DC Machine

1. Stator:
o Yoke: Supports and protects the machine.
o Pole Cores and Shoes: Spread and shape the magnetic field.
o Field Windings: Generate the magnetic field.
2. Rotor (Armature):
o Armature Core: Path for magnetic flux.
o Armature Windings: Induce EMF.
o Commutator: Reverses current direction.
o Brushes: Conduct current to external circuit.

Induction Machine

1. Stator:
o Stator Core: Supports windings.
o Stator Windings: Create rotating magnetic field.
2. Rotor:
o Rotor Core: Supports rotor bars.
o Rotor Windings: Induce current (squirrel-cage or wound type).
o End Rings: Short-circuit rotor bars (for squirrel-cage).

Synchronous Machine

1. Stator:
o Stator Core: Supports windings.
o Stator Windings: Generate rotating magnetic field.
2. Rotor:
o Field Windings: Create constant magnetic field.
o Slip Rings and Brushes: Supply DC to field windings (for salient pole).
o Damper Windings: Reduce oscillations (optional).
3. Excitation System: Provides DC supply to field windings.
Ways to Reduce Hysteresis Loss
Magnetic domains in the core material lag behind as they align and realign with the shifting
magnetic field, resulting in hysteresis loss. To reduce loss due to hysteresis:

Use High-Quality Magnetic Material: Silicon steel and other materials with less hysteresis
loss are utilised. Because of their small hysteresis loops, these materials lose less energy
during each magnetization cycle.

Proper Heat Treatment:: Annealing the core material can lower internal tensions and enhance
its magnetic characteristics, which will lower the loss of hysteresis.

Operate at Optimal Flux Density: Excessive magnetization cycles that heighten hysteresis
loss are prevented by maintaining the magnetic flux density within ideal bounds.

Thin Laminations: By reducing the amount of material that experiences frequent

magnetization changes, using thinner laminations can help lower hysteresis and eddy current
losses.

It is possible to successfully reduce hysteresis losses and eddy current in the armature core by
emphasising premium materials and design.

Circuit Breaker Types

Miniature circuit breakers, or MCBs, guard low current circuits from overloads and short
circuits. automatically turns off and has a manual reset button to avoid harm.

Moulded case circuit breakers, or MCCBs, are used for greater current ratings and offer
protection against ground faults, overloads, and short circuits. It features a moulded case for
insulation and trip settings that are changeable.

Characteristics of a Fuse Wire

Low Melting Point: When an excessive amount of current flows, it melts quickly and breaks
the circuit.
High Conductivity: Guarantees low resistance while operating normally.
Stable and Predictable Performance: Dependable circuit protection through consistent
melting characteristics.
Corrosion Resistance: Preserves integrity in a variety of environmental circumstances and
over time.
Thermal Stability: Maintains its quality even at standard working temperatures because to its
thermal stability.
The international standards for low voltage (LV), medium voltage (MV), and high
voltage (HV) are as follows:
 LV: Up to 1,000 volts (V)
 MV: Greater than 1,000 V but less than 100 kilovolts (kV)
 HV: Equal to or greater than 100 kV but equal to or less than 230 kV

According to the National Electric Code (NEC) of India, 2011, low voltage (LV),
medium voltage (MV), and high voltage (HV) are defined as follows:
 Low voltage (LV): Voltage that does not usually exceed 250 volts
 Medium voltage (MV): Voltage that usually exceeds 250 volts but does not exceed
650 volts
 High voltage (HV): Voltage that usually exceeds 650 volts but is less than 33
kilovolts (kV)
Difference Between MCB and MCCB

1. Current Rating:
o MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): Typically used for lower current ratings,
usually up to 100 A.
o MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker): Used for higher current ratings,
typically up to 2500 A or more.
2. Applications:
o MCB: Suitable for residential, commercial, and light industrial applications
where the current load is relatively low.
o MCCB: Suitable for industrial and commercial applications with higher
current requirements and more demanding environments.
3. Protection Features:
o MCB: Provides protection mainly against overloads and short circuits.
o MCCB: Provides protection against overloads, short circuits, and ground
faults. Also, it often includes adjustable trip settings for customized protection.
4. Interrupting Capacity:
o MCB: Has a lower interrupting capacity, generally up to 10 kA.
o MCCB: Has a higher interrupting capacity, typically up to 100 kA or more.
5. Size and Design:
o MCB: Smaller, compact, and designed for installation in standard distribution
boards.
o MCCB: Larger and more robust, designed to handle higher power
requirements and often used in industrial switchboards and control panels.
6. Resetting Mechanism:
o MCB: Typically has a simpler resetting mechanism and can be manually reset
after tripping.
o MCCB: Often includes more complex mechanisms for resetting and may have
features for remote operation and monitoring.