Brcdis tical Mechanics A . Macro state — Ah wacrostate 4 a “Timea aig also Comte out Fo big cate.— the beste prellen of statishcee! mecha is to Caleulate the avg: occupe no. for Ailfereuk Cosce eo ae Chasdicel particles Q « Maxwell Goltymenuw — Bret ice Foun - Dteae Bose ~Sirchin ° Distinguisable Particle, °° Tadic Hnguitlalle + Didi wa >» No Aestaichion of no. of +L perbile ae in 1 state testrrction ” prsticles tu each stare ~ Sokishicek ivterpectation of eae TAS = AUt PAV - MAN given find TPR pe o. BG 6 dependent on AU, All thise Zalso change the no. of microstate | availoble te the Ay: Yowever Vnk Lew jecaus @ oV2QAN SQ Ds Count be dived S +S, 46, while Su = da, de, Wns ouk , the orly fa that codiifies tlus is He Ln eee \ee |(| Ahattisheat interpretation but aoby ; For two Systeme 1 and 2 b= +S, (Addi tive property) = DQ Be (Muti piicative ) cb ind the funckiual foun of al Bw S aud Ru, dk 62 Bet Td) 3 TCR Ra) = TCR 4 50.22) Wifkerenttate wrt yp, aX a = ATOR) () Ald 2a) AS Swi AT vb = ATC Re) © eK ABs) ALQa) 2 U 4T0WD = Ay AKR) AR, Ad Sines 1 awd 2 ane arbitsary . Wud 2 ke Ar Signi fleas : PR 04 the total no. of microstates how disordered. the aystan isos there awe wurttible poesilulitics of Fired. euiray States for ce Bulacey i6 A measure Of disoadieUnis alse Strengthens Hea view that S$ Achre - bouts diteediz in a ays. Oecause move us- of yritres totes =» Move ditecader - Man well - Betymen Mic teilution Furetion laleataling Wr - 4; bones in level €; (degeneracy ) Ny particles to be putin these bores vio: of ways Considvung all Ns (44) ’ levele, ™@; Ms Rut unter level exchavige gives diff wi ovo bake Since parkcles ax Aistivgui chalde, No. wows In which we can have inter - level Crlamge 2 Sth w0.6f sequence for alt N pasrheles = Nl. Buttlese Contam sequences ushidh Adfter ovdy gua to iviea - level taechavge. We have NI TV Nj | a wk = TY Ga a ONS_ wher there are a large vo. sf Pascbicles , the Aug - ecoupation wo.c of televel are sane as the otuupation wo.< in the most probable macrostate pe the marostate with Man We - Sowe Could eithee calculate arg. Msectly 04 use marina probable mactestate. — Derivation weg vos, peohatle mactroctate aaaeeneeeeeeee det w* Acprecent tresumedynaruic beobals lity of ras probable wacershate. i] Wy a™ = NI W (@))” “4d NI Instead of Varin yong we Wo, we could nantinndze kin W givee bn Wile au inGuasi fou o& w Q will Pave man. at cawe pt. ac We. De We = Dat + SNM gy — Sb WI Q t OF Shaking apbroni motion : fu NI NoeN- NC for lnege W) 2 > > 5m SN; a Ns EEN hn Whe Nba AS + ZW bags SN; On aN= NIN + tN, bn (as | - @ j Ny) For Maxima, Alln Wp) = 0 = oo + Be (BY any — <1 dny = Comstrarts | N= SN; = uat( No. © f Particle) J dJN= sdNj=o0 -@ U= Sy NE; = wustt- J ( > dus GaN =o - ‘ Jj , © 6 Usiug o , - Se te ai) any =0 - © Q N; a All aN, 6 are vot tndepeudut 2 MOR O© ane the Cousteauks on AN, € - Using dagrange wethed of Undtkermined S Cbce Whevdin D of mubtiblicce, as MeL alingte Wx +(B) x © + @ =o aves 5 (tu. (8. + x— Bej) an) =6 lanonnrNow, all AN) © ane indeberdent Coeffiiiewks are 0 2 he ($3) +o - Pej a Nj No = v a ~ BE} _ Bj oN = AME * Chee) -~ BE; Su; > N= AXaGe = A2 whose 21s called partittou dn. qi FS AzeN 2 > N; = Mi eo PS _ 6 Caliutating B Using Gin @ R Sa ky law" 2) ay Sz kg [NbN — Sz be N+ SN; he z+ Baghi|So Neey NReWm 2% + Bie a= 3907 PS = $-¢ * je fu. of Vloe other enckousive locrdinate ou which Ej cipmds) & B . Bo §oe 2 equililvium statte with sawe P2V AS = Pre Av Abo AS = AU fy, 2 states wth v Saue V2T Bke= tL 2\|B- 4 Tv keT . No = No 4; @ Ret ee Abo wiuce vow, S= Nk ln? +U (eeu) &AeUR (Heb us belly ecconay fw ) - hs — Nketh 2 -O Ape (Hy. = ket le 2 EeNow , Nj becomes Nn @ Ret 4 Yl enbrxeston j< achieved hy coleulating aug. eceup rs Anacctly Instead of eccubu ne, of most peobable Arote wrarwo vate. Apblication of H-B statsHes - Classical Pex fat gas : - Asaum pros: © Monodomue gas — Ovdy KE © Atoms axe pt. Lee withuo internal sturture ‘ Cuca quail gation Jka Particle in a Lox "levels can be assunred continuous if eZ RT. Classical Limit) + No iwteractlous mi ecterual fields. ey = hn* (mu Samy 4 n,*) co 2m” ae (asdition fue: er) S94) @ et J Werte he ciumeuaartg ove ah Atetze, S0 ia- Gince the states nergy levels ane Spaced Closely we Covsideee intewals biw €) 2 ej +46) KZ colubate te no. of States Ag CG) iw this \ whdeval . ~ 6 = HEHE uth at 2mL* RMS * 2 wat eyr ene Im the my, Mg , Uz space, cack pee will Arpresent 41 2 = a? = Wy Lx aa > 2 a x? )” 2m? RT bistaLution Axcomes ! - 6h AN, = NO agdm) e RT J 2 > No. of «tates bly v No. of paxticles bin Ej & €) 44665 6 ® &+a6; a44tvj)= Buy® an; 2 R €& = nay? Mea g ML* We can Convert agiUjto aglay) We qk aglej)= 4 SE Va ye pee Le J J Uring tis 2 eupression for 2 y - 6 AN; = N& €é.°2 Vet J , € ; Vn Cet) %2 J 4 6; # We drab the sulreceipts ateumumg Covtinuous levels 2 feprcseat ANj Ly nleyde & agle;) Ky gee. ne) Aé = Nez c 1 - Opt | Ur (kn ae ENS sd Pn dae ; Wet, the probability 4 finder g a paxticle Law Cray levels € 2 Erde Encegy dist ailutiou fu — We benteitiey austatbe fa fer em lista bun fu. eoneegy fos then te) = a en % ‘(fe = ely 'Mea undue the cue Um 6, % €2 would qe probability of a particle having 6 bw & Ze, Momentum Ofetrcbubiey— Ti can le Weed te to caleutake woet posable bnrera K avg Currey mort probable at ; é aug - (Efe We gk Eye = x RT <é>o = BRT Momertumn Distaibutou me) de = Near Nx 2 Valet) *2 oO é be ~ Let lan be feadily converted to omen tune distay oO = bop : Mm using é= = de 2wm We SG ee N fn e -F lb) ab = = —N . Gambt jy ral leMomautum Compouont eistribubion can Le obra eck Ly mothe Hot 4a? pdtv oneeadun Spree noting thet a single Integral wath, an bab as Volume lent tu p-shoee iz Some asa tiple integeat with vol: elenrout dbx dby db, | ie oe fl Px, Py, Py) = (2am) ¥ br by dpe who f(b dhe 1 — efx db,, & soon (2amkT) Yo * SF Sp No Fractou of particles Lu baw be td, Cam le foumsl hy int Apeed distw ou © over y aud % C-o tow). TE ee Cownce ouk t) be flr) dbx -— Ty momentun dist. forma, usp b= mv QR & dp = may - mv wildy = LN 4K @ Skt (m?y*) mde (25m&1) % av n° advo = N ( ™ |* unve fkt Adv 2akT Cowbovent Dishubutton : Me - aa mW) av, = N (25,) e kt Av, gee & fo OMnn) av 2 Probability of N particle havi speed bw wr Q vita wb To Yost Prebatle velocity sp eich at =o R Ast av Py f= Avte™ - ve —Bry? at = a [ ave 6 ~ 2By2e a av =o a a Viab e tL SB i Ni [2 me VwViews aA Slax» 2 6% - Hd we Te > Te 7Tbeypalpasté How 4 Onergty lusidir a parauueter F ou which the Cneray tert espoudiuig to that porame ce Aeperols as: )= age From maxwell Boltynamn Aistain We would qt a Aistei. fur of the Gun: ~ ft) (See eq: mladg = Ae kr dg Vel. Loubousut oo dustelbukiows) — €LR) N= A fe ee Ar - 2 “ - ety) = A (ene rr dg ea A fee eer ag a a wo ~ ak = 4fyem dy ° r@) / = “Le we ~ age fe * 43 PO) \Sak at per peaitle J. Avg. Guergy pew Aegeee of fteedon| ie 3 RT Ye would Le true fox Vor, Vay Ves vibrational