SOCIAL SCIENCE (087) CLASS :- IXth

DAILY PRACTICE PAPER

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
Topic :- THE AGE OF SOCIAL CHANGE
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. By the mid-19th century in Europe which idea attracted widespread
attention on the restructuring of society?
2. Mention an important view of the liberals.
3. Mention a significant view of the radicals.
4. What was the important change during industrialisation?
5. Mention, in brief, the problems brought by industrialisation.
6. Whose ideology was against any kind of change earlier in the 18th
century?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
7. Name two socialists who introduced a communist system. What was a
communist society in view of Karl Marx?
8. How should society according to liberals and radicals develop? Write in
brief.
9. What were the ideals of conservatives?
10. Describe the basic principle of the Marxist theory.
11. Who were Robert Owen and Louis Blanc? Describe their significant
views related to cooperatives?
12. State one different ideas each of liberals, radicals and conservatives.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
13. Explain how a society, according to socialists, can operate without
property? What would be the basis of socialist society?
14. In which three ways were liberals of the 19th century different from
radicals of that period?
15. Explain socialist system in brief. How were socialist party associations
formed in various parts of the world?
SOLUTIONS

1. Socialism
2. Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. They disliked the
uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
3. Radicals were the one who wanted a nation in which government was
based on the majority of a country's population. They opposed the privileges
of great landowners and wealthy factory owners.
4. Men, women and children were brought to factories to work during
industrialisation.
5. Long working hours, low wages and unemployment created problems for
them. Housing and sanitation problems also were growing rapidly.
6. The conservatives in the early 18h century were against any kind of
political and social change.
7. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Karl Marx believed that to free themselves
from capitalist exploitation, workers had to build a radically socialist society
where all property was socially controlled.
8. (i) Liberals and radicals were often property owners and employers.
(ii) They acquired wealth through industrial ventures and trade. They firmly
believed that such efforts should be encouraged that its profits would be
reaped if the work force in the economy was healthy and citizens were
educated.
(iii) They put forth the idea that societies could develop if the poor could
labour, freedom of individuals was ensured and those with capital could
operate without restraint.
9. The conservatives had the following ideals:
(1) In the beginning of the 18th century, they disliked the idea of change.
(ii) Later in the 19th century, they accepted that some change was
inevitable.
(ii) At the same time they believed that the past had to be respected and
change had to be brought about in a slow process.
10. (i) Karl Marx believed that the condition of workers could not improve as
long as profit was accumulated by private capitalists.
(ii) Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property.
(iii) Workers must construct a radically socialist society where all property
was socially controlled. This would be a communist society and a
Communist Party was the natural society of the future.
11. (i) Robert Owen was a leading English manufacturer who sought to
construct cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana (USA). He
felt that the government should also help such cooperatives and
(ii) Louis Blane was also a nationalist who wanted the government to
encourage cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprises. According to him,
the cooperation should be formed with the cooperation of the people and its
profit should be divided as per the work done by members.
12. Different ideas are as follows:
i) Liberals believed in changing society and thought that only propertied
men should have right to vote.
(ii) Radicals believed in rule of majority, and supported women's right to
vote.
(ii) Conservatives approved both liberals and radicals. They accepted the
change but believed that past had to be respected.
13. Co-operative could not be built on a wide scale only though individual
initiative.
(i) They wanted that governments must encourage co-operatives and
replace capitalist enterprise.
(i) They said that cooperatives were to be associations of people who
produced goods together and divided the profits according to the work done
by members.
(ii) More ideas were added to this body of arguments.
(iv) These ideas were added by Karl Marx and Fredric Engels. Marx argued
that industrial society was capitalist. Capitalists owned the capital invested
in factories.
(v) The profit which came to them through these factories was produced by
the workers. The workers contributed to the profits but did not gain
anything.
14. Liberals were different from the radicals in the following ways:
(i) They wanted a nation that tolerated all religions.
(ii) They were opposed to uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
(iii) They wanted to safeguard rights of individuals.
(iv) They wanted representative, elected parliamentary government.
(v) They did not believe in Adult Franchise.
Radicals:
i) They wanted a government based on majority.
(ii) They were opposed to privilege of landowners and wealthy factory
owners.
(iii) They disliked concentration of power in few hands.
(iv) They supported women's suffrage movements.
15.
➢ Socialists were against private property and saw it as the root of all
social ills of the time. They realised that though property provided
employment, it provided personal gains to property owners, not to
individuals who contributed to make the property productive. For
collective interest, socialists wanted this change and campaign for it.
➢ In England and Germany, workers began forming associations to fight
for better living and working conditions. They established funds to help
 members in time of distress and demanded a reduction of working
hours and the right to vote.
➢ In Germany, these associations worked closely with the Social
Democratic Party (SPD) and helped it win parliamentary seats.
➢ By 1905, socialists and trade unionists formed a Labour Party in
Britain and a Socialist Party in France.