco indicators were introduced to predict the energy demand based on the
customer settings in terms of program and temperature of the various washing
machines .In respect to this, there has been a concern on many aspects of energy –using
products.

Some of the recorded features available in most of the modern consumer washing machine
include:

●Delayed execution: a timer to delay the start of the laundry cycle

●Predefined programs for different laundry cycle

●Rotation speed settings

●Variable temperature, including cold wash

Additional features in the modern washing machines include:

● Child lock

●Steam

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●Time remaining indication

Technological advancement has led to introduction of various additional models of

functions included washing machines has led to production of different designs of
washing machines including front loading design, variable and hybrid designs(93).

JUSTIFICATION

Laundry work has a direct relationship and impact on all aspects of socio economic
developments. In all circles of socio- economic activities, people from all walks of life are
seen to be wearing cloths, from childhood, adult to old hood. Convention wisdom states
that “cleanliness is next to Godliness”. It is logical then, that all people would want to look
clean and attractive in clothing that have undergone through washing. Unfortunately, the
task of washing laundry work is time consuming as well as inconvenient practice,
especially when it entirely involves the traditional use of human hands in washing to clean
clothes and other related house hold items. The inconveniency has also created a
characteristic gender biased social attitude to regard laundry work as a house hold duty to
be undertaken by female gender in African societies including Kenya.
From the history of laundry machine technology to the current modern society, it can be
said that the developing African nations have made a little less in inventions and hint,
innovations in technological development of washing machines for laundry work. On a
broader scale, advancement in technology has led to development and introduction of
highly sophisticated automated washing machines for domestic and commercial use in the
modern society. However, technological advancement in machinery for washing laundry
has also been marked by a characteristic socio economic impact.

A survey conducted in Kakamega county of Kenya in courtesy of this project, revealed that
75% of the general population of people in Kenya as a developing nation is unable to afford
the modern automated laundry facilities and the related large scale commercial laundry
services at local levels. Hence, they depend on traditional a method that entirely involves
the use of human hands, because of socio-economic constrains that deny them to access the
modern laundry services. 15% of the population is able to occasionally access the modern
laundry facilities. However, they as well would prefer to seek for the traditional services in
most cases at a house hold level. 10% of the population is able to afford the modern
laundry facilities and services. This constitutes 7% of high and middle class people that can
afford the machines for domestic use at a house hold level. 3% include people living in
rural areas where electricity awaits to be fully installed. At large the trends in Kenya reflect
the general impression in other developing nations of Africa.

Socio economic impact

The characteristic impression indicates that the main beneficiaries are a few elite people of
high socio economic classes that are capable to adopt and use the advanced technologies of
the day. It can be said that people in developed nations, in which the various technologies

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originated, have evolved to adopt with time to each step of advancement from the primary
inventions.

Kenya and other developing nations have been on a recipient end of the various imported
foreign technologies including machinery for washing laundry work. This has been marked
by a technological push, in which advancement from a technological venture awaken new
needs, and often its significance is not proportionally appropriate to address the challenges
and requirements of the majority of the population of people at local levels. It can be said
that the more advanced is the technology, the more its impact is marked by a tendency to
create socio economic marginalization of people by widening the gap between the affluent
class of a few rich and the disadvantaged class of poor majority of the general population
in developing nations.

When considered in terms of socio-economic implications, the modern automated washer

or laundry machines comes with several challenges including the complexity, the cost for
buying and maintenance, and the requirement and high consumption of electric power. The
demand for power also supersedes the supply for the same. This makes highly advanced
washer machines proportionally expensive to the poor majority of the general population,
especially in the most remote areas.

Environmental implication

Many aspects of energy-using products (EuPs) have a negative impact on the environment
(Kathrin et.al 2011). Consequently, according to Daewoo electronics (2015), they require
frequent maintenance and are a threat to the environment, in that, at the end of the product
life span, electric gadgets must be disposed separately from other waste. According to
Kathrin et.al (2011), many aspects of energy-using products (EuPs) have a negative impact
on the environment (emissions to air including greenhouse gases, to soil, recycling, and
water consumption). In line with the Integrated Product Policy (which promotes the
principle that requirements on the environmental performance of products should address
all environmental aspects during the complete lifecycle of the product), the Commission
decided in August 2003 to propose an integrated framework for setting “eco-design”
requirements for EuPs (including energy efficiency requirements) while avoiding
fragmentation of the market.

There is therefore a continuous need for technological development of additional

alternative methods of washing machines that are cost effective and environmental
friendly. One the most promising approach to address the need is to introduce an
integrated version of a manual pedal operated laundry washing machine described herein.

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