System design

In this section we will talk about design our system part and what did we use in it and explain it in terms of
easy understanding the process of defining elements of a system like modules, architecture, components
and their interfaces and data for a system based on our vision Designing our system appropriately for the
requirements of our application

we describe the views, models, behaviors, and structure of the system .

system main part's

1. gate
2. camera's
3. motor
protection:
we also used some protection devices in our system design and make it more reliable and safer for human,
cars and for the sake of the circuit itself and protecting it from damaging or rain wet because we took
diligent care for our electric system and we do not want any future costs

additional:

we came up with some ideas that we liked to share it with you in this project we added them and explain
them in uncomplicated way to understand and to follow our system and make it more reliable and more
efficient some ideas that can make our work a master piece

challenges:

we had some challenges in designing our project for the hardware parts but we manage to concurred then
and solve them and we mention them too in this section we give you the whole story for build and
designing our system and what methods we follow to solve them and make it happened

Main part's:
1-GATE
The twentieth century saw the development of many new automated gate systems. Which were being used
in a wide range of applications. These included self-opening doors for office buildings and homes, gates for
parking lots and other controlled access garage gates.

Car Parking barrier systems are ideal for controlled and safe passage of vehicles which enter to and exit
from parking lots. With barrier arms which can be prepared in two meters, you can completely close the
transition points and you can allow passing the vehicles which you have given authorization

and there is multiple gate we will discuss some of them

boom gate system:

1. car parking barrier

A boom barrier, also known as a boom gate, is a bar, or pole pivoted to allow the boom to block vehicle
access through a controlled point it contain a two to three meters length bar and controlled unit like
remote control or sensor to respond and have power unit like motor and mechanical part to help open the
door

tyer killer:

Tyre killers are essentially a metal strip that acts as a speed breaker for the person driving

and it come with a standard of blocking width about two to six meters and blocking height of twenty cm

Work principal:
The LPR parking system uses domestic and foreign superior algorithms to automatically recognize the
license plate number and give corresponding signals in the system software to realize automatic monitoring
and management.

2-Camera design
A camera is an optical instrument that captures images and with that we can continue our work with
project by taking images and processes it through our code and computer system and analyze the data

And we have three camera parts

A-Camera for cars
with AI system we have the ability to identify vehicles at parking entrances can provide major benefits no
need for positioning adjustments. This also reduces false readings Looking for a vehicle is made easier this
camera able to gather data that informs us of advance vehicle Use of AI means factors like the vehicle’s
brand, color, and direction of movement can be identified and giving the order for the gate to close or stay
open depends if the car passing or not

B-Camera for cars plates

we talked about this camera in the previous section but here I will explain briefly about it

License plate recognition (LPR)

Cameras play a substantial role in the process of license plate recognition by capturing a video of a vehicle’s
license plate through an advanced camera. The video is stored for review or analyzed using optical
character recognition software and let the software making the decision of denying or give approval

C-Camera for QR code

a QR code is stand for (quick response code)

is type of a matrix barcode contain information about the contain data for a locator, identifier a QR code
consists of black squares arranged in a square grid on a white background, including some faucal markers
which can be read by an imaging device such as a camera, and processed using code or some sort of
software's the camera help to extracted patterns that are present in both horizontal and vertical
components of the image

https://www.canalys.com/analysis/intelligent-vehicle
https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/ahs/ahs_precursor_cd/CAL_L.PDF
https://survisiongroup.com/post-what-is-license-plate-recognition
https://www.azena.com/insights/license-plate-recognition-revolutionize-traffic
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8632711
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6960674/
Main part's
2-motors
Nema 17 stepper motor:

Nema mean national Electrical Manufacturers Association

is a DC electromechanical devise that converted electrical power to mechanical power and can divide a full
rotation into controlled steps without feedback or sensor thanks of the internal structure of the motor and
those features makes it fit for a wide range of application

Mechanism:

it is using the theory of magnetic to move is shaft by applying voltages to terminals and it convert
it to pulses to move prices distance let us say the stator has eight poles, and the rotor has six poles
The rotor will require 24 step to make one complete revolution and very step will be 15 angle degree for
each pulse

The work principle of the stepper motor is by energize a one or more stators coil a magnetic field will be
formed and by the current flowing in the coil and it rotate the rotor in a specific direction and angle

By suppling different pulses and phase sequence the shaft will move to the final desired position

Types pf stepper motor:

1. Permanent magnet rotor

The rotor is permanent magnet coil the is align with magnetic field that formed from coil it provides good
torque and lower speed

2. Variable reluctance rotor

The rotor is made of iron core with specific shape it has higher speed and lower torque
3. Hybrid rotor

It contains the previous two and its advantages but with higher cost and complex structure

Controlling:
It is controlled by transistor bridge that provide the coil with current and voltage and the pre driver is the
device that control the transistor bridge when to open and close by an MCU (microcontroller unit) that
programmed by the user of the stepper motor

Stepper motor figure

Datasheet:
Circuit and its operation:

Tarun, Agarwal (24 October 2013). "Stepper Motor – Types, Advantages & Applications".

https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/stepper-motors-basics-types-uses

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepper_motor#
Induction motor:
The induction motor is widely use in Rotring industry for its characteristics one phase or 3 phase they both
desirable induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel cage type

Induction motor is an AC electrical motor in which the current in the rotor is needed to produce torque is
obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator

Construction:
The stator of an induction motor consists of poles carrying supply current to induce a magnetic field that
effects the rotor. and windings are distributed in slots around the stator, with the magnetic field having the
same number of north and south poles. Induction motors are most commonly run on single-phase or three-
phase power, but two-phase motors exist; in theory, many single-phase motors having two windings can be
viewed as two-phase motors, since a capacitor is used to generate a second power phase 90° from the
single-phase supply and feeds it to the second motor winding

Rotation reversal:
For the induction motor to move in the other direction it depend if it is one phase or three phase
because in three phase all we need to do is just change 2 phase and we have a reverse direction but in
one phase induction we have a capacitor we need to change the power input before or after the
capacitor terminal

Figure
Starting:

A single-phase motor is not self-starting motor it means that it needs an equipment to start the single-
phase land single phase motor is usually classified according to the starting methods

Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Motor

As we can see the capacitor is connected in series to the start winding and the capacitor is always
connected in the two phases in one starting and two functioning or running mood and the motor start
itself by the using of the capacitor because and the two winding are placed 90 degrees from each other

Figure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor#

https://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515104915/http:/www.ece.msstate.edu/~donohoe/
ece3183asynchronous_synchronous_machines.pdf

https://circuitglobe.com/permanent-split-capacitor-psc-motor.html
Protective part's:
In every electrical unit we need to be sure nothing goes wrong and build it with great care and for that
purpose we uses some protection devices to make sure if anything goes wrong nothing will happen to the
main circuit and reduce our losses to the maximum and can fix it or replace it with easy work and more
efficient effort and for that reason we used circuit breaker that design to protect.

Operation:
Basically, they all do the same job and server the same purpose and that is to protect the circuit but in
detailed every protective devise is different depend for the circuit and its use and the differences between
them for usage some for high or low current or high and low voltage other for temperature and pressure

But for our circuit we selected three main protective devices.

1. Circuit breaker

It is a protection device that can be use more than once and it is exceptionally reliable and can be use
without replacement of any of its parts

https://pdhonline.com/courses/e245/Mod03-Chapter-2%20Circuit%20Protection%20Devices.pdf
 2. OVERLOAD

When u try to use more electricity than your circuit is made to the overload will trip and open the circuit
and prevent fires and damaged the devises

3. Fuse:
Is the simplest protection device there and its cheap but not very much reliably it contains a thin metal that
melt in exceeded temperature and cut off the connection to the circuit and the parts show in the figure

Figure

https://pdhonline.com/courses/e245/Mod03-Chapter-2%20Circuit%20Protection%20Devices.pdf
Additional parts:
In this project we wanted to share some ideas with you and some thought, and we put in this section with the
explanation you need to understand the additional parts and our suggestions to add in this project if needed or
wanted to for creating a better job and plan for this project

Firstly, we will start presenting the new part

1. IR SENSOR:

What is an IR Sensor/Infrared Sensor

An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An
IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detecting the motion. These types of sensors measure
only infrared radiation

Working Principle:
The working principle of an infrared sensor is similar to the object detection sensor. This sensor includes an
IR LED, and an IR Photodiode LED is one kind of transmitter that emits IR radiation whereas the receiver is
IR photodiode is responsive to the infrared light that is generated through an infrared LED. The resistance
of photodiode & the change in output voltage is in proportion to the infrared light obtained

https://www.etechnog.com/2021/06/ir-sensor-circuit-connection-project.html

Types of Infrared Sensor:

 Active IR Sensor: This active infrared sensor includes both the transmitter as well as the receiver
  Passive IR Sensor: The passive infrared sensor includes detectors only, but they do not include a
transmitter.

Circuit diagram

Figure

https://www.circuits-diy.com/ir-sensor-module-circuit/

https://robu.in/ir-sensor-working/

https://robocraze.com/blogs/post/ir-sensor-working

2. Traffic lights:

are signaling devices positioned at road or gates and other locations to control flows of traffic or movement
Traffic lights consist normally of three signals, transmitting meaningful information to drivers and riders
through colors and symbols including arrows and bicycles. The regular traffic light colors are red, yellow
(also known as amber), and green arranged vertically or horizontally in that order. Although this is
internationally standardized,[4] variations exist on national and local scales as to traffic light sequences and
laws

Figure
https://www.google.jo/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vecteezy.com%2Fvector-art%2F16461471-traffic-light-icon-clipart-in-
animated-cartoon-vector-illustration&psig=AOvVaw3dLUjG5PMYk6FCG-
qmHDKG&ust=1679224044146000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjRxqFwoTCLCly6Gr5f0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAj

Standard meanings for traffic lights internationally

Light type Meaning

Red Traffic may not proceed beyond the stop line or
otherwise enter the intersection
Red/Amber The signal is about to change, but the red-light
rules do apply

Amber Traffic may not pass the stop line or enter the
intersection unless it cannot safely stop when
the light shows
Green Traffic may proceed unless it would not clear the
intersection before the next change of phase

https://sites.tufts.edu/carscultureplace2010/files/2010/09/McShane-traffic-signals-1999.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variations_in_traffic_light_operation