BS.

Psychology F-20
Computer-I (GC-103)
Week 07
 ‫ﻗَﺎﻟُو ْا ُﺳﺑْﺣَ ﺎﻧَكَ ﻻَ ﻋِ ْﻠ َم َﻟﻧَﺎ‬
‫إِﻻﱠ ﻣَﺎ ﻋَ ﻠﱠ ْﻣ َﺗﻧَﺎ إِﻧﱠكَ أَﻧتَ اﻟْﻌَ ﻠِﯾ ُم اﻟْﺣَ ﻛِﯾ ُم‬
“Glory be to You, we have no knowledge except that which you
have taught us. Verily, it is You, the All-Knowing, the All-Wise”.
(Surah Bakra-32)
History & Classification of computers
History of Computer

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Outline

01 History of Computers

02 Mechanical Computers

02 Electronic Computers

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 How did computer come into existence?
Imagine that you have a job where you have to perform nothing but
calculations every day, at one point of time you will get bored, you
might even become careless and start making mistakes.
Computer has taken important part in our life.
Today’s technology has made impossible things
possible in human life…

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The Mechanical History of Computers
 Abacus Napier’s bones

Leibnz calculator Pascal’s calculator

Arithmometer

Tabulating Stepped reckoner

machine Jacquard loom
Havard mark 1
 Abacus
Machine/Devic Year Information
e
Abacus 5000 BC Abacus is known to be the first mechanical
calculating device and called a Counting Frame.
Which was used to be performed addition and
subtraction easily and speedily.
 Abacus

Abacus is made up of wooden frame in which rod where fitted across

with rounds beads sliding on the rod. It is dividing into two parts
called ‘Heaven’ and ‘Earth’. Heaven was the upper part and Earth
was the lower one.
 Napier’s bones

Machine/Device Year Information

Napier’s bones 1624 John Napier, a Scottish nobleman and politician
devoted much of his leisure time to the study of
mathematics. He was especially interested in devising
ways to aid computations. His greatest contribution
was the invention of logarithms. He inscribed
logarithmic measurements on a set of 10 wooden rods
and thus was able to do multiplication and division by
matching up numbers on the rods. These became
known as Napier’s Bones.
Napier’s bones
 Pascaline
Machine/Device Year Information
Pascaline 1642 Pascal, a French mathematical genius, at the age of 19
invented a machine, which he called
the Pascaline that could do addition and subtraction
to help his father, who was also a mathematician.
Pascal’s machine consisted of a series of gears with
10 teeth each, representing the numbers 0 to 9. As
each gear made one turn it would trip the next gear up
to make 1/10 of a revolution. This principle remained
the foundation of all mechanical adding machines for
centuries after his death. The Pascal programming
language was named in his honor.
Pascaline
 ANALYTICAL ENGINE
Machine/Device Year Information
Analytical 1823-1833 In the year 1823, a scientist form England knows to
Engine be Charles Babbage invented such a machine. Which
could keep our data safely? This device was called
Analytical engine and it deemed the first mechanical
computer. It included such feature which is used in
today’s computer language. For this great invention
of the computer, Sir Charles Babbage is also known
as the father of the computer.
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
First Computer
Programmer
Augusta
▪ In 1840, Augusta Ada Ada Byron
Byron suggests to Babbage
that he use the binary
system
▪ She writes programs for
the Analytical Engine

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Step up to Modern
Computers
Computer Generations
Electronic Computer
 The computers of today are vastly different in appearance and
performance as compared to computers of earlier days.
But where did this technology come from?
To fully understand the impact of computers on today’s world and the
promises they hold for the future, it is important to understand the
evolution of computers.
The First Generation (1940-1956):
The first generation computers made use of:

▪ Vacuum tube technology,

▪ Punched cards for data input,
▪ Punched cards and paper tape for output,
▪ Machine language for writing programs,
▪ Magnetic tapes and drums for external storage.
▪ ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC etc. are the examples of FGC

Features of FG:
▪ Huge size
▪ Highly unreliable
▪ Very costly
▪ Difficult to use
▪ Not for commercial use
▪ Consumed a lot of electricity
▪ Generates a lot of heat, so AC needed
Vaccum Tube is a device used to
control the flow of electric current using a
vaccum in a sealed container
The Second Generation (1956-1963):
In the second generation computers:

▪ Vacuum tube technology was replaced by transistorized technology,

▪ Size of computer started reducing,
▪ Assembly Language started being used in place of Machine Language,
▪ Concept of storage program emerged.
▪ IBM 1620, IBM 7094, AND CDC 3600 are the examples of SGC

Features of FG:
▪ Smaller size as compared to FGCs
▪ Fast and reliable
▪ Still very costly
▪ Difficult to use
▪ Not for commercial use
▪ Consumed less of electricity as compared to FGCs
▪ Still generates heat, so AC is required
A Transistor is a semiconductor device
used to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electric power.
The Third Generation (1964-1971):
In the third generation computers were characterized by:

▪ Use of integrated circuits,

▪ Phenomenal increase in computation speed,
▪ Use of magnetic tapes and drums for external storage,
▪ Design of operating system and higher level language.
▪ IBM 360 series, Honeywell 6000 series, AND IBM 670/168 are the examples of TGC

Features of FG:
▪ Smaller size as compared to SGCs
▪ Faster and more reliable
▪ Still costly
▪ Started for commercial use
▪ Lesser maintenance
▪ Consumed lesser electricity

▪ Generate less heat, but AC required

An Integrated circuit (IC)
something is called microchip, is a
semiconductor wafer on which thousands or
millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and
transistors are fabricated.
The Fourth Generation (1971-present):
The general features of the FGCs were :

▪ Use very large scale integration,

▪ Invention of microcomputers,
▪ Introduction of personal computers,
▪ Networking and fourth generation language.
▪ DEC 10, STAR 1000 AND PDP 11 are the examples of FGC

Features of FG:
▪ Small size as and portable
▪ Very faster and much more reliable
▪ Very cheap
▪ Very less maintenance
▪ Computers became easily available
▪ No AC required
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Large-scale integration (LSI) is the process
of integrating or embedding thousands of
transistors on a single silicon semiconductor
microchip.
The Fifth Generation (1989-present):
Defining the fifth generation computer is somewhat difficult because the
Field is still infancy. The computers of tomorrow would be characterized by
Artificial Intelligence (AI). Computer could be develop which could think and
reason in much the same way as humans. Computers would be able to accept
spoken words as input (voice reorganization).
Desktops, laptops etc. are the examples of FGCs.

Features of FG:
▪ Very fast and highly reliable
▪ Availability of very powerful computers at very cheap rates
▪ User Friendly Interface
▪ Development of artificial intelligence

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Classification of Computer

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 According to the
Analog Computers
Functionality
Digital computers
computers can be
divided into 3 types:

Hybrid Computers
Analog Computers
Digital Computers
Classification of
01 Special Purpose Computers
computers on the
base of
02 General Purpose computers
Purpose:
 Special Purpose Computers

Special purpose computers are designed to solve

special problems like machine control or process
control

They are widely used in industrial robotics

 General Purpose Computers

They are designed to solve a large variety of problems

Most of them are digital computers
They are widely used in business and commercial data processing
Classification of Computers on the base of Size,
Speed and Cost

▪ Microcomputers
▪ Mainframe Computers
▪ Minicomputers
▪ Super Computers
Super Computers

▪ Designed for Scientific purpose

▪Super-computer have huge memory
▪These computers are high-capacity computers that run continuously and
are being used by big organizations mostly big corporations and
government institutions.
▪Users of SC include NASA and US government etc.
Mainframe Computers

▪ Are less powerful than super computers but are capable of great
processing speed, multi tasking capability and high data storage
▪Used by large companies like banking, insurance online transaction
Micro Computers

▪ Micro computers are smallest computers

▪ cheap and easy to use
▪Are the most common and widely used computer today
▪ Examples: Personal computers, laptops etc.
Mini-Computers

▪A minicomputer is a type of computer that holds most of the features

and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in size
▪General purpose computer
▪Less expensive
▪Small in memory
▪Less powerful
Handheld Computer

▪ Are the smallest computers that are designed to fit into one hand or
palm
▪Handheld computer also called palmtop
▪These computers may combine pen input and communication
capabilities such as telephone and internet applications
Tablet Personal Computers

▪ Fancy notebook similar to laptop

▪Can accept handwriting using digital pen
▪It comes in various sizes, shapes and features
Notebook Or Laptop

A laptop is a small, portable computer -- small enough that it can sit on

your lap. Nowadays, laptop computers are more frequently
called notebook computers, though technically laptops are somewhat
larger in size than notebooks, in both thickness and weight
Personal Computers Or PC
A personal computer (PC) is a multi-purpose computer whose size,
capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. Personal
computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather
than by a computer expert or technician.