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MODULE 4

MOTIVATION

정 동 일 (연세대학교 경영대학)
What Is Motivation?

어원: To move 라는 라틴어의 “movere (모웨:레)”에서 유래


- 움직이게 하다. 행동하게 하다.
Motivation: the processes that account for an individual’s intensity,
direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal
의미: 자신의 욕구를 충족시키면서 동시에 조직의 목표 달성을 위해 자
신의 능력을 최대한 발휘하고자 하는 노력

동기부여의 3가지 요소
1. 수준 (Intensity): How hard a person tries
2. 방향 (Direction): Toward beneficial goal
3. 유지 (Persistence): How long a person tries
Performance = f(A x M x O)
Motivation의 중요성
동기부여 이론

욕구단계이론 (Hierarchy of Needs Theory: Maslow, 1954)


욕구단계 이론의 한계

“A homeless person will not be motivated to meditate!”


욕구단계 이론의 한계

 욕구구조에 위계적 한계 및 실증연구 미비 (e.g., 매즐로우는 어린이는


생리적 욕구 혹은 안전 욕구가 강하고 어른들은 존경과 자기실현 욕구
가 강하다고 주장

 괴벨과 브라운의 실증 연구 결과

 어린이는 다른 집단에 비해 생리적 욕구가 더 중요하다고 평가

 안전욕구는 노인층에서 가장 높게 평가

 사회적 욕구는 모든 연령층에서 중요한 것으로 나타남

 존경욕구는 청년층, 자기실현 욕구는 중/장년층에서 중요하게 평가


2요인 이론 (Two factor theory: Herzberg, 1959)

 인간은 근본적으로 자신이 담당하고 있는 직무에 관심을 가지며 직무


에 대한 태도에 따라 성공과 실패가 결정된다.

 직무 만족 및 불만족에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 집합 정리한 이론

 동기요인들 (내재적요인: motivator): 성취감, 인정, 직무자체, 책임


감, 승진, 성장

 위생요인들 (외재적요인: Hygiene factor): 회사정책, 보스와의 관계,


근무여건, 임금, 동료관계, 안전 등
Contrasting Views of Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction
Comparison of Satisfiers and Dissatisfiers

Factors characterizing events


on the job that led to extreme
job dissatisfaction

Factors characterizing
events on the job that
led to extreme job
satisfaction
McClelland's Theory of Needs
• Need for Achievement (nAch)
– The drive to excel
• Need for Power (nPow)
– The need to make others behave in a way they would
not have behaved otherwise
• Need for Affiliation (nAff)
– The desire for friendly and close interpersonal
relationships

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공정성이론 (Equity Theory: Adams, 1963)

• 자신의 직무 수행에 투입한 요소와 그로부터 받는 결


과물과의 비율이 다른 사람의 그것과 비교하여 합당
하다고 인식하는 정도가 중요하다는 이론.
Equity Theory (cont’d)
Equity Theory (cont’d)

Choices for dealing with inequity:


1. Change inputs (slack off)
2. Change outcomes (increase output)
3. Distort/change perceptions of self
4. Distort/change perceptions of others
5. Choose a different referent person
6. Leave the field (quit the job)
Keeping Pay Equitable at Costco

Costco Wholesale CEO Jim Sinegal (shown


in this photo) thinks the large wage gap
between many executives and employees
is blatantly unfair. “Having an individual
who is making 100 or 200 or 300 times
more than the average person working on
the floor is wrong,” says Sinegal, whose
salary and bonus are a much smaller
multiple of what his staff earn.
목표설정이론 (Goal-setting Theory: 1968)

• 개인이나 조직에서 사전에 구체적 목표를 설정함으로


써 보다 효과적인 성과 창출이 가능하다는 이론

Specific
Relevant
Challenging Task Task
Commitment Effort Performance

Participation
Feedback
목표의 난이도와 성과

High
Task Performance

Area of
Optimal
Goal
Difficulty

Low Moderate Challenging Impossible


Goal Difficulty
기대이론 (Expectancy Theory)

 개인은 어떤 결과를 얻을 수 있고 그 결과가 자신에게 매력이 있을 때


행동하게 된다

 3가지 구성요소

 1) 기대: 개인의 노력 정도가 성과로 연결될 확률

 2)
수단성: 성과에 따라 조직으로부터 이에 상응하는 보상이 주어
질 확률

 3) 유의성: 조직의 보상이 개인에게 얼마나 매력이 있느냐는 정도


E-to-P를 높이려면?

• 교육을 통해 업무 수행 시 필요한 역량 개발
• 필요한 역량을 갖춘 인재 선발
• 역할 (role)에 대한 명확한 정의
• 자원을 충분히 제공
• 성과에 대한 정확한 피드백과 코칭
P-to-O를 높이려면

• 성과 측정을 보다 정확하게 하기 위한 방법 모색
• 바람직한 결과에 대한 명확한 기준 전달
• 보상의 종류보다는 일관성과 공정성이 중요
기대이론의 시사점

 구성원이 조직에서 제공하는 보상에 대한 지각 정도가 중요

 개인의 욕구, 성격, 가치 등에 따라 보상에 대한 매력도에 차이의


인식이 중요

 사전에 구성원의 행동을 평가하는 기준 설정

 자신이 노력하면 어떤 수준의 성과를 낼 수 있을 것이라는 인식, 즉


자신의 능력과 보상가능성에 대한 확신이 중요
직무특성이론 (Job Characteristics Model)
Job Design Theory (cont’d)
Skill Variety
The degree to which a job requires a variety of
different activities (how may different skills are
used in a given day, week, month?)

Task Identity
The degree to which the job requires completion of a
whole and identifiable piece of work (from beginning to
end)

Task Significance
The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on
the lives or work of other people
Examples of High and Low Job Characteristics

Characteristics Examples

Skill Variety
• High variety The owner-operator of a garage who does electrical repair, rebuilds engines,
does body work, and interacts with customers
• Low variety A bodyshop worker who sprays paint eight hours a day
Task Identity
• High identity A cabinetmaker who designs a piece of furniture, selects the wood, builds the
object, and finishes it to perfection
• Low identity A worker in a furniture factory who operates a lathe to make table legs
Task Significance
• High significance Nursing the sick in a hospital intensive care unit
• Low significance Sweeping hospital floors
Autonomy
• High autonomy A telephone installer who schedules his or her own work for the day, and
decides on the best techniques for a particular installation
• Low autonomy A telephone operator who must handle calls as they come according to a
routine, highly specified procedure
Feedback
• High feedback An electronics factory worker who assembles a radio and then tests it to
determine if it operates properly
• Low feedback An electronics factory worker who assembles a radio and then routes it to a
quality control inspector who tests and adjusts it
Job Design Theory (cont’d)

Autonomy
The degree to which the job provides substantial freedom
and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work
and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying
it out

Feedback
The degree to which carrying out the work activities
required by a job results in the individual obtaining direct
and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her
performance
Job Motivating Potential?
Job Design and Scheduling

Job Rotation
The periodic shifting of a worker from
one task to another

Job Enlargement
The horizontal expansion of
jobs

Job Enrichment
The vertical expansion of jobs
Alternative Work Arrangements

Flextime
Employees work during a common core time period each
day but have discretion in forming their total workday from
a flexible set of hours outside the core.
Alternative Work Arrangements, cont.

Telecommuting
Employees do their work at home on a computer that is
linked to their office.

Categories of Telecommuting Jobs


• Routine information-handling tasks
• Mobile activities
• Professional and other knowledge-
related tasks
Telecommuting

 Advantages  Disadvantages (Employer)


 Larger labor pool  Less direct supervision of
employees
 Higher productivity
 Difficult to coordinate
 Less turnover
teamwork
 Improved morale
 Difficult to evaluate non-
 Reduced office-space costs quantitative performance
Implications for Managers

• Motivating Employees in Organizations


– Recognize individual differences.
– Match people to jobs
– Use goals and feedback.
– Allow employees to participate in decisions that affect them.
– Link rewards to performance.
– Check the system for equity.
– Individualize rewards.
– Don’t ignore money.

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