PHYSICS LABORATORY MANUAL

Subject Name : APPLIED SCIENCE LABORATORY

(PHYSICS)
Subject Code : 23AS102

SHORT PROCEDURE
 L-C-R CIRCUIT

AIM:
To design LCR resonant circuit and plot the resonance circuit of L, C and R
components when connected in series.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Capacitor, resistor, voltmeter, ammeter, frequency generator, inductor, connecting
Wires

FORMULA

1. Calculation from the graph (series resonant circuit)

a. Practical Resonant frequency fr =

b. Band width Δ𝑓 = |𝑓1 − 𝑓2|

𝑓
𝑟
c. Quality factor 𝑄 =|𝑓 −𝑓 |
1 2

d. Theoretical Resonant frequency

1
𝐹𝑟 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
Where

𝑓1 - Lower frequency
𝑓2 - Higher frequency
L - Inductance value
C - Capacitance value
SERIES RESONANCE
OBSERVATIONS: -
Series resonant circuit
Capacitance (C) = __________ µF
Resistance (R) = __________ Ω

Inductance (I) = __________ mHz

Frequency Current Frequency Current

CALCULATIONS: -
2. Calculation from the graph (series resonant circuit)
a. Practical Resonant frequency fr = ________ Hz

b. Band width Δ𝑓 = |𝑓1 − 𝑓2| =

𝑟𝑓
c. Quality factor 𝑄 =|𝑓 −𝑓 |
1 2

d. Theoretical Resonant frequency

1
𝐹𝑟 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

RESULT:
LCR Resonance circuit is designed in both series and parallel modes and hence
graphs From the tabulated readings are plotted.

Parameters LCR Series

Resonant frequency

Band width
Quality factor
 TIME CONSTANT OF AN R-C CIRCUIT.

AIM:
To study the exponential decay of current in a circuit containing Resistance and
Capacitance and to determine the R.C. time constant.
APPARATUS: -
RC timer circuit kit with
Capacitors
Resistors
20V power supply
Digital voltmeter
Connecting wires.
FORMULA:

Theoretical time constant= R×C

R – Resistance value

C – Capacitance value
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH
OBSERVATIONS:

Set 3
Set 1 Set 2
Time R1= -------- Ω
Time R2 = ------- Ω
Time R3 = -------- Ω
C1= --------- µf C2 = ---------µf C3 = --------- µf
S.No.
Voltage or Voltage or Voltage or
Sec Sec Sec
current current current

RESULT:

Practical time
Theoretical Time
RC time constant constant
constant= R×C
(from Graph)
R1= -------Ω
C1= ------ µf
R2= -------Ω
C2= ------ µf
R3= -------Ω
C3= ------ µf
MAGNETIC FIELD ALONG THE AXIS OF CURRENT CARRYING COIL –
STEWART AND GEES METHOD

AIM:
To study variation of magnetic field with distance on the axis of a
circular coil carrying current
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Stewart Gee type galvanometer, battery plug key, commutator, rheostat
and ammeter.
FORMULA:
Theoretical Magnetic field of the given coil
𝜇0𝑛𝑖𝑎2
𝐵= 3
2(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) ⁄2
Where
i = current passing through the coil
x = distance of the point from the center of the coil.
a = Radius of the coil
µ0 = 4π×10-7
n = No. of turns in the coil
Practical Magnetic field of the given coil
B = BH tan θ
Where
BH = 0.38x10-4 Tesla
 OBSERVATIONS: BH = 0.38x10-4 Tesla
µ0 = 4πX107
Current I = ---------- amp.
n = …..

Deflection
Right (+)
Left (-) Avera
Distance East of the coil
S.No West of the coil Mean Mean ge tan θ
x B = BH tan θ
Θ
θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4
RESULT:

The magnetic field along the current carrying coils at different places
was calculated theoretically & practically and verified.

Distance X in meter Theoretical value of B Practical value of B

 DETERMINATION OF HYSTERESIS LOSSES IN A FERROMAGNETIC
MATERIAL

- MAGNETOMETER METHOD

Aim:
To draw the hysteresis loop for a ferromagnetic material and hence to calculate the hysteresis
loss of the specimen.
Apparatus required:
Ferromagnetic rod, solenoid, deflection magnetometer, battery, compensating coil,
ammeter and commutator.
Formula
Intensity of magnetization for each value of the magnetizing field

Intensity of the magnetizing field for each value of current

H = Ni / L A-turns/m
Explanation of Symbol
Symbol Explanation Unit
I Intensity of Am-1
magnetization
H Intensity of A-turns/m
magnetizing field
N Number of turns in one No Unit
metre length
i Current passing A
through the circuit
H0 Horizontal component No Unit
of earth’s
θ Deflection in the Degree
magnetometer
D Horizontal distance m
L Length of the specimen m
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Current Deflection in the magnetometer tanθ
(I) A
θ1 θ2 Mean (θ)
0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

-2.5

-3.0

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5
Calculation:

Intensity of magnetization:

=0.025 X 1 unit of y-axis

= AM-1

Intensity of magnetizing field:

H = Ni A-turns/m

= 2950 X 1Unit of x-axis

S= A-turns/m

Area of the Hysteresis curve (A) = X 10-6 m2

Volume of the ferromagnetic rod (V) = л r2l m3

= 3.14(1.5X10-3)2 x 27 x 10-2 m3

= 190 X 10-8 m3

Hysteresis Loss = I X H X A/V

= joules/cycles/volume

Result:

The energy loss per cycle per unit volume of the given
specimen=___________________________ Joules/cycle/volume
 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF GIVEN COIL OF WIRE

METER BRIDGE

AIM:

To determine the specific resistance of the given coil of wire by comparing two nearly equal
resistance using a Carey –Foster Bridge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

A carey-Foster Bridge, coil of the given wire, leclanche cell, Key, two equal resistances P and
Q, galvanometer, high resistance, jockey, known resistance box and so on

FORMULA:

Resistance of the given coil of wire X = R +( L1-L2) S Ω

Specific resistance of the given coil of wire ρ = Xπr2 /L Ω-m

Explanation of Symbols

Symbol Explanation Unit

S Resistance per meter length of the bridge Ω-m

X Unknown Resistance Ω

L1 & L2 Balancing Length m

R Known Resistance in the resistance box Ω

r Radius of the given coil of wire m

L Length of the given coil of wire m

DETERMINATION OF S:

Draw the graph between (L1-L2) and R and find out the incept on Y-axis is known as S

S= Ω/m

Determination of unknown resistance X

Balancing Length
Resistance
S. No With R in With R in X = R +( L1-L2) S
R
the left gap(L1) the Right gap(L2)

Unit (Ω) (X 10 -2 m) (X 10 -2 m) (Ω)

10

Mean (X)
To find the thickness (d) of the beam using Screw gauge:

L.C. = 0.01mm Z.E.= ------------ X 10 -3 m

Z.C. = ----------- X 10 -3 m

S. No P.S.R H.S.C OR= PSR+(HSC X LC) TR = OR ±ZC

Unit X 10 -3 m Div X 10 -3 m X 10 -3 m

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Mean = ---------- X 10 -3 m

RESULT:

i) The unknown resistance of the given coil of wire X= _______________ Ω

ii) The specific resistance of the given coil of wire (ρ)= _____________ Ω-m