Al- Falah English language & Grammar

centre
Parts of speech:
Parts of speech are made of two words: parts= means segments or sections; speech = means talking
or conversation.

So parts of speech means sections of conversation.

Definition: It is one of the traditional classifications of words that form our speech.

Or words which are divided into 8 classes or groups according to their grammatical functions in a
sentence is called Parts of speech.

Ex: Fahim drives fast. Adverb ex: Fahim is observing fast. Noun

Ex: Fahim is a fast driver. Adjective ex: Fahim should fast since a year. Verb

There are eight parts of speech in English but divided into two kinds.

1..... open class elements

 Noun ex: beauty

 Verbs ex: beautify
 Adjective ex: beautiful
 Adverb ex: beautifully

They allow grammatical change.

2......closed class elements

 Pronoun ex: he, she, you, I, we, they

 Conjunction ex: and, but, for, so, yet, nor, or
 Preposition ex: on, in, at
 Interjection ex: alas, wow, oh, hurrah

Noun:
It is derived from Latin word “ nomen” which means “ a name “ or “ naming words”.

Noun is a word, phrase, or clause which is used to name the following:

 Person ex: Amjad Rahman, boy, girl

 Place ex: Bannu, Peshawar, Pakistan
 Thing ex: table, pen, book
 Animal ex: dog, lion, ox, horse
 Birds ex: dove, sparrow, owls
 Action ex: running , smoking, dancing, to drink, to teach
 Idea ex: information, loyalty, bravery
 Quality of mind ex: love, hate, like, dislike
 Title or occupation ex: teacher, pilot, grammar book
There are two parts of a noun.

1. Animate nouns: they are those nouns that refer to living creators. Ex: boy, cat, woman,
crow.

2. Inanimate nouns: they are those nouns that refer to non-living creators such as: book, pen
table, room, etc

Kinds of noun:
Nouns are divided into 10 kinds.

Proper noun: a noun that is not the name of any particular person, place, or thing.

Ex: Karan khan is a singer. Ex: Russia is the largest country.

Common noun: a name that is not the name of any particular person, place, or thing.

Or It is the name of a common person, place, or thing.

Ex: that is our school. Ex: A book is on the table.

Concrete noun: it is the name of something that can be detected with at least one of the five
senses: touch, hearing, sight, smelling, and taste. Because it has an existing body.

Ex: book, air, pen, Ali,

Abstract noun: is the name of something that cannot be detected with your five senses, but it can
be felt, because it has no an existing body.

Ex: pain, love, hate, friendship, anger, honesty, happiness, beauty, light.

Material noun: is the name of substances out of which other things are made. (Can be concrete)

Ex: plastic, wood, paper, silk, cotton, iron, steel etc.

All of the above things are used to make different things.

Countable noun: it is also called unit noun. It is the name of something which can be counted and
divided into singular and plural.

Ex: boys, book, rooms, etc

Non countable noun: it is also called mass noun. It is the name of something which cannot be
counted nor divided into singular and plural.
Ex: water, salt, air, honesty, money, news, honey.

Countless noun: it is the name of something which cannot be counted easily.

Ex: hair, sugar, rice, wheat etc.

Collective noun: a name that refers to a group or collection of persons, places, things, or
animals is called collective.

Collection of people: a team of players, an army of soldiers, a gang of thieves, a band of musicians,
a panel of experts, a staff of employees, a crowd of people, a jury of judges, a mob of protesters, a
company of friends, a bevy of ladies, girls, a class of students.

Collection of animals: a flock of birds, a hive or swarm of bees ( insects), a herd of sheep, cattle etc,
an army of ants, a troop of lions, a kennel of dogs, a pair of Cubs, a fleet of squirrels, a litter of
animals ( especially born it one time to an animal), a pack of wolves, pod of whales, a school of fish
( any marine animals), a parliament of owls

Collection of things: a library of books, a collection of books, a galaxy of stars, a basket of fruits, a
forest of trees, a stack of wood, an album of pictures, a bouquet of flowers, a bundle of news paper,
a string of beads, a pride of performance, a bunch of keys, a litter of cans, bottles, paper, ( all the
trashed things) , a pair of shoes.

Compound noun: it is made up of two or three words in which either of the words functions as an
adjective and modifies the other one.

There are three types of compound noun:

 Open compound noun: in this type, the words have spaces between them such as: college
bus, eye glasses, bus stop, man of the match, commander in chief.
 Closed compound noun: in this type, there are no spaces between them. Ex: housewife,
keyboard, homework, Facebook, haircut.
 Hyphenated compound noun: in this type the words have hyphens between them. Ex:
father- in- law, editor-in-chief,

Note: In the plural forms of compound noun, we use s,es,ies or irregular way of formation with the
main noun, because the others function as adjectives, and adjectives don't have plural forms.

Gender of a noun:

The word gender is derived from Latin word “ genus" which means kind or sort.

Gender indicates whether the name is of Male or female, or either Male or female or neither Male
nor female.
There are four kinds of gender.

 Masculine gender: indicates that the person or animal is male. Ex: boy, dog, donkey,
prince, brother, father.
 Feminine gender: indicates that a person or animal is female. Ex: girl, mother, lioness, ass,
princess, sister etc.
 Common gender: indicates that the name can be used for both either Male or female. Ex:
students, teacher, nurse, dancer, player, lawyer, soldier, writer etc.
 Neuter gender: indicates that a thing is neither male nor female. Ex: book, pen, table, bus,
tree, picture, car, mobile etc.

Number of noun:
There are two kinds of numbers.
1. Singular noun: it indicates a singular person, place, or thing.
2. Plural noun: it indicates or shows plural persons, places, or things.
Rules for changing singular into plural.
English spelling can be tricky. Luckily, spelling does follow certain patterns which can help you to
learn more easily.

In English grammar, a noun is a person, place or thing. When you refer to one noun, it is considered
singular. When you refer to more than one noun, it is considered plural.

The chart below shows the usual changes needed to make nouns plural in English. Please note that
there are always exceptions.

RULES FOR SINGULAR NOUN INTO PLURAL NOUN:

most nouns add "s" Ex: cat- cats ,student-students, book-books, cup-cups

noun ending in vowel + o add "s" video-videos, radio- radios, kangaroo–kangaroos

noun ending in consonant + o add es potato-potatoes, echo-echoes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes,

tomato-tomatoes.

Exceptions: dynamo- dynamos, canto-cantos, piano- pianos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos, memento-

mementos, photo-photos, logo-logos, quarto-quartos, commando- commandos

noun ending in vowel + y add "s" toy-toys, day-days, boy- boys, key-keys, donkey- donkeys

noun ending in ch, sh, s, x, z add "es" church-churches, bench-benches, brush- brushes, dish-dishes,
class-classes, kiss-kisses, ax-axes, fox-foxes, topaz-topazes, buzz-buzzes, box-boxes, bus-buses, prize-
prizes

noun ending in consonant + y drop y and add "ies"

baby-babies, army-armies, country- countries, spy-spies, story-stories, blueberry-blueberries.
noun ending in f or fe change f or fe to "ves"
thief-thieves, life-lives, loaf-loaves, thief- thieves, leaf-leaves, knife- knives.

The nouns dwarf, hoof, scarf,and wharf take either s or ves in their plural forms.
Ex: dwarfs or dwarves, hoofs or hooves, scars or scarves, wharfs or wharves

Exceptions: roof-roofs, cliff-cliffs, proof-proofs, chief-chiefs, safe-safes, gulf-gulfs, handkerchief-

handkerchiefs.

Irregular noun that change variable:

man-men, woman-women, child- children, mouse-mice, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, louse-
lice, ox- oxen.

irregular nouns that stay the same, no change:

deer, sheep, fish, offspring, swine, cod, trout, salmon, aircraft, spacecraft, series, species, pair,
dozen, score, gross, hundred, thousand.

In compound nouns, make plural form of the main noun:

Brother-in-law--brothers-in-law, secretary of state--secretaries of state

Noun ending in "is"(usually from greek)change is to es:

crisis-crises, thesis-theses, paralysis-paralyses, basis-bases, analysis-analyses

Noun ending in "us"(usually from latin) change “us” to “i”

syllabus-syllabi, fungus-fungi, stimulus-stimuli, cactus-cacti

Noun ending in "um" change "um" to "a": bacterium-bacteria, medium-media

Singular noun having no singular forms no change:

news, scissors , pants, eyeglasses, trousers, shoes, sunglasses, jeans, drawers, riches, spectacles,
tidings bellows, tongs, pincers tights, breeches, shorts, annals, pyjamas.

The following nouns look plural but are in fact singular and uncountable.

Names of subjects: mathematics, physics, electronics etc

Names of some diseases: measles, mumps, rickets

Names of some games: tennis, billiards, gymnastics,

By Anwar Ullah contact:03369050691