Think about your answers to these questions:

Induction precedes attraction Induced magnetism is How will you test whether a
temporary given rod is made of iron or
copper?
 Properties of magnetic
field lines
• They are closed and continuous curves.
• .Outside the magnet: north pole to south pole
• inside the magnet: south pole to north pole
• The tangent at any point on a field line gives the direction of
magnetic field at that point.
• They never intersect one another. (Why?)
• They are crowded near the poles of the magnet and far away
near the middle of the magnet. (Why?)
• Parallel and equidistant field lines represent a uniform magnetic
field.
• They behave like a stretched elastic rubber strings.
 MAGNETIC FIELD
OF EARTH
A freely suspended magnetic needle
always rests in geo north-south direction.

An iron rod buried inside the earth along

north-south direction becomes a magnet.

Neutral points are obtained on plotting the

field lines of a magnet where the net
magnetic field is zero.

A magnetic needle rests with its geometric axis making

different angles with horizontal when suspended at different
places on earth.
PLOTTING OF UNIFORM MAGNETIC
FIELD LINES OF EARTH
Magnetic field lines do not intersect each other.
They are parallel and equidistant.
They are directed towards geo south to north

magnetic field lines

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/
magnet-and-compass
Plotting of Non-Uniform Magnetic field of
strong bar magnet and Neutral points

https://youtu.be/IJgzVaTPEow?si=Q3j-OvILW6ylS_3m
https://stemonline.tech/en/physics/magnetism/
https://javalab.org/en/category/electricity_en/magnetism_en/
WHEN THE MAGNET IS PLACED WITH ITS NORTH POLE
POINTING TOWARDS NORTH
• The magnetic field lines are curved in the vicinity of the magnet. They are mainly due to the
magnetic field ofthe magnet which is stronger than the magnetic field of the earth in this
region.
• As the distance from the magnet increases, the strength of the magnetic field due to the
magnet decreases.
• There are two points equidistant from the center of the magnet market as ‘X’ in east and west
direction, called as Neutral points. Here the magnetic field of the magnet and the horizontal
component of the earth’s magnetic field ae equal in magnitude and opposite in direction such
that they neutralise each other.
• Here the needle remains unaffected and rests in any direction each other.
When the magnet is placed with its south pole pointing
towards north
• The magnetic field lines are curved in the vicinity of the magnet. They are mainly due to the
magnetic field ofthe magnet which is stronger than the magnetic field of the earth in this
region.
• As the distance from the magnet increases, the strength of the magnetic field due to the
magnet decreases.
• There are two points equidistant from the center of the magnet market as ‘X’ in north and
south direction, called as Neutral points. Here the magnetic field of the magnet and the
horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field ae equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction such that they neutralise each other.
• Here the needle remains unaffected and rests in any direction each other.

https://youtu.be/JY617VAb9xc?si=WcSxF3etEq954AT
B
When the magnet is placed with its south pole When the magnet is placed with its south
pointing towards south pole pointing towards north
 Neutral Points
Neutral points are the points at which two magnetic field lines are equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction. The net magnetic field ta this point is
zero. A compass needle if placed at these point, will rest in any direction.
 ELECTROMAGNET

https://javalab.org/en/magnetic_field_around_a_coil_en/
x
 CONSTRUCTION OF I-SHAPED
AND U-SHAPED BAR MAGNET
When current is passed through the
winding of the solenoid by closing
the key, the end P of the bar
becomes the ‘South Pole’ since
current at this face is clockwise,
while the end Q at which the current
is anticlockwise, becomes the north
pole (N).
CONSTRUCTION OF I-SHAPED AND U-
SHAPED BAR MAGNET
When current is passed through the
winding of the solenoid by closing
the key, the end P of the bar
becomes the ‘South Pole’ since
current at this face is clockwise,
while the end Q at which the current
is anticlockwise, becomes the north
pole (N).
WAYS OF INCREASING THE MAGNETIC
FIELD OF AN ELECTROMAGNET
i. by increasing the number of turns of
winding in the solenoid
ii. by increasing the current through the
solenoid.
 Advantages of electromagnet over a
permanent magnet
1. Can produce a strong magnetic field.
2. Strength of the magnetic field of an electromagnet can easily be changed.
How?
3. The polarity of electromagnet can be reversed by reserving the direction of
current in its solenoid.
 Your Turn!
Answer the following questions;

Questions:
• How is the working of an electric
bell affected, if A.C. current is used
instead of D.C. ?
• How can you change the polarity of
an horse shoe magnet?
• You are provided with two similar
bars, one is a magnet and the other
is a soft iron bar. How will you
distinguish between them without
the use of any other magnet or bar?
• Can you draw at least two magnetic
field lines between the two
magnets?