SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA REGIONAL

GOVERNMENT
KAFA ZONE GESHA DISTRICT
SHUNITI KEBELE
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
REPORT FOR DRY COFFEE HULLING PROJECT
Project Owner: - Nebiyu
Cell Phone: 0930691975

Project Location: - SHUNITI KEBELE

NATIONALITY: - ETHIOPIAN
CONSULTING FIRM: LEGAL DELEGATE OF SAFE DEVELOPMENT
CONSULTANT AND TRAINING PRIVATE

ENTERPRISE
Cell phone: 0913882511

MAY, 2024 G.C

GESHA, ETHIOPI

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 Table of Contents

Contents Page
Table of Contents........................................................................................................................................i
List of Figures...........................................................................................................................................iv
List of Tables..............................................................................................................................................v
Acronym and Abbreviations....................................................................................................................vi
Executive summary..................................................................................................................................vii
1. Environmental Impact Assessment..................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the company.....................................................................................................1

1.2. Objectives of the ESIA..............................................................................................................2

1.3. Environmental Scoping.............................................................................................................3

1.4. Terms of Reference....................................................................................................................3

1.5. Approaches and Methodology in the ESIA..............................................................................4

1.6. Limits of the study.....................................................................................................................5

1.7. Project justification...................................................................................................................5

1.8. Consultation about the project.................................................................................................6

2. Policy, Legislatives and Institutional Framework...........................................................................7

2.1. Legal Framework.......................................................................................................................7

2.1.1. The FDRE Constitution.....................................................................................................7

2.1.2. Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002.......................................7

2.1.3. Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002 and Guidelines..........8

2.1.4. Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007....................................................9

2.1.5. National Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation No. 436/2005..................9

2.1.6. Labor Proclamation (Proclamation No. 42/1993)............................................................9

2.2. Policy Framework....................................................................................................................10

2.2.1. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia...................................................................................10

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 2.2.2. Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)......................................................................11

2.2.3. Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI).............................................12

2.2.4. Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP).........................12

2.2.5. National Biodiversity Policy and Strategies (NBP)........................................................13

2.2.6. World Bank (WB) Safeguard Policies............................................................................13

2.2.7. Water Resource and Sanitation Policies and Legislatives.............................................14

2.3. Institutional Arrangement......................................................................................................14

2.4. International Agreement.........................................................................................................14

3. Project Description..........................................................................................................................16
3.1. Background of the Project Area.............................................................................................16

3.1.1. Project Goal......................................................................................................................18

3.1.2. Background of the Project...............................................................................................18

3.1.3. Project Objectives............................................................................................................18

3.1.4. Project Specific Objectives..............................................................................................19

3.2. Project Justification.................................................................................................................19

3.3. Coffee Hulling Process.............................................................................................................19

3.3.1. Types of Coffee Hulling...................................................................................................20

4. Description of Biophysical and Socio-economic Environment.....................................................21

4.1. Physical Environment..............................................................................................................21

4.1.1. Land Use and Land Cover..............................................................................................21

4.1.2. Climate of Gesha District................................................................................................21

4.1.3. Rainfall of Gesha District................................................................................................21

4.1.4. Soil of the Project Area....................................................................................................21

4.1.5. Soil and Water Characterization....................................................................................21

4.1.6. Erosion Hazard and River Water Pollution...................................................................21

4.1.7. Water Resources..............................................................................................................22

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 4.2. Biological Environment...........................................................................................................22

4.2.1. Vegetations.......................................................................................................................22

4.2.2. Wildlife.............................................................................................................................22

4.3. Socio-economic Environment..................................................................................................22

4.3.1. Communities Attitude and Perceptions..........................................................................23

5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION, ANALYSIS AND

MITIGATION MEASURES..................................................................................................................24
5.1. Impact Identification, Analysis and Mitigation Measures....................................................24

5.2. Potential Positive Impacts.......................................................................................................24

5.2.1. Employment opportunity and Technology Transfer.....................................................25

5.2.2. Income Generation and Better Livelihood.....................................................................26

5.2.3. Improved and high quality coffee seeds supply.............................................................27

5.3. Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts of the Project..................................................29

5.3.1. Pre-construction Phase Impacts.....................................................................................29

5.3.2. Impacts of Construction and installation of machines..................................................29

5.3.3. Adverse Impacts of the dry coffee hulling project during operation phases...............32

5.4. Alternative Analysis.................................................................................................................51

6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN.............52

6.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................52

6.2. Roles of Institutions in the Implementation of ESMP...........................................................53

6.2.1. During construction and installation of machineries....................................................53

6.2.2. During Operation phase..................................................................................................53

6.3. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure..........................................................66

6.3.1. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring....................................................................................66

6.3.2. Water Quality...................................................................................................................66

6.3.3. Monitoring of Ground water...........................................................................................66

6.3.4. Noise Levels......................................................................................................................66

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 6.4. Environmental and social auditing.........................................................................................73

6.4.1. Environmental auditing...................................................................................................73

6.4.2. Social Auditing.................................................................................................................73

7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................74

7.1. Conclusions..............................................................................................................................74

7.2. Recommendations....................................................................................................................76

References................................................................................................................................................79

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List of Figures
Figure 1: During consultation with the local communities............................................................................6
Figure 2 Description of Project Site.............................................................................................................16

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List of Tables
Table 1 Ato Nebiyu Dry Coffee Hulling Project GPS Data..........................................................17
Table 2 Summary of positive impacts of the dry coffee hulling project.......................................27
Table 3 level of sound pollution....................................................................................................37
Table 4 The Negative impacts of the project, its magnitudes and duration are shown in table
below..............................................................................................................................................49
Table 5 summary of Environmental and social management and monitoring plan......................53
Table 6 Monitoring Schedules for Environmental Parameters......................................................66

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Acronym and Abbreviations
ADLI Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
EFCCA Environment Forest and Climate Change Authority
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EWRMP Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy
EPA Environmental protection Authority
EPC Environmental Protection Council
ESIA Environment and Social Impact Assessment
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia
GHG Green House Gases
MEFCC Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
NBP National Biodiversity Policy and Strategies (NBP)
PM Particulate Matter
OHS Occupational Health and Safety
SD Sustainable Development
UNECE United Nation Economic Commission for Europe
UNEP United Nation Environmental
WB World Bank
WCED World Conservation and Economic
TSS Total Suspended Solid

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Executive summary

Legal delegate of Safe development Consulting & Training Private Enterprise is responsible for
the study of the Environmental and Social impact assessment (ESIA) for wet coffee hulling
project in Gesha district Shuniti kebele. Ato Nebiyu dry coffee hulling project was established in
Shuniti kebele, Gesha district, Kafa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia national regional state. Coffee is
an important cash crop of this district. It is located at a distance of 493km from Addis Ababa, the
capital city of the country. The capital town of the zone is Bonga which is 679km from
Addiabeba and 230km from the center of the district to Bonga. The project produces coffee
seeds on 1.5ha of land. The project uses coffee beans as raw material to produce coffee seeds.
These coffee seeds will be supplied to local and foreign markets. The land was already given
legally from the government for this purpose in the Gesha district. The project will create a job
opportunity for over 55 professionals on permanent and temporal bases. The proposed project
also provides an opportunity to transfer technology that could really help the country in addition
to paying government tax, solving problems of foreign currency by increasing export of volume
of coffee seeds.
However, Short-term benefits build up from development projects may significantly impact on
the ability of human and natural ecosystems to meet the needs and aspirations of the future
generations unless proper management is undertaken. An important component of sustainable
development is the process of assessing the potential environmental, economic and social
impacts of a project prior to its implementation. This is aimed at identifying, evaluation and
predicting possible impacts of a project with the sole aim of enhancing anticipated positive
impacts while at the same time incorporating into the project measure for minimization of
negative impacts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to carry out environmental and social
impact assessment (ESIA) of the proposed project, Ato Nebiyu for the project dry coffee
processing plant, to ensure the sustainable development. For this therefore, ESIA was
undertaken by the legal delegate of Legal delegate of Safe Development Consultant and Training
Private Enterprise. The study team undertook site visit, interview with project proponent,
consultation with local community and with the dry coffee processing plant manager and
document review.
The methodology adopted for conducting the ESIA includes field survey, desk review,
stakeholder consultations and affected community consultations. Environmental Check lists
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following standard procedures as per the ESIA guidelines set by Commission of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change (MEFCC), and similar international guidelines.
Beneficial impacts: job creation, income generation, boost local and national economy,
technology transfer were identified by the study team. These beneficial impacts can be
enhanced by fair salary for the workers, by recruitment of labor force from the local community,
full scale operation and giving capacity building training for the workers and support of local
development by participating in provision of clean water, school, Electricity, and road access
can develop trust ship between the project and local community and the workers of the company.

Some negative impacts may arise largely related to water pollution, air pollution, noise
pollution, and land pollution from oil and lubricants used for machineries, gaseous emissions
from vehicles during transportation of coffee beans and coffee seeds and health and safety
impacts. The sanitation component can also have health hazards related to waste handling, odor
and smell. There is also possibility of microbial water contamination during disposal of waste
water. Health hazards associated with inappropriate location.
Various mitigation measures were proposed in this to avoid/minimize the likely negative
environmental and social impacts.
For water pollution the following were suggested: - convert coffee husks to bio-briquette or to
compost; Use a water conservation strategy at the plant for cleaning purpose to reduce the
volume of wastewater generated; Aware and train workers in resource conservation especially
water; Avoid any discharge of liquid waste in the environment without treatment; recycle used
water for greenery, Septic tank should be installed for the treatment of wastewater and sewage
and avoid competition with public drinking water line.
For solid waste generation and land pollution the following were suggested;-As much as
possible reduce the volume of solid waste generated from the facility as well office via reusing
the waste as it is; The plant Manager, should assure awareness creation in proper resource
utilization for the workers that helps to reduce the amount of solid waste generated; Timely
collection and segregation as well as proper disposal of waste should be in place; Waste
reduction, reuse and recycling technologies especially coffee husks should be undertaken to
reduce the environmental burden.
For Noise pollution control: Proper equipment maintenance and restricted operation only
during daytime hours so as to reduce noise; Considering the rule which states that, ‘No worker

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shall be exposed to noise level in excess of the continuous equivalent of 90 dBA for more than 8
hours within any 24 hours duration; Operation of shorter shift period for workers who come in
direct contact with high concentrations of noise by employing more additional machine
operators. Inlet and outlet mufflers shall be provided which are easy to design and construct.
Ear plugs shall be provided to workmen working near high noise generating machines. Isolate
other workers from the machine site.
For air pollution control: Changes in work practices, particularly during the storage and
handling of coffee husks can lead to reduced fugitive losses. Development of green belts;
Converting the coffee husks or to compost and avoiding totally open burning; planting of more
number of fast growing plants in the nearby districts to sink more CO 2 from the atmosphere are
recommended.

For health and safety issues the following were suggested such as; all personnel should be
trained on the basic ergonomics principles; Proper safety signals should be put in place to
protect workers from accidents and the way they get out if any accidents happen. All electrical
equipment and machinery shall be properly grounded; Provision of appropriate protective
clothing such as dust masks, gloves, and safety goggles to workers during construction and
machineries operations is a must; Good housekeeping is essential and particular attention
should be given to keeping the floors clean; Toilets should always be clean and drinking water
should be free of pathogens; Adequate spacing should also be allowed for the storage of coffee.

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 1. Environmental Impact Assessment
1.1. Background of the company
Ato Nebiyu dry coffee processing project is a privately owned firm established in Gesha district on
1.5ha land. The company is installing dry coffee hulling plant in Gesha district Shuniti kebele. It is
located at a distance of 512km from Addis Ababa, the capital city of the country. The capital town of
the zone is Bonga which is 62km from the center of the district. This dry coffee hulling plant is being
established in southwest Ethiopia national regional state, Gesha district Shuniti kebele. The company
will create an employment opportunity for 55 job seekers.
The Ato Nebiyu dry coffee hulling project is established to produce coffee seeds for domestic and
foreign markets. Ato Nebiyu dry coffee hulling project is at present found on the pre-construction
stage of the project and also on the way to the start construction and installation of machines in the
site. The product coffee seeds are highly demanded by all domestic and foreign markets and project
helps to maximize the export of coffee seeds that increases the foreign currency. Similarly, the local
supply of this coffee seeds in such high population country is not balanced with demand of the coffee
seeds in the country; and establishment of the dry coffee hulling plant will also alleviate this problem.
The envisaged project, dry coffee hulling project, will create a job opportunity for more than 55
employees on temporal and permanent base where the majority is women provided that the
recruitment is merit based which is based on competition. This will contribute to reduce the number
of youth unemployment which is the bottle neck of the country. It also increases the foreign currency
and pay tax for the government. It can also reduce the demand of the coffee seeds among the
domestic markets.
However, Short-term benefits build up from development projects may significantly impact on the
ability of human and natural ecosystems to meet the needs and aspirations of the future generations
unless proper management and monitoring is undertaken. The concept of sustainable development
envisages development that not only allows the present generation to meet its developmental and
natural needs but also ensure intergenerational equity through application of precautionary principle.
An important component of sustainable development is the process of assessing the potential
environmental, economic and social impacts of a project prior to its implementation.
Ato Nebiyu dry coffee processing project has a plan to produce coffee seeds by buying coffee beans
from local communities with better price. During its production, there is noise pollution for
workforces, water pollution and generation of reusable and recyclable solid waste. The company
should keep in mind that, the environmental protection and social benefit capitalization via economic
and social development is very important for the firm’s profit and its sustainability. Thus, this ESIA
was conducted by legal delegate of Safe development consultant and training private enterprise to
identify potential impacts, both positive and negative and then to propose possible
enhancement/mitigation measures for the proposed project, Ato Nebiyu dry coffee processing project
located in Southwest Ethiopia national regional state, Gesha district Shuniti kebele by Ato Nebiyu.
1.2. Objectives of the ESIA
The fundamental objective of the preparation ESIA is to ensure that the project is environmentally
sound and socially acceptable, and hence contributes to the development of environmental and social
functions of local communities. It is also expected to provide a means whereby the overall
environmental performance and social benefits of the project can be enhanced through:
 Carrying out assessment and description of site/location, objectives, scope, nature of the
project,
 Carrying out analysis of the project activities during the project cycle; operation and
decommissioning phases,
 Establish the suitability of the project in the proposed location,
 Review and establish all relevant baseline information (Physical, Biological, Social Cultural
and Economic) and identify any information gaps,
 Description and analysis of policy, legal and institutional framework including but not limited
to policies, laws, regulations and guidelines which have a direct bearing on the project and
will also serve as benchmarks for monitoring and evaluation, and future environmental audits,
 Do an in-depth description of the project and associated works together with the requirements
for carrying out the works,
 Analyze the efficacy of the designs, technology, procedures and processes to be used, in the
implementation of the works,
 Identify key stakeholders and Project Affected Persons, if any (PAPs),
 Identification of sensitive environmental components likely to be affected by the dry coffee
hulling project,
 Defining positive social and economic benefits local communities can derive from the project
implementation,
 Identification, prediction and synthesis of the potential environmental impacts associated with
the project implementation and;
 Designing subsequent operation, and preparation of plans and recommendations regarding
measures that will minimize adverse impacts and enhance beneficial impacts.

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  Preparing ESMP Report for the coffee hulling project.

1.3. Environmental Scoping

With the aim of deciding upon the limits of the study area and the list of activities and impacts to be
studied during the assessment, an initial environmental examination and scoping have been carried
out by SAFE DEVELOPMENT consultant and training private enterprise team. The scoping exercise
has been carried out with the following main objectives:
 To define the limits of the study area,
 To define list of valued ecosystem components within the study area,
 To define list of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project, and
 To define list of impacts to be studied.
In order to carry out the above tasks, different tools and technique relevant to the proposed project
was employed. Environmental scoping checklists and consultation of different stakeholders (experts,
project affected peoples, if any, local administrators, etc.) have been applied.
This ESIA covers the activities that will take place in the proposed wet coffee hulling and the
immediate neighborhood such as: -
 Bush clearing and opening up the land for construction
 Construction of staff houses, guardhouse, warehouse, storehouse of materials (such as
equipment and temporary storage of coffee beans and coffee seeds, septic tanks, toilet
 Coffee husks and Solid waste generation during operation of the project
 Noise pollution of machines
 Odor and air pollution during project implementation from coffee husks storage and burning.
 Water pollution due to overflow of coffee husks
 Health and safety impact during for staff workers during operation of the project.
1.4. Terms of Reference
The terms of reference for the preparation of an ESMP report were:
 A critical look into project objectives
 The location of the project site
 Description of project objectives.
 A concise description the national environmental legislative and regulatory
framework, and any other relevant information related to the project

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  Evaluation of the technology, procedures and processes to be used in the
implementation of the project
 Evaluation of materials to be used in the implementation of the project and their
extended sources
 Description, evaluation and analysis of the foreseeable potential environmental effects
of the project broadly classified into physical, ecological/biological and socioeconomic
aspects which can be classified as direct, indirect, cumulative, irreversible, short term
and long-term effects.
 Evaluation of the products, by-products and wastes to be generated by the project
 To propose/recommend a specific environmentally sound and affordable liquid and
solid waste management system.
 Evaluation and analysis of alternatives including the project, project alternative,
project site, design and technologies
 An Environmental and social Management Plan (ESMP), proposing the measures for
eliminating/minimizing or mitigating adverse impacts on the environment,
 Propose measures to prevent health and safety hazards and to ensure security in the
working environment for the employees, residents and for the management in case of
emergencies. This encompasses prevention and management of the foreseeable
accidents and hazards during construction phase.
1.5. Approaches and Methodology in the ESIA
1.5.1. Study Approaches
The processes of conducting of ESIA study naturally involve a whole range of stakeholders in a much
more participatory manner. The participatory approach served as plat form to jointly identify the
potential positive and negative outcomes and enhancement and mitigation measures in the
implementation of the intended project, respectively. It is also very important in defining their roles
and responsibilities, required resources in the process of the preparation and implementation of the
Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP).
1.5.2. Methodology of the study
Here, the study of ESIA generally followed the standard procedures set by the former Environmental
Protection Authority (EPA) which is currently called Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Commission (EFCCC), and international EIA guidelines. Both primary and secondary data were
collected. The secondary data were collected from relevant government policies, guidelines, and

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scientific articles. For instance, ESIA related policies, guidelines; procedures and manuals which
were set national, regional and international levels were also thoroughly reviewed. Different relevant
document browsed from internet and web sites were also reviewed and intensively used as secondary
data sources.
In carrying out of the Impact Assessment, the following methodology aspects were incorporated:
A. Semi- structured interview: this involved holding individual interviews with the project
manager and his coworkers using a pre- prepared interview checklist and recording the
feedback.
B. Literature review: this involved the review of all literature and data relevant to the project.
The literature included legislation, data kept by the proponent and government agencies.
C. Site observation: this involves a transect walk across the site and the neighboring area to get
acquainted with the natural environment and also to cross check issues, arising from the
interviews above. Furthermore, field visit was undertaken to understand the likely impacts of
a proposed development project i.e. dry coffee hulling plant in this case on the environment
around the project site through making transect walking along the intended project site. This
field survey also helped to gather the base line environmental condition of the area for better
prediction and evaluation of the adverse environmental and social impacts. As the land use of
area is industrial area there are limited residents around the project site. In the field visit the
legal delegate of SAFE DEVELOPMENT Consult and Training Private Enterprise identified
different areas of attention like noise pollution, land and water pollution from improper waste
disposal especially the coffee husks, air pollution from open burning of coffee husks and
during the project implementation human health and safety impacts.
1.6. Limits of the study
The Environmental and Social impact assessment was conducted for those areas that would be
influenced by the impact of the project’s construction and implementation. Data inadequacy due to
personal error may be another limitation which will cause the unforeseen impacts to occur at any
stage of the project cycle.
1.7. Project justification
The envisaged project in Southwest Ethiopia national regional state, Gesha district is aimed to
produce coffee seeds. Total company premises area is 1.5ha. This dry coffee processing plant was
installed on 1.5ha. The project will create job opportunity for over 55 permanent workers whose vast
majority will be expected to be women. The project provides coffee seeds for foreign and domestic

5
use. By doing so, the company will play a significant role in reducing the problem of supply of coffee
seeds which is the national and international problem in high population country.

1.8. Consultation about the project

The Ato Nebiyu dry coffee processing project in Shuniti kebele, Gesha district administration is
expected to undertake dry coffee hulling on 1.5ha of land in which all in all given them by local
government. Therefore, the aim of the consultation with the locally affected people by the project has
a paramount importance to hear and incorporate the views and opinions of the owners of the land and
those communities around the area. The communities are happy about the project as the dry coffee
hulling stage alone created job opportunity for more number of people from this site; communities
around the project have opportunity to be employed in this project. The dry coffee hulling project will
create job for 55 workers on permanent and temporal basis. They also gain skills related to modern
wet coffee hulling that stay with them for their future which helps them to lead their life and families.
Lots of mitigation measures should be implemented in the project site to make the coffee hulling
project more acceptable among the local communities.

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Figure 1: During consultation with the local communities
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 2. Policy, Legislatives and Institutional Framework
2.1. Legal Framework
2.1.1. The FDRE Constitution
The Constitution of Ethiopia, which was adopted in August 1995, requires current and future
legislation and the conduct of the Government to obey to a bill of rights. The concept of sustainable
development and environment rights are entrenched in the rights of people in Ethiopia through
articles 43 and 44, which states among others the right to development and right to live in clean and
healthy environment. Without prejudice to the right to private property, the government may
expropriate private property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation
commensurate to the value of the property (Article 40(8). Article 43 (2) dealing with the rights to
development states that nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in
particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community.
Article 44(2) of the Constitution states that all persons who have been displaced, or whose livelihood
has been adversely affected as a result of State programs have the right to commensurate monetary or
alternative means of compensation including relocation with adequate state assistance. The
government shall pay fair compensation for property found on the land but the amount of
compensation shall not take into account the value of land. The Federal Government is responsible
for enacting laws for utilization and conservation of land and other natural resources and historical
sites.
Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program and
development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have the right to be
fully consulted and express their views in planning and implementation of environmental policies and
project.
2.1.2. Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002
The proclamation on pollution control was issued in December 2002. It was issued mainly based on
the principle that each citizen has the right to have a healthy environment, as well as the obligation to
protect the environment of the country from pollution. The Proclamation contains provisions for the
control of pollution, management of municipal waste, and management of hazardous waste, chemical
and radioactive substances. It also encompasses provision for the formulation of practicable
environmental standards by the Federal Environmental Protection Authority (FEPA), in consultation
with the relevant agencies. Furthermore, it empowers the Federal Environmental Protection Authority

8
or the Regional Environmental Authority to assign environmental inspectors with the duties and
responsibilities of controlling environmental pollution.

2.1.3. Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 299/2002 and Guidelines

The main objective of this Proclamation is to make the EIA mandatory for specified categories of
activities undertaken either by the public or private sectors. Among others, the Proclamation defines
the scope of the environmental impact assessment by outlining the contents of EIAs, and determining
the duties of the project proponent. The general provision of the Proclamation includes the followings
among others:
 Implementation of any project that requires an EIA is subject to an environmental clearance or
authorization from the EPA or Regional Environmental Agency (REA).
 The EPA or the relevant REA, depending on the magnitude of anticipated impacts, may waive
the requirement for an EIA.
 Approval of an Environmental Impact Study Report (EISR) or the granting of authorization by
the EPA or the REA does not exonerate the proponent from liability for damage.
To put into effect this Proclamation, the EPA issued an EIA Guideline Document, which provides
details of the EIA process and its requirements. The document provides background to environmental
impact assessment and environmental management in Ethiopia. The Document is used as a reference
material to ensure effective environmental assessment and management practice in Ethiopia for all
parties who are engaged in the process. The document details the required procedures for conducting
an EIA. In addition, the document specifies tools that may be considered when engaged in the EIA
process. Reference is made to the legislation and policies with which potential investors and
developers must comply in specific development sectors.
According to this guideline projects are categorized into three schedules:
Schedule 1: Projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts thus requiring a
full Environmental Impact Assessment
Schedule 2: Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to cause some
significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full EIA study.
Schedule 3: Projects which would have no impact and do not require an EIA However, projects
situated in an environmentally sensitive area such as land prone to erosion; desertification; areas of
historic or archaeological interest; important landscape; religiously important area, etc. will fall under
category 1 irrespective of the nature of the project.

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 2.1.4. Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007
Municipalities play a central role in solid waste management activities in Ethiopia. Traditionally,
solid waste collection and disposal has been the responsibility of the urban administrations. The
recent Solid Waste Management Proclamations 513/2007 urges urban administrations to establish a
solid waste treatment facility. Article 14 of this proclamation states that urban administrations shall
ensure that:
 Solid waste disposal sites are constructed in conformity with the relevant federal
environmental standard and are properly used.
 Any new solid waste disposal site being constructed or an existing site undergoing any
modification has had an EIA according to the relevant law.
2.1.5. National Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation No. 436/2005
The Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation (Proclamation No. 436/2005) defines the state
ownership of rural land and the tenure rights of the land occupant, including rights to "property
produced on his land", rights of inter-generational tenure transfer, and rights of exchange land and
limited leasing rights. Provisions are made for the registration and certification of tenure rights. Part
three of the proclamation presents regulations relating to the use of rural land, particularly as it relates
to soil and water conservation and watershed management. The rural land administration and land use
laws are to be implemented by the regional states.
Land holding right gives the right to use the land for agricultural purposes as well as to lease it and,
while the right remains in effect, bequeath it to family members, as well as the right to acquire
property thereon, by labor or capital, and to sell, exchange and bequeath the same. The proclamation
also addresses environmental concerns, including non-compliance with directives on environmental
protection. An important feature of this proclamation is that it stipulates rural land use and restrictions
based on proper land use planning, providing for the proper use of various types of land, such as
slopes, gullies and drylands, as well as the utilization of rural land for villages and social services. In
addition, it is envisaged that the proclamation will create a sense of ownership among the vast
majority of the rural population and enable them to take initiatives and collectively engage in
environmental management activities.
2.1.6. Labor Proclamation (Proclamation No. 42/1993)
The proclamation stipulates that an employer shall take the necessary measures to safeguard
adequately the health and safety of the workers; he/she shall in particular: Comply with the
occupational health and safety requirements provided for in this proclamation, take appropriate pre-

10
cautions to ensure that all the processes of work shall not be a source or cause of physical, chemical,
biological, agronomical damages. All human rights of workers including job security have to be
respected by the employer.
Also included in the proclamation are:

Freedom of association and collective bartering: the right of all workers to form and join trade
unions and bargain collectively shall be recognized. Workers representatives shall not be subject to
any discrimination and shall have access to all work places necessary to enable them to carry out their
representation.
Equality of treatment: workers shall have access to jobs and trainings on equal terms, irrespective of
gender, age, ethnic origin, color, marital status, sexual orientation, political opinion, religion and
social origin. Physical harassment or psychological oppression, particularly of women workers must
not be tolerated.
Living wages: wages and benefits paid for a standard working week shall meet at least legal or
industry minimum standards and always be sufficient to meet basic needs of workers and their
families and to provide some discretional income. Pay should be in cash, direct to the workers,
punctually and in full. Information to wages shall be available to the workers in an understandable and
detailed form.

2.2. Policy Framework

2.2.1. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was issued in April 1997. The overall policy goal is to
improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and promote sustainable social
and economic development through sound management and use of natural, human-made and cultural
resources and their environment as a whole, so as to meet the needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The policy seeks to ensure
the empowerment and participation of the people and their organizations at all levels in
environmental management activities, raise public awareness and promote understanding of the
essential linkage between environment and development. In addition to its guiding principles, the
policy addresses sectoral and cross sectoral environmental issues.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) policies are included in the cross sectoral environmental
policies. The EIA policy emphasizes the early recognition of environmental issues in project planning
at all levels of administration. The policy establishes the Federal Environmental Protection authority
11
(FEPA) to harmonize Sectoral Development Plans and implement environmental management
programs for the country.

Intergenerational justice and equity have to be addressed by endorsing sustainable development

through appropriate environmental management. The environmental policy of Ethiopia clearly
indicates the relationship between environment and sustainable development. It asserts deterioration in
environmental quality should be kept at minimal level while addressing developmental issues.
Expense for rehabilitation of degraded environment will also be minimal. The policy will also give
emphasis on minimizing environmental hazards as well as creating a compromise between economic
growths of the present without affecting the need for development of feature generation.

2.2.2. Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)

Since the early 1990s, the Federal Government of Ethiopia has undertaken a number of initiatives that
aims to develop regional, national and sectoral strategies to conserve and protect the environment.
Paramount amongst these was the conservation strategy of Ethiopia (CSE, 1996). This document
provides a strategic framework for integrating environment into new and existing policies, programs
and projects. It is also an important policy document, which views environmental management as an
important component of development. It recognizes the importance of incorporating environmental
factors into development activities from the outset.
The major environmental and natural resources management issues facing Ethiopia are well
documented in the CSE (FDRE, 1997). The CSE sets out detailed strategies and action plans as well
as the institutional arrangements required for the implementation of sectoral as well as cross-sectoral
interventions for the management of Ethiopia‘s natural, man-made and cultural resources. The most
important areas that are addressed by the CSE include the following:
 Management of forest and woodland resources.
 Land resource use policy and strategies; physical land use planning.
 Integration of social, cultural and gender issues in sustainable resources and
environmental management.
 Promotion of participation in sustainable development of natural, artificial and cultural
resources, and environmental protection.
 Development of environmental education, public awareness and human resources

12
 2.2.3. Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI)
The framework economic development strategy of the current Ethiopian Government is the
Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI). The strategy envisages agriculture as the
engine of the country’s economic growth through agricultural intensification and commercialization,
increasing the proportion of marketable output. In line with this strategy, the government has declared
the pursuit of a liberalization policy, including the withdrawal of input subsidies, deregulation of
different markets, tariff reduction, etc. Government efforts have continued to focus on rural
development and measures to improve productivity of smallholder peasant agriculture through
“extension packages” as well as rural credit services, primary education, health care, domestic water
supply and rural road construction.
2.2.4. Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP)
The long-term objective of the country is elaborated in the document entitled "Sustainable
Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP)". The program is designed to serve as the
country's strategy to transform agriculture in the shortest time possible (FDRE, 2002). The program
outlines the fundamental development objectives of Government to build a free-market economic
system, which will enable the economy to develop rapidly, the country to extricate itself from
dependence on food aid, and poor people to be the main beneficiaries form economic growth. The
strategy recognizes the importance of the environment and sustainable development and treats it as
crosscutting issue. It points out three priority areas for action including strengthening and expanding
ongoing efforts to address land degradation, deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, loss of soil
structure and the disruption of the hydro-logical cycle, giving special attention to highly degraded,
drought prone and food insecure areas, strengthening regulatory and institutional capacity,
strengthening measures currently under implementation to preserve, develop, manage and sustainable
use biodiversity resources.
In adopting the United Nations Millennium Declaration, Ethiopia agreed to take special measures to
address the challenges of poverty eradication and sustainable development in the country. The
country recognizes that the range of issues necessary to nurture its environmental base and
sustainable use of natural resources is vast and complex and that a systematic combination of
initiatives is necessary to translate into action a coherent environment program. The capacity need
assessment to achieve goal 7 of the MDG calls for the development and adoption of a coherent action
plan and strategies - to ensure environmental sustainability while at the same time combating poverty
and promoting socio-economic development. But the MDG ended in 2015 and for the next 15 years

13
that is from 2015-2030 the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) is now the global agenda of the
world.
2.2.5. National Biodiversity Policy and Strategies (NBP)
The National Biodiversity Policy (NBP) was established in 1998 based on a holistic ecosystem
approach to conserve, develop and utilize the country's biodiversity resources. Integration of
biodiversity conservation and development in federal and regional sectoral development initiatives,
and mobilization of international cooperation and assistance, have been identified as the principal
strategies for implementation of the policy. The policy provides for guidance towards effective
conservation, rational development and sustainable utilization of the country’s biodiversity, and
contains comprehensive policy provisions for the conservation and sustainable utilization of
biodiversity. Protection of biodiversity-related traditional indigenous knowledge and communities'
benefit sharing arrangements are not yet effective. Similarly, the potential of biodiversity-related
opportunities has not yet been exploited to enhance sustainable livelihood to the desired level.
However, there is a general understanding with respect to changing the management approach in
order to bring about the desired benefits.
Dry lands are considered among the most productive type of ecosystem in the world, providing
benefits far in excess of those obtained from alternative uses to which they are subjected. Ethiopia is
endowed with vast dry lands, including a tract in the project area; however, efforts towards their
conservation and sustainable utilization are very limited, and no clear policy and legislative
framework have been designed. The MEFCC and Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society, in
collaboration with Ramseur Bureau and other funding organizations, are focusing efforts in this
direction, and have conducted successful workshops and awareness raising programs.
2.2.6. World Bank (WB) Safeguard Policies
Legal and Administrative Framework WB Operational Policy, OP 4.01 is designed to ensure that
Bank-Financed Projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is
approved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. This
policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential adverse environmental risks and impacts in
its area of influence. OP 4.01 requires an Environmental Assessment (EA) to be carried out for any
project proposed for bank financing. It outlines an environmental and social screening process which
will enable qualified project personnel to screen sub-projects for potential negative environmental and
social impacts and to identify, implement and monitor appropriate mitigation measures. OP.4. 01

14
requires these reports to take into account natural environment (air, water and land), human health
and safety and social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property).
2.2.7. Water Resource and Sanitation Policies and Legislatives
Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy (EWRMP),1997 deals with the general water
resources management policy and different sub sectoral issues; Water supply and sanitation irrigation
development, & hydropower. The policy, under section - 2.2.2 discusses the issue of environment,
water shade management and water resources protection and conservation issues.
The policy discusses the sanitation policy under the water supply and sanitation sub sector. The
policy among other issues emphasizes the adoption and promotion of affordable and culturally
acceptable low cost sanitation technology options, setting of frameworks, coordination of efforts and
encouraging involvement of stakeholders both government and non-government institutions, the
integration of water supply and sanitation, need for setting frame works affirming the inseparable
nature of water supply and sanitation activities and need for decentralized approaches for sanitation
projects implementation and management are some of the guiding principles indicated in the policy.
2.3. Institutional Arrangement
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) has two levels of administrative structures,
Federal level Government and regional governments. There are eleven regional governments under
the Federal Government. Roles and responsibilities of governments at different levels (Federal,
Regional, and Zonal & Woreda) have been defined by the constitution and proclamations Nos. 33 of
1992, 41 of 1993 and No. 41 of 1995. Under these proclamations, duties and responsibilities of
regional states are included. The regional states are structured as regional administration, zonal,
Woreda and Kebele/ Peasant Associations (PAs) Urban centers have city administrative structure and
municipalities. At the federal level, MEFCC is, by current legislation, the main agency responsible
for environmental policy making, compliance and enforcement. Similarly, at the regional state level,
the respective state government environmental agency or bureau is the designated agency to perform,
implement and enforce most environmental regulatory powers at the regional state level.
2.4. International Agreement
Ethiopia has ratified two international conventions that have relevance with regard to this Specific
project. These conventions include:
1. Basel convention: Ethiopia ratified the Convention in April 2000 by the proclamation No
357/2002.Its amendment was ratified through proclamation No. 356/2002. The objective of
the convention includes ensuring environmentally safe transfer, disposal of hazardous wastes,

15
 and limiting “Toxic trade” in hazardous wastes. This is, therefore, the proponent is responsible
to comply with the proclamation.
2. Stockholm convention (POPs,): Ethiopia ratified the convention in May 22, 2002 by means of
proclamation No.279/2002. The objective of this convention is to protect human health and
the environment from persistent organic pollutants.
The study team in general has, considered the above policy and legal issues relevant to implement this
environmental and social impact assessment in both the government and proponent side.

16
 3. Project Description
3.1. Background of the Project Area
Ato Nebiyu dry coffee processing project is located in Shuniti kebele, Gesha district, Kafa Zone,
Southwest Ethiopia National Regional state. Approximately it is located 512km away from Addis
Ababa. Shuniti kebele is located 62km away from Bonga town. The administrative center of this
district Gesha is one of the districts of Kafa zone. The 2007 national census reported a total
population for this district of 94,081, of whom 46,241 were men and 47,840 were women. The
investment cost of the project is estimated to be 2.5 million Birr. The project was established on 1.5ha
land. The company was established legally on 1.5ha of land. The project has legal site plan on the
1.5ha land. The proposed project will create a job opportunity for over 55 job seekers, in which 8 are
permanent and 47 are temporary base, the project creates job opportunity for 20 females and 35
males. The project also provides an opportunity to transfer technology that could really help the
country and in addition is paying government tax, providing high quality coffee seeds for the exports
that could indirectly solve the problem of foreign currency.
Table 1 Ato Nebiyu Dry Coffee Hulling Project GPS Data

No. x - coordinate y – coordinate

1
802650 839513
2
802723 839488
3
8022772 839482
4
802715 839433
5
802635 839382
6
802742 839377

Figure 2 Description of Project Site

17
18
 3.1.1. Project Goal
The project has an overall goal of taking advantage of opportunities existing in dry coffee processing
in Ethiopia and supply high quality coffee seed to domestic and foreign market.
3.1.2. Background of the Project
The owner of the project is Ato Nebiyu. The project was established in 2014 E.C with the objective
dry coffee processing and high quality coffee seeds production. Total investment capital is 2.5 million
Birr. The establishment of dry coffee processing plant is for the internal and external quality coffee
consumption.
3.1.3. Project Objectives
The general objective of Ato Nebiyu dry coffee processing project is to add value on the raw coffee
by integrating the local resources which include the dry coffee beans, human resource, machines and
land in identified district which could be achieved by hulling wet coffee and making ready for foreign
market and domestic uses.

3.1.4. Project Specific Objectives

The following are specific objectives of the project:
 To get private benefit from the dry coffee processing and indirectly to benefit the local coffee
producers by buying the dry coffee beans by relatively better price.
 To engage in playing its role in promoting local development by generating revenue and
paying taxes for local government.
 To efficiently use the 1.5ha land by undertaking modern dry coffee processing technology.
 To construct resourceful and sustainable frontward and backside linkage by consuming raw
materials like dry coffee beans from local sources and providing processed and clean coffee
seeds to the market.
 To generate employment opportunity for 55 job seekers in the area.
3.2. Project Justification
Dry processed Arabica coffee (Coffea Arabica) produces quality coffee and receives higher prices on
the world market (Von Enden and Calvert, 2002; FDRE, 2006). The presence of cheap labor market
19
coupled with the high demand for dry processed coffee has increased the number of coffee processing
stations in the country. There are limited numbers of coffee hulling plants in as the country. In line to
investment on coffee processing and related industries, many gaps are observed towards the
achievement of the growth and the transformation plan. Motivation of any investors to be engaged in
coffee processing sector can effectively contribute to the development of the sector. Ato Nebiyu is
proponent of this dry coffee processing project. Furthermore, the project introduced dry coffee
processing technique that can be adopted by workers employed from the local farmers in dry coffee
processing project. Thus the project will contribute to the effective use of the potentials of the region
and will also play in improving of coffee seeds production and productivity of the coffee producing
households around the project area.
Approximately half of the world coffee harvest is processed by the dry method in which the coffee
berry is subjected to mechanical operation in order to separate the bean or seed from the exocarp
(skin), mesocarp (mucilaginous pulp) and the endocarp (parchment) (Clark, 1985).

3.3. Coffee Hulling Process

Hulling takes place when the coffee is still in bean form. Machines are responsible for the hulling
process. The parchment layer of the coffee, which is also known as the endocarp, is removed when
the coffee is dry. Dry processed coffee hulling is a process that entails removing the husk once it is
dry. The whole dry husk, including the exocarp, endocarp, and mesocarp, are removed from the
cherries that are already dry. The different types of hulling are important to the coffee making
process. There are basically two types of coffee hulling. The huller machine is also responsible for
polishing the beans. The beans are milled, but they have not been roasted yet. These are known as
green coffee beans. Each stage in the hulling process is very important to the overall quality of the
bean.
3.3.1. Types of Coffee Hulling
There are different types of coffee hulling. Most coffee hulling machines remove parchment layers
and remove dry cherries. There are many different types of coffee hulling machines, but most perform
these two basic functions. Cleaning and hulling is a vital part of the coffee making process. Hulling
can ensure the best possible flavor. Many coffee beans are imported, which make the cleaning process
extremely important. The two basic types of coffee hulling consist of wet and dry hulling. Each
process is the same, but also can be very different. New methods of hulling are always being develope

20
 4. Description of Biophysical and Socio-economic Environment
4.1. Physical Environment
4.1.1. Land Use and Land Cover
The land use and land cover of the Gesha district comprises cultivation, patches of disturbed natural
forests, wet lands, degraded lands, woodlands, grasslands and settlement areas. The cultivated land is
confined to well drain sandy-loam soil, occurring on somewhat low land. The major crops are coffee
and Enset (Enset ventricosum). The land uses are mainly for coffee crop production.
4.1.2. Climate of Gesha District
The climate of the Gesha district is influenced by its location and elevation. The altitude of the district
ranged from 1500 to 1989m above sea level. The temperature ranged from 18.2 to 26.9 ℃ . The area
lies in the tropical wet and dry or savanna climate zone. The main rainy seasons run from June to
October with heavy rainfall occurring between July to September.
4.1.3. Rainfall of Gesha District
The project area is situated within high rainfall receiving areas of the country. The annual rainfall
varies from 900 to 1200mm. Most of the rainfall is concentrated through April to October followed
by virtual dry season from November to March.
4.1.4. Soil of the Project Area
The type of soil in the project area is sandy loam soil which is most intensively used for coffee
farming. The site is used as farm land and has a potential to grow coffee crops. The geology of the
project area is characterized by presence of crystalline rocks. These soils are characterized by well
drainage.
4.1.5. Soil and Water Characterization
Part of the project site is inclined to surface water bodies. The soils are mainly dominated by dark
reddish brown and sandy loam soil having a good infiltration capacity. It was observed that the soils
are well drained and there is no problem of water logging. Erosion hazard is high in the project site.
The stream water as well as the ground water is available in shallow depth. This is good opportunity
for the project.
4.1.6. Erosion Hazard and River Water Pollution
Susceptibility of river water close to the project by water erosion that carries solid and liquid wastes from the
site is affected by interrelated factors such as climate, vegetation covers between the water body and the

21
project sites and management practices. If improperly managed coffee husks can pollute the downstream water
body.

4.1.7. Water Resources

Flowing water supply is the main water resource in the project area. The workforce of the project will

use flowing water supply to be provided washing and cleaning purposes. There will not be any tapping

of surface water source for the fresh water requirement. As a result, there won’t be a water problem in

the area. The water table is close and the recharging rate is quite high in this project area. The project

should use the water resource in efficient way.

4.2. Biological Environment

4.2.1. Vegetations
Gesha district and surrounding areas have been covered with flat lands. The District is covered with
woodlands, coffee trees, bush and trees. The dominant land cover of the project area is wood and
coffee trees. For long years ago, the project area and around the project has been used for coffee tree
and crops. Generally, out of the total area of the district, some is covered by: annual crops, most by
perennial crops like coffee tree, some with forest, some is grazing land, and others are used for other
uses.
4.2.2. Wildlife
There are different species of wild animals in the district and so many different types of birds are
commonly observed in the area. No significant large animals are observed in the project area. From
its nature the project has no significant effect on the animals. Major animals occasionally seen in the
district are: Monkeys, Birds and others. Although this is not an immediate concern, the project will
encourage the creation of new habitats through tree planting on the farm.

4.3. Socio-economic Environment

The largest ethnic group reported in Gesha was the Kafa people. Kafinoonoo was spoken as a first
language. The livelihood of the residents around the area is primarily based on trading and
agricultural activities. There is no school education at less than 500m from the project site and health
institutions around the site and this shows that there are no scrutinized negative impacts by this
project on this institution. Moreover, there is no reported historical/cultural/ or archeological resource

22
in the project site to be negatively impacted by the presence of the project in the site. The economy of
the study area is mainly based on trading and farming. The farming system is mixed farming system
with special emphasis on cash crop production like coffee.
4.3.1. Communities Attitude and Perceptions
As per the analysis of interview of resident living relatively closely to the project site and group
discussion among local administrative bodies, residents of the project area have a need of job
opportunity and want to see investments on these kinds of activities. It is understood that local people
have positive attitudes towards this dry coffee processing project.

23
 5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION,
ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
This option is the preferred option and it entails carrying out the proposal with mitigation measures to
prevent, offset or avoid its negative impacts thereby maximizing its gains. This option would
therefore lead to achieving the project’s objectives sustainably and contribute to the achievement of
other sectoral and policy goals and objectives. The execution of the dry coffee hulling project has
certain impacts on the natural and socio-economic environment. The impacts can be categorized into
direct, indirect and cumulative impacts. The main focus of this chapter is to identify the significant
impacts of both negative and positive nature and to analyze it under the scenario where no mitigation
and enhancement measures are put in place. For the purpose of this assessment, impacts and/or
benefits that will occur during operation phases will be considered. The environmental analysis will
therefore attempt to screen out the insignificant impacts and bring the major significant impacts into
the attention of decision makers.
5.1. Impact Identification, Analysis and Mitigation Measures
In order to assess the significance of the proposed project’s impacts, the impacts were first identified
from their source which are the project’s activities/equipment/processes/materials and then the impact
receptor which are the baseline environmental and social conditions. This was carried out through the
use of the Impact Checklist, which only identifies an impact. This process was also informed by the
public participation exercise.
The impacts were then classified as either positive or negative and the project phase from where
which they will occur and then they were discussed individually in the later subsections of this
chapter. The impacts were lastly analyzed in terms of their characteristics on the aforementioned
baselines to define their significance by using a matrix and this was also informed by the public
participation exercise to identify the acceptable risks.
Lastly through literature reviews, professional knowledge, engagements with the proponent and
engagements with stakeholders, mitigation measures were developed commensurate to the
significance of impacts. This facilitated the development of the Environmental and Social impact
assessment in this report.
5.2. Potential Positive Impacts
Safe and healthy environment has a direct relationship with sustainability of any development
undertaking. As much as possible, all development projects should have minimum adverse impacts on
environmental resources and human health. Like any other development project, this project has
24
positive impacts on the environment and nearby community. The potential positive impacts of the
project are explained as follows.
5.2.1. Employment opportunity and Technology Transfer
The quantifiable benefits from the project are the employment opportunities that were created. People
were employed at the site in all the phases of the project. The project has provided employment to the
people right from the planning through to the assessment. Others to be employed are the supervisors
and the management staff during the operation phase.
The project will also create employment opportunities for a number of skilled and semiskilled
workers in the area. Most of the unskilled labor wills be people from the project area. This contributes
to improve the livelihoods of the people living in the town and the employees in a number of ways.
Self-employment will be realized with the people who will come to the site to sell foodstuffs to the
workers. About 55 persons will get a chance to be employed on permanent or temporary basis. If the
project is not coming to the area there won’t be this opportunity for the local people. The project has
the following contribution directly or indirectly.
 Skill gain for the workers in this dry coffee hulling project means the skill stay with them for
their future job of similar kind that benefits the local community.
 Improvement of general welfare for the local population as a result of increased income.
 Increased economic activities directly or indirectly related to the project.
 Increase in the income of the population working on the site and development of small
businesses that will serve the employee of the staff.
 Possibility of savings for the local population and employee of the factory.
Based on this legal delegate of SAFE DEVELOPMENT Consultant & Training Private
Enterprise recommended the enhancement for these beneficial impacts as shown in the following
box.

Risk reduction measure One

 As much as possible recruit workers from the local market and Employees should be trained
on their job description periodically
 Increase product quality and quantity to penetrate the local market and competitive as it
ensures sustainability.
 Utilize the maximum capacity of the dry coffee hulling project according to the plan to
ensure sustenance of the number of employees

25
  Fair salary and other benefits should be in place based the work load and level of
education.
 Train employees about saving and entrepreneurship to motivate them in other business
activities.
 Transfer knowledge and updated technology that is feasible, practical and implemented

5.2.2. Income Generation and Better Livelihood

Any development project establishment in a given area will benefit the local community in a number
of ways by direct as well as indirect benefit that helps the local people to earn money by involving in
income generating business activities. This project creates about 55 workers both permanently and
temporarily. Dry coffee hulling project opens up opportunities to increase high income in dry coffee
hulling process. These opportunities employ labor which would otherwise be idle. Increased incomes
from coffee seeds production project means increased savings leading to increased investment and
therefore wealth creation. It also stabilizes urban population. Most young people migrate to urban
areas to look for employment opportunities.
The proposed project will boost the local economy through payment of loyalties, taxes, levies another
charges to the town/Gesha district and central governments. The project wills also open up the area for
similar and other varied investments. The net effect will be improved infrastructure in the area and
better living standards. It will also enhance local economic development generated via the workers
coming to the work area/town for house renting, food consumption and others. The local residents
may engage in business activities for the workers such as drinking business, food and other bottled and
soft drinking activities.
The dry coffee hulling project must be accompanied by infrastructure development to increase access
to project and product markets. Growth of incomes and wealth also mean that urban inhabitants can be
able to cooperate and provide infrastructure like schools, market shades, landfills, sewerages system,
health centers, market facilities, etc., particularly in areas where government has not been able to. On
the other hand, increased taxes as a result of high dry coffee hulling project incomes mean that
government is more able to provide infrastructure and social services.
The study team of Safe Development Consultant & Training Private enterprise therefore,
recommended the following for the enhancement of this illustrated in the following box.

26
Risk reduction measure Two
 Support local community via entrepreneurship training and technology transfer to engage in
business activities
 Give priority for the poor and especially women as they are better in saving
 Help local development (safe drinking water, electricity, and road) as CSR which indirectly
helps local people in different business activities.
 Community meeting and consultation with community representatives for any problems and
conflict to create trust ship and harmony for a better planning and implementation
 Training workers of the company to save money and support them and involve in various
business activities especially relevant to dry coffee hulling project.
 Much of the work will be manual and will not require any specialized training. This will
thus open opportunities for the women and youths who comprise the largest proportion of
the rural population. Therefore, gender balance is very important in labor recruitment to
enhance women and youth role
 Train and support local community to engage themselves by cooperation or forming
association with local community to advance their traditional system association with local
community to advance their traditional system

5.2.3. Improved and high quality coffee seeds supply

The development is designed to provide a large tone of coffee seeds indirectly to the country
therefore solves the problem of coffee seeds product for the country and ensuring the supply is
reliable due to installation of the modern facility. The project is also offer training; technology
transfer to local communities to assist them achieve coffee seeds production from coffee beans by
machines. The study team of the consulting firm therefore, recommended the following for the
enhancement of this illustrated in the following box

27
Risk reduction measure Three
 Increase product quality and quantity to penetrate the local and international market and
competitive as it ensures sustainability.
 Utilize the maximum capacity of the dry coffee hulling project according to the plan to
ensure sustenance of the number of employees
 Transfer knowledge and update technology that is feasible, practical and implemented

Table 2 Summary of positive impacts of the dry coffee hulling project

No Impacts Classification
.
1 Improved and high quality coffee seeds supply Positive, important and
permanent impact
2 Job creation for 50 people those who are to be employed in Positive, important and
different services of the project permanent impact
3 New opportunities for income generation for many Positive, important and
individuals who are supplying coffee beans used as raw permanent impact
materials for coffee hulling
4 Improvement of general welfare as a result of increased Positive, important and
income; permanent impact
5 Increased economic activities directly or indirectly related Positive, important and
to the dry coffee hulling project; permanent impact
6 Increase in the income of the population working on the Positive, important and
Dry coffee seeds and development of small businesses that permanent impact
will serve the employee of the site;
7 Possibility of meeting the fundamental social needs for Positive, important and
the employees and their families (health care, schooling permanent Impact
Children, etc.)
8 Possibility of savings for the local population and Positive, important and
Employee of the project. permanent Impact
9 Payment of taxes to the local and central government Positive, important and

28
 permanent impact

5.3. Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts of the Project

5.3.1. Pre-construction Phase Impacts
The proposed coffee hulling Project is mainly situated in plain land. Since, site is open for grazing;
people of immediate vicinities will be affected by alteration of grazing land to proposed coffee
hulling Project. The development project is mainly situated in Sámi plain land that contains scattered
plant species. At the time of the inception of the project, communities around the project have another
land for grazing in the near outside this industrial area. Therefore, changing this area into coffee
hulling project does not affect the local community in the area.
Therefore, the study team of Safe Development consultant and training Private Enterprise,
therefore, recommends the following mitigation/ reduction measures as written in the following box.

Risk reduction Measure Four

 Giving priority for the project nearby people for job opportunities available in the project;
and
 Implementing appropriate technical support including training to ensure that the nearby
people would adapt to work with the new coffee hulling system.
 Giving coffee husks compost to the local community to use as compost in coffee plantation
without payment or with low price.

5.3.2. Impacts of Construction and installation of machines

The construction phase of the project involves clearing, land leveling, and transportation of
construction materials, and installation of machines for coffee hulling. Potential adverse impacts
associated with these activities of the project are:
 Removal of vegetation
 Removal of landscape
 Land use pattern alteration
 Impact on Air Quality
 Impact on flora and fauna
 Nuisance Noise
 Work place accidents.

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 5.3.2.1. Removal of vegetation, landscape and land use pattern alteration
Land clearing and removal of the existing vegetation from the project site can be a cause for the
alteration of landscape integrity, grasses, perennial vegetation and change in land use pattern in the
project area. Therefore, the study team of Safe Development consultant and training Private
Enterprise, therefore, recommends the following mitigation/ reduction measures as written in the
following box.

Risk reduction Measure Five

 Maintaining some shrubs while clearing lands for the project and restoration of trees and
shrubs in a designated area and other degraded areas outside the project area in collaboration
with the local community;
 Soil removed from the construction site will be distributed over the project land in the compound
and:
 Creating awareness on the value of conserving biodiversity in general and indigenous species among
the workers engaged on the construction activity. In this regard, training will be conducted for
workers prior to commencement of construction activities.

5.3.2.2. Impact on Air Quality

Local land degradation due to earth moving operation during the site preparation and land leveling is
the main air quality concern of the project during the construction stage. As the impact that can arise
from the problem is localized, the contribution of the project construction to air quality degradation is
not significant. However, as the dust storm can have visibility impact on site operation and decrease
breathing because of the suspended particles in the air, the problem is an important issue that requires
consideration. Therefore, the Consulting Firm recommends the following mitigation/ reduction
measures as written in the following box.

Risk reduction Measure Six

 Avoid any adverse consequence of visibility loss due to dust creation during construction;
the practical option is to sprinkle water on fresh construction spoil.
 Avoid high speed during transportation for loading of machineries to reduce fuel
consumption that contributes to air pollution

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 5.3.2.3. Impact on flora and fauna
As there is no woodland in the site, destruction of perennial vegetation and wild animals is
insignificant. The project site has no recognized wildlife habitat. Therefore, the Consulting Firm
recommends the following mitigation/ reduction measures as written in the following box.

Risk reduction Measure Seven

 Though the impact on flora and fauna loss is minimal, in order to avoid damages during the
construction activities and keep the greenness of the environment, the following measures are
recommended:
 Limit and control movement of trucks and construction machineries during construction in a
manner that trucks will not damage vegetation.
 Record the type and number of shrubs cut in order to replace after construction is completed.
 Create awareness for the local people and workers in every opportunity about the importance of
vegetation cover for soil and water conservation.
 Grade disturbed areas and restore landscape.


5.3.2.4. Nuisance Noise

Construction involves the operation of machinery and vehicles. As a result, some noise pollution is
expected in and close to the project site. Though the construction doesn't involve the use of explosives
or blasting machines that bring about significant noise effect, due care will be taken to minimize
negative noise effects. Therefore, the Consulting Firm recommends the following mitigation/
reduction measures as written in the following box.

Risk reduction Measure Eight

 Conducting construction at the time where most of the people are in the field.
 Using modern machineries that have less nuisance noise effect.
 Avoid the installation of machineries work at the night time to reduce noise level which is
greater at night time.

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 5.3.3. Adverse Impacts of the dry coffee hulling project during operation phases
No. Impacts
1 Impacts of Solid wastes
2 Impacts of coffee husks
3 Water pollution
4 Soil pollution
5 Air pollution
6 Impact of burning of coffee husks in the local community
7 Impacts of greenhouse gas emission
8 employee health problem

The sources of impacts and their effects are identified from the activities of the coffee hulling process.
The production of huge volume of coffee husks is one of the priorities that need attention and water
and air pollution is the most important issue of coffee hulling factory that needs attention to be paid
for. The receptor of impacts (the environmental media) are evident from the baseline information.
The significance of the impacts such as the consequences or severity of any impacts can be measured
or assessed against the criteria set at the regional, national or international levels (the regional,
national and international environmental policies and standards). Finally, after thorough analysis of
the sources of the impacts, the receptors and valuable environmental policies and standards required
impact mitigation measures at different stages have been incorporated into the coffee hulling project.
5.3.3.1. Impact on surface and ground water
From its nature, coffee hulling project generates ample amount of coffee seed byproducts even in one
day. Unless collected frequently with full attentions the uncollected byproducts found their way into
nearby rivers.
Out of six parts of coffee bean, only the coffee seed is needed as the main product and others (outer
skin, pup, pectin, parchment and the silver skin) are considered as byproducts. These wastes if not
used appropriately they are very dangerous to destroy the quality of the surface water through runoff
from coffee hulling project area. Flow of coffee husk to the water body increases TSS, BOD 5, COD,
Total nitrogen and ammonia of the nearby rivers. Decomposition of these organic materials by
microorganisms depletes the dissolved oxygen in the rivers consequently destroying the life of
aquatic animals living in the water body because of deficiency of oxygen. The effect of this process

32
can change the color and taste of nearby rivers. The full extent of surface and groundwater pollution
due to byproducts of coffee hulling process is however largely not quantified.
In order to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of dry coffee hulling project will introduce
and implement both preventive and curative mitigation measures that are implemented at different
levels during the operational phases of the project. The aim of the preventive mitigation measures is
generally to minimize the generation of wastes at source and maximize quality of the environment
and it will be implemented during the production operation phases. Based on this the legal delegate
of SAFE DEVELOPMENT Consulting & Training Private Enterprise recommended the
enhancement for this impacts as shown in the following box.

Risk Reduction Measure Nine

 All the waste generated from the factory site should be collected, stored and disposed in
environmentally sound manner.
 Dry coffee hulling project should possess own coffee plant nursery and distribute for the
nearby districts during plantation.
 Setup operational procedures for good housekeeping; effective maintenance and efficient
coffee seeds production operation.

 Dry coffee hulling project should will convert all in all coffee husks either to bio-briquette
charcoal which is used as source of energy and sell other byproducts to the local
communities with very cheap price or distribute to the local farmers to use as compost in
coffee plantation without payment to prevent over accumulation in the project compound.
 Solid wastes will be segregated, collected and stored in the compound properly without
open burning and finally transported to the municipal solid waste disposal site by
recognized solid waste collectors.
 Maintenance of machineries will be undertaken in a designated area and used oil and
lubricants will be effectively managed. The collected used oil will be appropriately stored
in barrels and it will be sold to buyers in line with Performance Standard 3.

33
 Gabions or strong concreted fence will be constructed around the dry coffee hulling
company to prevent dispersion of coffee husks through control runoff or agents.
 Water bodies should be protected from dry coffee hulling project coffee husks and
other solid wastes in order to reduce possible health impacts both on human and
aquatic life.
 Monitoring and evaluation activities should be done on a regular basis so as to assess
the quality of the environment around dry coffee hulling stations.
 The coffee husks collection areas should be secured and contained to minimize the risk
of invasion by pests and rodents.
 Liquid wastes charging will be done with utmost care and by mechanical seal type of
pump to avoid any leakages.
 Liquid raw material is stored in suitable tanks at separate demarcated space.
 To prevent any spillage, separate storage area for the raw material & product.
 Proper handling, loading & unloading of waste to avoid spillage and contamination.
 Records of waste generation reuse and disposal should be maintained.
 Hazardous waste i.e. used lubricating oil will be stored in barrels & Used oil &
lubricants will be sold to authorized re-processors on monthly basis to avoid the storage
impact in factory premises.
 Maintenance of records for generation and disposal of the entire solid waste to be
ensured and the storage duration onsite should not be more than 90 days.
 Total reuse of water generated and zero discharge shall be followed to reduce fresh
water consumption.
 The effluent generated at the plant will be collected and treated.
 Wastes generated from the plant will be collected and disposed in environmental sound
manner.
 It should be ensured that, water consumption should not exceed than

34
 committed requirement by installing water meter.
 Waste water and sewage from the facility should be directed into underground septic tanks.
 The diameter of the sewage pipes serving the pump house should be large enough and the
pipes should be regularly maintained;
 Inspection of the sewerage and drainage systems from the premises to minimize risk of
flushing;
 All sewage wastes will be managed according to controlled discharge standards;
 Monitoring of effluent should be carried regularly according to national and regional guide
line;
 Periodic checks and regular maintenance should be carried out on all drainage channels and
lines to the main sewer on the site;
 De-sludging of the septic tank should be done regularly or whenever the septic tank appears
to be filling.

5.3.3.2. Impacts of Solid Wastes

The project is expected to generate solid wastes. Wastes can be injurious to the environment through
blockage of drainage systems, choking of water bodies and negative impacts on animal health as they
can be potential breeding grounds for disease causing pathogens. Some of these waste materials
especially the plastics and polythene bags are not biodegradable hence may cause long-term injurious
effects to the environment. This assessment takes care of solid wastes from the operation activities.
Based on this the Safe Development Consultant & Training Private Enterprise recommended the
enhancement for this impacts as shown in the following box.

35
 Risk Reduction Measure Ten
The following mitigation measures are possible for the reduction of these problems:

 On the completion of civil works, all debris etc. will be completely removed from site to
avoid any incompatibility with future use.
 Other hazardous materials like diesel, etc. will be properly stored and handled to prevent any
spillage on land.
 All the wastes will be stored at a designated site within the premises to prevent scattered
discharge on land.
 Waste water and sewage from the facility should be directed into underground septic tanks.
 Periodic checks and regular maintenance should be carried out on all drainage channels and
lines to the main sewer on the site;
 De-sludging of the septic tank should be done regularly or whenever the septic tank appears
to be filling.
 Dry coffee hulling Project establishes quantification and monitoring systems for prescribed
solid wastes.
 The solid waste not from the Dry coffee hulling process will be disposed in the designated
municipal disposal area following safe disposal methods.

 The solid wastes will be segregated appropriately and stored first in identified site in the
project area.
 The refuse areas should be secured and enclosed to minimize the risk of pests and rodents
 If possible, division should be incorporated to enable the source separation of the wastes,
recycling and resource recovery.
 The site should have waste receptacles with bulk storage facilities at convenient points to
prevent littering during occupation.
 Waste generated should be collected by a privately contracted waste collection company.

36
  Sewage of the workforce is collected in the septic tank and disposed to municipal disposal
site.
 Waste metals can be sold as scrape metal; biodegradable wastes can be converted into
manure for use in landscaping and plastic bags and containers can be given to the residents
for free for use in carrying things such as paraffin;
 Dry coffee hulling Project will work together with concerned stakeholders at different
levels to identify and designate a waste disposal site for both liquid and solid waste.
 All wastes generated from the Dry coffee hulling Project of workforce of the development
project in the work areas will be collected and transported to the municipal communal
disposal site for appropriate disposal.

5.3.3.3. Impacts of Excessive Energy Consumption

The facility is to be supplied with electricity from the Ethiopia Power. For coffee hulling, a
substantial amount of electrical power will be needed. Power will also be required for lighting and
other electrical appliances in the operator’s house. The management intends to put florescent tubes for
lighting purposes. Therefore, Safe Development Consultant and Training Private Enterprise
suggested the following recommendation measures as described in the box below.

Risk Reduction Measure Eleven

It is the government policy to minimize energy consumption. Thus the following mitigation
measures are suggested to help minimize the consumption of energy:

 Energy efficient lighting to be used at the company;

 Light sensor switches are to be provided to ensure outdoors lights are not used in daytime;
 All energy using equipment such as water heaters and bulbs should be switched off when not
le in use;
 Alternative energy sources need to be installed such as solar energy and generator for power
backup.

37
 5.3.3.4. Noise and Vibration Impact
High level of noise is a key concern in the dry coffee hulling projects. Noise pollution from machine
operations is caused during dry coffee hulling. This often leads to occupational hazards and causes
annoyance to the local community (when human settlements are located close to the project or when
the transport route passes through human habitation). Some workers work on the machine in this
project. It is not impossible to underestimate the impact of the noise of the machine and the
generators in this project. Noise can cause hearing damage. It can interfere with communication,
cause fatigue, reduce efficiency and affect staff morale.
Table 3 level of sound pollution

Category Noise Limit in (db)

Day time (6:00 am-9:00 pm) Night time (9:00 pm-6:00 am)
Industrial area 75 70
Commercial area 65 43
Residential Area 43 43

Therefore, legal delegate of SAFE DEVELOPMENT Consulting and Training Private Enterprise
suggested the following recommendation measures as described in the box below.

Risk Reduction Measure Twelve

The following need to be considered during operational phase:
 Proper equipment maintenance and restricted operation only during daytime hours so as to
reduce noise;
 Reasonable working hours (only during the day) should be maintained whenever possible to
reduce the number of complaints concerning noise from the neighboring residents;
 Consider the rule which states that, ‘No worker shall be exposed to noise level in excess of the
continuous equivalent of 90 dBA for more than 8 hours within any 24 hours duration.;
 Operation of shorter shift period for workers who come in direct contact with high
concentrations of noise. This problem is solved by employing more additional machine
operators.


38
  Inlet and outlet mufflers shall be provided which are easy to design and construct.
 Ear plugs shall be provided to workmen working near high noise generating machines.
 To save the health of the other workers from noise pollution the company should isolate the
machine works from other part of the activities of the company.
 The project site shall have adequate greenbelt.

5.3.3.5. Impacts on Air Pollution

As indicated earlier, coffee hulling machines are used to remove the parchment layer (endocarp) from
processed coffee. Hulling dry coffee refers to removing the entire dried husk the excerpt, monocarp
and endocarp of the dried cherries. From these parts, the endocarp is lighter and can go farther in the
compound even though this cannot be indicated as a significant source to pollute the air, this is the
source of air pollution in the area and there are no other causes of significant air pollution.
Also, the direct impact of coffee hulling process on the atmosphere arises from the dusts and
particulate materials released during the coffee hulling process from the machine. Actually, ample
volume of dust and particulate matters are generated even per day to the atmosphere. Moreover,
during the operation of the industry, it has to burn the coffee byproducts or coffee coats on a safe and
constructed close field. Otherwise, open burning increases highly the concentration of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere. The contribution of these activities for the global warming in the world is
not underestimated.
The energy used during the transportation system has impacts on the environment due to release of
emission with likely effects on global warming, acidification and eutrophication. For example,
organic compounds and phosphorus released to water, and emissions of nitrogenous compounds to
both air and water are the most serious environmental impacts. GHG emissions of forestry supply
chain activities and found road transport of coffee bean and coffee seeds had the highest impact in
climate change category. To avoid the air pollution in the project site, consulting firm suggested the
following recommendation measures as described in the box below.

39
Risk Reduction Measure Thirteen

The ambient air quality levels in the project area should be within the permissible limits specified by
regulating agency. The following methods of abatement shall be employed for the air pollution
control:
 The proponent of the project has to design coffee husk processing to produce coffee briquette
from coffee coats or the project should distribute the coffee husks to the local farmers to use
for compost in agriculture.
 The project should encourage plantation of fast growing green plants species in own land in
the compound.
 The project always uses renewable energy sources for dry coffee hulling other than non-
renewable energy sources.
 For GHG emission takes place during transportation of coffee beans and coffee seeds the
project plants number of indigenous plants in the nearby districts.
 The project will have own plant nursery for coffee plant seedling growth.
 All production activities are to be carried out in closed conditions to minimize possibility of
fugitive emission.
 Transport vehicles shall be properly maintained to reduce air emissions
 Development and maintenance of a greenbelt around the plant area, and plantation along the
internal roads within the plant premises. The greenbelt helps to capture the fugitive emissions
and to attenuate the noise generated in the plant, apart from improving the aesthetics of the
plant site. Extensive plantation has to be done under greenbelt development for this plant. A
greenbelt has to be developed and well maintained along the internal roads, colony, and at the
plant area.
 All the internal roads should be asphalted during the implementation of the plant.
 Provide adequate ventilation
 Avoid open burning of coffee husks, under quality coffee beans and solid waste generated by
the work force.

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 5.3.3.6. Fires and Accidents
Fires and accidents are unpredictable. Accidents may result from moving vehicles and when working.
They affect health and may result into death. Fires result into property damage. The fire protection
measures proposed for the design comply with the recommended measures for the facility. The
management intends to install fire extinguishers in the building. To avoid the Fires and Accidents in
the project site, consulting firm suggested the following recommendation measures as described in
the box below.

Risk Reduction Measure Fourteen

The following measures are important in mitigation of fires and accidents:

 Regular training of the personnel in case of any emergency including those involving fire
outbreaks and accidents;
 Regular inspection of the firefighting equipment and the First Aid box which must be
available on the site at all times;
 An inventory should be made detailing all fire protection measures;
 “NO SMOKING” signs should be prominently displayed in the operator’s and pump
houses;
 Apart from the fire extinguishers and the fire exit, the management should consider
installation of a hose reel and fire blanket;
 Fire alarms, incorporating smoke sensors should be installed;
 Adequate space should be created at the entrance and exit along the road to give drivers
enough room to maneuver into and out of the project site;
 A fire assembly point should be established outside the facility;
 Incidents and accidents will be maintained and analyzed to take precautionary measures.
 At the plant, safety audit will be carried out by the Audit team comprising of safety
professional, technical services, maintenance and process personnel.
 Necessary fire protection facilities will be provided at the plant
 Adequate numbers of fire extinguishers will be provided in production area.


41
  Easy availability of fire extinguishers and trained personnel will be insured to operate
extinguishers.
 All equipment and storage tanks/containers of flammable chemicals will be bounded and
earthed properly.
 The workers will be made aware about the hazards associated with manual material handling.
 Communication system including public address system will be provided.
 The system will be initiated for checklist based routine safety inspection and internal audit of
the plant.
 Safety inspection team will be formed from various disciplines and departments.
 Electrical Hazardous and safety will be properly managed at the proposed plant.
 Electrical earth pits will be cleaned, covered and maintained in good condition.

5.3.3.7. Impact on Human Health & Occupational Safety

Occupational health hazards can vary from site to site according to the technologies and adopted
methods. However, the project activities could prove harmful to human health with the lack of proper
measures. It is vital that the contractor and proponent, in accordance with the law, take the
appropriate health and safety measures.
Under the act, Public Health Officers are empowered to make inspections and to take action in case of
any violations and in the case of nuisance. Employees of the project are likely to be affected by
exposure to hazardous chemicals, dust, pollution, accidents, fire and other related risks. It is important
that mitigation measures are put in place to avoid effects that may result from such impacts. In
addition, records should be kept of accidents and incidents occurring at the premises for future
monitoring.
Poor construction may lead to accidents to the pump operators and building occupants. Necessary
measures need to be put in place to avoid such incidents. As per the Occupational Health and Safety
Act, every person in a working space is entitled to enough of space. Free circulation of air in any work
environment is necessary. If natural ventilation in any structure is not adequate, artificial ventilation is

42
advisable. Most mitigation measures have been discussed above. Based on this SAFE Development
Consulting & Training Private Enterprise recommended the enhancement for this as shown in the
following box.

Risk Reduction Measure Fifteen

Possible mitigation measures to reduce impacts related to occupational health and safety are:

 A firefighting system should be available within the site. These consist of well-equipped
firefighting equipment, fire protective clothing and procedures for handling fire
 All workers are to be briefed on causes and risks that are likely to occur at any working place
and on safe practice within the construction site. Workers should also be trained on the work
that they do and on handling specific equipment and tool
 The contractor and the management need to provide personal protective equipment to all his
employees during the operation phase of the facility. Protective clothing must be worn in all
situations where the body and skin are potentially exposed to hazards such as chemicals,
harmful dusts and sharp objects. Basic protection includes gloves, nose masks, dust coat, safety
glass for eye protection, ear protection, safety shoe (steel-toed shoe), and overalls. The project
will take steps to prevent accidents, injury, and disease occurring in the course of work by
minimizing, so far as reasonably practicable.
 Every person at the facility should take precaution not to cause any effect on his/ her own
health or to the health of any other person. This will involve following instructions on how to
handle some tasks and equipment. Any burning must be controlled.
 Construction of the building as recommended in the structural drawing;
 Provision of enough windows, installation exhaust fans in strategic points to allow good air
circulation into and out of the buildings.
 Employee welfare issues include free medical attendance if injured on work. The contractor
and the project should also have provisions for sick leaves and offs for employees.

43
 Notices to warn visitors and staff of potential dangers that may exist in different areas of the
facility, or warn the persons on potential consequences of their actions should be put in
place.
 Personnel engaged in handling of hazardous chemicals will be trained to respond in an
unlikely event of emergencies.
 Safety measures in the form of DO’s and Don’t Do’s will be displayed at strategic locations
especially in Kafinoonoo, Amharic and English language.
 The plant will check and ensure that all instruments provided in the plant are in good
condition and documented.
 Safe work practices will be developed to provide for the control of hazards during operation
and maintenance.
 Personnel especially contractor workers at the plant will be made aware about the hazardous
substance stored at the plant and risk associated with them.
 Predictive and preventive maintenance schedule will be prepared for equipment, piping,
pumps, etc. and thickness survey will be done periodically as per standard practices.
 Safety Communication/Motivation/Promotion will be implemented.
 Safety Communication/Motivation/Promotion will be implemented.
 Safety education and training will be imparted to the workers available at the plant area.
 Necessary first aid facilities will be provided at the plant at strategic locations.
 Occupational Health Centre will be established at the plant.
 Workers engaged in handling of hazardous chemicals will be made aware of properties of
hazardous chemicals.
 In the plant, precaution and instructions will be displayed at strategic locations in
Kafinoonoo, Amharic and English Languages.
 Adequate ventilation will be provided in the work floor environment.

44
  The work environment will be assessed and monitored regularly as local ventilation is most
effective method for controlling dust and gaseous emissions at work floor.
 Safe operating procedures will be available for mostly all hazardous materials, operations and
equipment.
 The workers will be informed of consequences of failure to observe the safe operating
procedures.
 Work permit system will be followed at the plant.

5.3.3.8. Occupational Health and Safety Impact

Limiting the risk of injury at the sites of operation mainly lies in promoting awareness and good
management practices among workers at the main site, especially when it comes to machine operation
and chemicals handling, which has serious adverse impacts on those directly exposed to especially
during storage, application and disposal.
The adoption of appropriate and necessary protective measures can reduce the potential health risks
associated with the operation phases. Such measures will become of high significance not only to the
facility workers but also to the site management due to the financial savings associated with the
reduction of lost days of work and medical treatment for those injured during operation. They can be
challenged by different problems. Based on this the Safe Development Consulting & Training
Private Enterprise recommended the enhancement for this as shown in the following box.

Risk Reduction Measure Sixteen

Recommended mitigation measures to be adopted at the main site include the following:
 Restrict unattended public access by proper fencing;
 Use adequate safety barrier and signs;
 Provision of guards on entrances to and exits from the site;

45
 Proper labeling storage of chemicals, oils and fuel;
 Promote safety education through training about the fundamentals of occupational health and
safety procedures.
 Provide appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves, masks, ear plugs, gas
detectors, brightly colored working overalls equipped with light reflecting stripes, safety boots,
safety helmets, etc.
 Keep uniforms and Personal Protective Equipment clean and in good conditions and replace
them on a bi-annual basis during the operation process.
 Provide personal Identity cards for all employees.
 Provide fire extinguishers at different locations of the operational site and develop and
emergency response plan in case of fire explosion;
 Control leakages through continuous maintenance of equipment and storage containers;
 Frequent sweeping to control dust accumulation;
 Provision of electrical grounding, spark detection and prevention;
 Elimination of external ignition sources;
 Enhance ventilation in enclosed areas;
 Provide appropriate lighting during night-time works;
 Maintain working spaces and walking surfaces to prevent slips;
 Provide adequate loading and off-loading spaces especially for coffee beans and coffee seeds
 Implementing of speed limits for vehicles entering and exiting the site
 Install first aid facilities
 Fire emergency response plan
 Provide washrooms for the facility workers
 This project will set a corporate minimum work age that complies with national law and
Performance Standard 2 and develop a corporate policy against employing, using or benefiting
from child labor.

46
 5.3.3.9. Safe Water Supply and Basic Sanitation Impact
While projects aim to improve socio-economic conditions and the quality of life of the beneficiaries,
in many instances their impact on health is, inadvertently a negative one. It is argued that, such
negative outcomes are expected when development projects are planned and executed on strictly
sectoral lines, as a result of which environmental determinants of health are overlooked. As the coffee
husk is continuously collected in the site, vector-borne diseases spread into areas where they were
load causing severe clinical symptoms. According to the data obtained by the consulting firm, the
workforces will get the water for drinking from the town water supply. Based on this the Consulting
firm recommended the enhancement for this as shown in the following box.

Risk Reduction Measure Seventeen

 The project should provide adequate clean water and basic sanitation to its workforce from its
own tap water in project site.
 In line with International Finance Corporation’s Performance Standard number four, the
proponent has to undertake a process of consultation in a manner that provided the affected
communities with opportunities to express their views on project risks, impacts, and mitigation
measures.
 There should be separate clean toilet facilities for male and female workers.
 Wastewater from cleaning, shower and other activity should be collected via lines/ drainages
and to be connected to the septic tank
 The project will minimize the potential for community exposure to water-borne, water based,
water-related, vector-borne disease, and other communicable diseases that could result from
project activities.
 The project will provide workers with a safe and healthy work environment.
 This project will make sure that there is safe water supply throughout the project premises and
basic sanitation systems are in place throughout the age of the project.

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 5.3.3.10. Impact of HIV/AIDS Distribution and Women
Human health may be threatened where inadequate training and awareness exist to support the
population within an area, project or locality. The presence of large workforce in an area, some of
whom will move away from their families may ultimately lead to prostitution, drug abuse, increased
incidence of HIV/AIDS among the workers and to the town residents. Cases of insecurity may also
increase targeting the working class.
Women are negatively impacted by gender norms on access to HIV services as most of them
deponent on their male partners. For fear of rejection and violence by their partners, women are also
unable to discuss their sexual activity and may not make use of health services. According to the
(DHS, 2016), among all the gender based violence,7% of them are sexual. The study team of Safe
Development Consultant & Training Private Enterprise suggested the following for intervention.

Risk Reduction Measure Eighteen

 Health and safety audits should be carried out periodically.
 There should be adequate medical supervision personnel comprising pre-hiring clinical
screening, periodic medical examination and rehabilitative care for any affected workers.
 Training and availing first aid kits is recommended
 The company will regularly conduct health, Safety and Environmental audits whose outcomes
will enable the company to fully understand the impacts of its operations and corrective actions
to be put in place.
 There should be a separate toilet facility for male and female workers
 Aware about HIV/AIDS regularly and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) with periodic
HIV counseling and testing (HCT) is very important for the labor forces of dry coffee hulling
project
 Condom distribution and promotion are very important

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 5.3.3.11. Loss of social service
As the dry coffee hulling Project covers 1.5 ha land and found in the legal land, there is no social
service like schools, health facilities, and potable water supply schemes to be affected by the project.
These social services are far from the present project. As their distance from the project is far, impact
of the project on the social services is very low. However, if coffee husks and particulate matters are
continuously released to the environment and water body, it can affect the social services of the
community found at the downstream. Based on this the Consulting firm recommended the
enhancement for this as shown in the following box.

Risk Reduction Measure Nineteen

 The project does not release coffee husks, particulate matters and any byproducts to the
environment. The project gives necessary care for the wastes and communities found on the
downstream of the project site.
 The project should avoid burning of any waste in the compound.
 The company does not release waste water to the environment or to the surrounding.

5.3.3.12. Loss of land under various land use types

There is no land that was taken from the residents in the project area illegally. Hence no area was lost
for this project by the local communities. The owner has own land with green card certificate for the
proposed project. The total area of land under the boundary delineated for the project area is 1.5ha.
Therefore, establishment of dry coffee hulling plant does not affect the land of the local communities.
Based on this the Safe Development Consultant & Training Private Enterprise recommended the
enhancement for this impacts as shown in the following box.

Risk Reduction Measure Twenty

 Giving priority for the project nearby people for job opportunities available in the project;
 Implementing appropriate technical support including training and provision of basic social
services to ensure that the nearby people would adapt to the coffee production seeds process.

49
  Dry coffee processing Project Conduct social assistant program in the project area
community.
 The project will sell damaged coffee seeds to the local communities with low price.

5.3.3.13. Loss of sites of cultural and/or religious values

The presence of any known culturally or historically important sites at the dry coffee processing
Project site was not indicated by any of the consulted parties. Particularly no officially recognized and
registered sites of cultural or religious values were identified by the culture and tourism bureau of the
town. However, the workforce those came from other part of the country should adapt the norm of the
local communities. Based on this The Safe Development Consulting & Training Private
Enterprise recommended the enhancement for this as shown in the following box.

Risk Reduction Measure Twenty-One

 The project manages the workers continuously not to create confliction with the community
and to keep the norms of the local community.

Table 4 The Negative impacts of the project, its magnitudes and duration are shown in table
below

No Impact Classification
.
1 Air pollution caused by burning of coffee husks and Negative, moderate and long
particulate matter emission term
2 Risk of soil pollution caused by overflow of coffee coats Negative, moderate and
and solid waste disposal temporary impact
3 Water resource pollution by coffee husks through runoff Negative, moderate and
permanent impact
4 Threatening of biodiversity living in water body as a Negative, moderate and
consequence of water pollution due to discharging of permanent impact
coffee by products by runoff
5 Effects of generated solid wastes. Negative, little and
50
 permanent impact
6 Risk of noise pollution of machinery and vehicles and its Negative, high and permanent
related impacts in the area. impact
7 Risk of the accidents on the personnel of the site some of Negative, moderate and
the workforce may not be familiar to coffee hulling factory temporary impact
processing techniques which can be a cause of accidents.
If the protection equipment is not adequate accidents are
most likely to occur.

5.4. Alternative Analysis

The impacts and mitigation measures for this alternative are discussed in detail throughout this report.
The positive impacts have been identified. This alternative will have minimal impacts on the physical
environment and has considered the necessary measures to eliminate the identified issues of concern.
The alternative is likely to have the greatest implications on socio-economic environment of the area
and surrounding communities. Due to the proposed quality of the development, it is anticipated that it
would provide a major opportunity for area development, security status, employment opportunities
via business environment and accessibility to services to both the residents and non-residents of the
area. In addition, a development of this quality will add to the locality’s ability to fuel the growth and
development of the wider environment. The Merits of this alternative are as follows:
 Optimal economic and spatial land-use;
 The community will have potential source of income through the supply of dry coffee
seeds at the site, self-sustainability, employment opportunities and better service
delivery in the long run;
 The local and national economies will improve from the revenue collected from the
project.

51
 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND
MONITORING PLAN
6.1. Introduction
The base line assessment and the nature of proposed project as well as the potential impacts and
mitigation measures proposed have been discussed in detail in the preceding chapters. In this chapter,
where recommended mitigation measures and monitoring measures are translated into specific plan of
actions by means of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). This ESMP provide a
mechanism for the assessment of potential negative environmental and social impacts and suggest
mitigation measures and define the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders for ensuring
smooth implementation and monitoring of the dry coffee hulling project operations.
The primary objective of this ESMP is to:
 Provide an implementation mechanism to address the environmental and social impacts
arising from the dry coffee hulling project and integrate environmental and social mitigation
measures in the project operation to reduce its adverse impacts.
 To comply with the National Environmental Laws and Regulations. As such the ESMP will
outline the significant adverse impacts, its recommended mitigation measure, the responsible
organs to implement it, time of implementation, responsible organs to monitor its
implementation as well as resources/budget needed for the implementation of the mitigation
measure all summarized in a tabulated form.
The ESMP should contain commitments that are binding on the Owner. It can be translated into
project documentation and provide the basis for a legal contract that sets out the responsibilities of the
proponent. In turn, the proponent can use the ESMP to establish environmental performance
standards and requirements for those carrying out the works or providing supplies.
In order to be effective, environmental and social management must be fully integrated with the
overall project management effort at all levels, which itself should be aimed at providing a high level
of quality control, leading to a project which has been properly designed and constructed and
functions efficiently throughout its life. Hence, the overall goal of the Environmental and social
Management Plan of this project is to minimize adverse impacts of the dry coffee hulling project by
implementing and monitoring the proposed mitigation and enhancement measures.
Under this section, the way specific mitigation and enhancement measures implemented and
monitored at the operation phase to overcome possible impacts of the project are outlined.

52
 6.2. Roles of Institutions in the Implementation of ESMP
6.2.1. During construction and installation of machineries
During this phase, the operators/ proponent will be responsible for implementing the proposed
environmental mitigation measures in the ESIA report. The proponent will implement the proposed
mitigation measures and the environmentalist assigned will monitor the proper implementation of the
mitigation measures as per the plan.
6.2.2. During Operation phase
During the operation period, the environmental parameters indicated in the previous chapter and also
shown below will be monitored by Kafa zone environmental protection, forest and climate change
authority and Gesha district environmental protection, forest and climate change authority. These
institutions have regulatory and institutional framework to assure the dry coffee hulling project
compliance with the national and international environment policies. It is the responsibility of the
proponent, Ato Nebiyu dry coffee hulling project to implement fully what is suggested for
recommendation with resource/budget allocated by hiring of environmentalist with full pledged
responsibility

53
Table 5 summary of Environmental and social management and monitoring plan

Environmental/Social Proposed mitigation Measures Time Frame Responsibility Monitoring body Cost
Impact (ETB/Year/)
Air pollution  Sprinkle water on fresh During Ato Nebiyu Kafa zone 20,000
construction spoil. construction environmental
 Avoid high speed during and operation protection, forest
transportation for loading of of the project and climate change
machineries to reduce fuel authority, Gesha
consumption that contributes to air district
pollution administration
 Coffee husks could be either environmental
recycled into a bio-briquette protection, forest
charcoal or distributed as compost and climate change
to local farmers authority; local
 Prohibit idling of vehicles. community
 The industry should avoid burning
of the coffee husks and solid waste
on open field.
 Workers should be provided with
dust masks if working in sensitive
areas.
 The project use renewable energy
instead of fossil fuel-based energy
 techniques.
 Even if fossil fuel based energy
source are to be used, efforts must
be made to use as little energy as
possible.
 Sufficient stack height will be
provided as per the regulatory
agencies for wider dispersal of
pollutants.
 The dry coffee hulling project
ensures development and
maintenance of a greenbelt around
the plant area premises.
 A greenbelt has to be developed
and well maintained at the plant
area.
Fire and Accident  An inventory should be kept for all During Ato Nebiyu Kafa zone 25,000
Prevention fire protection measures. Operation of environmental
 ‘No smoking’ sign should be the project protection, forest
prominently displayed. and climate change
 Maintain first aid cylinders and authority, Gesha
kits. district
 Regular training of the personnel in administration

55
 relation to fire. environmental
 A fire assembly point should be protection, forest
established outside the facility. and climate change
 Fire alarms, incorporating smoke authority; local
sensors should be installed. community
 Regular inspection of the
firefighting equipment and the First
Aid box which must be available
on the site at all times.
 Regular training of the personnel in
case of any emergency including
those involving fire outbreaks and
accidents;

Loss of vegetation  Provide signs marked do not Always Ato Nebiyu Kafa zone 15,000
Walk/ Park on the grass environmental
 The flora and fauna should be protection, forest
restored and climate change
 Plantation of indigenous trees authority, Gesha
surrounding the project area district
 Plantation of indigenous trees in administration
districts surrounding the project environmental
area (if no places suitable some protection, forest

56
 other places which are degraded and climate change
have to be planted and restored to authority; local
keep biodiversity). community
 Limiting vehicle transport to
specific area to avoid unwanted
plants injury and apply safe
driving.
 Implement good waste
management in the project area
(liquid and solid waste)
Water Pollution  Chemicals, oils, fuel etc. should be Throughout of Ato Nebiyu Kafa zone 20,000
stored and disposed properly. the operation environmental
 Waste generated from the factory stage of the protection, forest
site should be collected, project and climate change
segregated, stored and reused or authority, Gesha
recycled in environmentally district
suitable manner. administration
 Gabions or strong concreted fence environmental
will be constructed around the dry protection, forest
coffee hulling project to control and climate change
runoff. authority; local
 The project should plant more community
number of trees in different

57
 districts found around the project
site.
 The project should possess plant
nursery and distribute for the
nearby districts during plantation.
 The project will sell the bio
briquette charcoal to be prepared
from coffee husks or distribute as
compost to local communities
with very cheap price to prevent
over accumulation in the project
compound then in the water body.
 The project should plant fast
growing green plants species in
collaboration with districts found
around the project site.
Soil Erosion and  Provide soils conservation Throughout of Ato Nebiyu Kafa zone 20,000
Compaction structures on the areas prone to the operation environmental
soil erosion to reduce impact of
stage of the protection, forest
erosion.
 There should be designated project and climate change
pathways and driveways for authority, Gesha
movement within the compound to
district
avoid unnecessary compaction.
 Provide soils conservation administration

58
 structures on the areas prone to environmental
soil erosion to reduce impact of protection, forest
erosion.
and climate change
 Plant trees and grass strips as a
measure to increase the resident authority; local
time of storm water on the ground community
to facilitate percolation and
infiltration.
 The project ensure adequacy of
receiving drains
 The project should give great care
for the buffer zone of the water
body found in different direction
around the project.
 The project will develop greenbelt
development on 2% of land to
prevent soil erosion and to protect
the natural vegetation.
Coffee husks and by-  The coffee husks could be either Throughout of Kafa zone 20,000
products recycled into a bio-briquette or the operation Ato Nebiyu environmental
distributed as compost to local stage of the protection, forest
communities. project and climate change
 Low quality coffee beans and authority, Gesha
coffee seeds with large defects district
from dry coffee hulling project administration
will be sold to the local environmental
communities protection, forest

59
  The solid waste collection areas and climate change
should be secured and contained to authority; local
minimize the risk of invasion by community
pests and rodents.
 Wherever practical, minimize
generation of prescribed wastes.
 Other solid wastes generated in
dry coffee process are collected
and disposed to municipal solid
waste disposal sites.
 The solid waste collection areas
should be secured and contained to
minimize the risk of invasion by
pests and rodents;

Security  Control of secondary businesses. Always Kafa zone 20,000

 Round the clock security for the Ato Nebiyu environmental
facility. protection, forest
 Adequate lighting and an alarm and climate change
system will be installed at strategic authority, Gesha
points. district
 Bushes around and within the site administration
cleared to avoid hiding areas for environmental

60
 thieves. protection, forest
and climate change
authority; local
community

Occupational  Provide Personal Protective On Kafa zone 20,000

Health Equipment commencement Ato Nebiyu environmental
and Safety  Train workers on personal safety of project protection, forest
and how to handle equipment and operations and climate change
machines authority, Gesha
 A well-stocked first aid kit shall be district
maintained by a qualified administration
personnel environmental
 Report any accidents / incidences protection, forest
and treat and compensate affected and climate change
workers authority; local
 Provide sufficient and suitable community
sanitary conveniences which
should be kept clean
Environmental Health  Train workers on personal safety during the Kafa zone 20,000
and Safety and disaster preparedness. operation stage Ato Nebiyu environmental
 A well-stocked first aid kit shall be of the project protection, forest
maintained by a qualified and climate change

61
 personnel authority, Gesha
 Report any accidents / incidences district
and treat and compensate affected administration
workers environmental
 Provide sufficient and suitable protection, forest
sanitary conveniences which and climate change
should be kept clean authority; local
 Conduct Annual Health and Safety community
Audit
Washrooms  Provide sufficient and suitable Always Ato Nebiyu Kafa zone 13,000
sanitary conveniences environmental
 The washrooms should be kept protection, forest
clean and in good working and climate change
conditions. authority, Gesha
 Provide a water tank for the district
washrooms incase the piped water administration
supply is not available environmental
protection, forest
and climate change
authority; local
community

waste water disposal  Waste water should be either Always Kafa zone 10,000

62
 recycled or used for irrigation in Ato Nebiyu environmental
the green belt development. protection, forest
 Conduct inspections for sewer pipe and climate change
blockages or damages and fix authority, Gesha
them. district
administration
environmental
protection, forest
and climate change
authority; local
community

Economic and public  Public consultation with the Throughout of Kafa zone 20,000
health affected community and the operation Ato Nebiyu environmental
Involvement of the local stage of the protection, forest
community any in planning or new project and climate change
idea. authority, Gesha
 Maintaining and immediate district
repairing of any damage because of administration
the project on the public environmental
 Conduct social assistant program in protection, forest
the project area community and climate change
 Organize training on regulations, authority; local

63
 codes of conduct and local cultural community
behavior, awareness creation for
the workforce
 Fencing the project area to avoid
any injury and death

HIV/AIDS  Health and safety audits should be Throughout of Kafa zone 20,000
Distribution and carried out periodically. the operation Ato Nebiyu environmental
gender equivalence
 There should be adequate medical stage of the protection, forest
supervision personnel comprising project and climate change
pre-hiring clinical screening, authority, Gesha
periodic medical examination and district
rehabilitative care for any affected administration
workers. environmental
 Training and availing first aid kits protection, forest
is recommended and climate change
 The company will regularly
authority; local
conduct health, Safety and
Environmental audits whose community
outcomes will enable the company
to fully understand the impacts of
its operations and corrective
actions to be put in place.
 There should be a separate toilet
facility for male and female

64
 workers
 Aware about HIV/AIDS regularly
and other sexually transmitted
diseases (STD) with periodic HIV
counseling and testing (HCT) is
very important for the labor forces
of dry coffee hulling project
 Condom distribution and
promotion are very important

65
 6.3. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure
Regular monitoring of important and crucial environmental parameters is of immense importance to
assess the status of environment during plant operation. With the knowledge of baseline conditions,
the monitoring programme will serve as an indicator for any deterioration in environmental
conditions due to operation of the plant, to enable taking up suitable mitigatory steps in time to
safeguard the environment. Monitoring is as important as that of control of pollution since the
efficiency of control measures can only be determined by monitoring. The following routine
monitoring programme would therefore be implemented. A comprehensive monitoring programme is
suggested in Table 5 below.
The environmental monitoring cell shall co-ordinate all monitoring programmes at site and data thus
generated shall be regularly furnished to the State regulatory agencies.
6.3.1. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
The ground level concentrations of CO2 in the ambient air outside the project boundaries will be
monitored at regular intervals. Any abnormal rise will be investigated to identify the causes, and
appropriate action will be initiated.
6.3.2. Water Quality
To ensure a strict control over the water consumption, flow meters are installed for all major inlets.
All leakages and excess will be identified and rectified. In addition, periodic water audits will be
conducted to explore further possibilities for water conservation.
All the water streams in the project area are regularly analyzed for BOD 5, COD, TSS, TDS, SS, PH,
Total ammonia, total Nitrogen, Total phosphorous and temperature. These data are properly
documented and compared against the design values for any necessary corrective action.
6.3.3. Monitoring of Ground water
In order to detect any contamination of the groundwater from the dry coffee hulling project site,
groundwater samples are taken from representative locations, on-site as well as off-site periodically
and analyzed for necessary corrective actions, if any.
6.3.4. Noise Levels
Noise levels in the work zone environment such as dry coffee hulling machine; generator house etc
will be monitored. The frequency will be once in three months in the work zone. Similarly, ambient
noise levels at plant boundary will be monitored once in three months.
Table 6 Monitoring Schedules for Environmental Parameters

Phases of Environmental Risk reduction Particulate Monitoring Method of Important Responsible Cost(Birr
the project monitoring measures s Frequency Sampling Monitoring Institution in one
Parameters year)
During  Coffee husks could locations in Once in a 24 hrs. CO2, & SO2 Ato Nebiyu 20,000
operation Ambient Air be either recycled surrounding Quarter continuously
stage of villages
Quality into a bio-briquette
the project
Monitoring charcoal or
distributed as
compost to local
farmers
 Prohibit idling of
vehicles.
 The industry should
avoid burning of
the coffee husks
and solid waste on
open field.
 The project use
renewable energy
instead of fossil
fuel-based energy
techniques.
 The dry coffee
 hulling project
ensures
development and
maintenance of a
greenbelt around
the plant area
premises.

During Ground Once in a Grab pH, Hardness, 10,000

operation   Chemicals, used water at season Conductivity, Ato Nebiyu
stage of oils, fuel etc. least in 2 TDS,
the project should be stored locations at Alkalinity
sewage
and disposed discharge
properly. area
 Waste generated
from the factory
site should be Surface Once in a Grab pH, SS, BOD5,
collected, water month DO, COD, TSS, Ato Nebiyu
TN, TP and
segregated, stored
Temperature
and reused or
Once in a Grab Comprehensive Ato Nebiyu
recycled in
Season Analysis
environmentally
suitable manner.

68
  Gabions or strong
concreted fence
will be
constructed
around the dry
coffee hulling
company to
control runoff.
 Project either
convert coffee
husks to bio
briquette charcoal
or distribute as
compost to local
farmers

During Industrial  Proper equipment Industrial Once in a Once in 3 Spot noise Ato Nebiyu 20,000
operation Noise level maintenance and Noise season months meter
stage of Levels
monitoring restricted
the project
operation only
during daytime
hours so as to
reduce noise;
69
  Consider the rule
which states that,
‘No worker shall
be exposed to
noise level in
excess of the
continuous
equivalent of 90
dBA for more
than 8 hours
within any 24
hours duration
 Isolating the
machine works
from other part of
the activities of
the company
 Avoiding old
machines

During Soil quality  Waste metals will Soil Once in Grab Physico-chem Ato Nebiyu
operation monitoring be sold as scrape Adjacent to every ical Parameters 10,000
Solid six months and metals.
stage of metal; soil can be
waste
70
the project used to fill pot dump area
holes on the site
or on the road;
biodegradable
wastes can be
converted into
manure for use in
landscaping and
plastic bags and
containers can be
given to the
residents for free
for use in
carrying things
such as paraffin;
 Waste generated
should be
collected by a
privately
contracted waste
collection
company.
 Sewage of the

71
workforce is
collected in the
septic tank and
disposed to
municipal
disposal site.

72
 6.4. Environmental and social auditing
6.4.1. Environmental auditing
Environmental auditing is defined, by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), as a
“management tool comprising systematic, documented, periodic and objective evaluation of how well
environmental organization, management and equipment are performing with the aim of helping to
safeguard the environment”. Environmental auditing is carried out when a development is already in
place, and is used to check on existing practices, assessing the environmental effects of current
activities. Environmental auditing can produce a range of benefits for an organization, including cost
savings and increased management effectiveness.
For this particular project, dry coffee hulling Project should strictly follow what is written above for
the environmental protection to realize sustainable development. Dry coffee hulling project should
provide the environmental audit study to an independent body to undertake environmental audit. The
audit includes air pollution audit, noise pollution audit, water quality audit, waste management audit
and human health audit.
6.4.2. Social Auditing
Social Audit may be defined as an in-depth examination and analysis of the working of any public
utility in its social relevance. It is a way of measuring the extent to which an organization lives up to
the shared values and objectives it has committed itself to. Dry coffee hulling project should
undertake the following social audit study by an independent body such as;
Employment opportunities for the local community, equal employment opportunities, improving
employability, reducing skill gaps, improving quality and productivity of work, fighting poverty,
facilitate participation in employment, facilitate access by all to resources, rights, goods and services,
prevent the risk of exclusion, amongst others elder people, handicapped, foreigners, promoting gender
equality, environmental and health safety audit are area to be audited during social audit. It is studied
by independent consulting firm auditor by the Dry coffee hulling project to evaluate the company’s
performance against set criteria in the ESIA document.
 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.1. Conclusions
The coffee hulling industry will generate huge amounts of organic and nutrient rich coffee husks.
Coffee husk deposited in the field without any treatment, which affects health of the nearby
households and the environment. Different studies indicated that there is a direct relationship between
coffee husks disposal to water body and increase of water quality depletion which the consultant
study supported. The flow of coffee husks into natural watercourses through runoff severely damages
the surface waters and aquatic life. From this it is possible to conclude that, if not properly managed,
this coffee hulling industry waste management system has negative impact on the environment and
the people.
The project produces huge amount of byproducts in the compound. If the coffee husks of this project
burns on the field it increases concentration of greenhouse gases in atmosphere that consequently
cause global warming. Also open burning of the coffee husks is another stress for the local
communities. The consultant concluded that, improper solid waste management trend of the coffee
hulling project causes environmental and social effect.
Noise pollution is the other significant environmental and social issue in this coffee hulling Factory.
There is a meaningful relation between the occupational exposure to noise and the hearing loss. There
is also relation between the hearing reduction and work experience. Particulate matters (PM)
emissions from different stages are the other significant environmental and social aspect in dry coffee
hulling processing.
Coffee hulling is source of potential environmental pollution which riggers health issues to
downstream people and aquatic life.
The Government is constantly on the lookout to identify constraints to the development of the sector
and advise on the best course of action to facilitate investment in the sector.
However, Provision of large amount of quality coffee seeds to its customer; Job creation for 8 people
who will be employed in different services of the factory permanently, 6 people who will be
employed in loading and uploading services of the factory temporarily and 41 people who will be
employed in different services of the factory as daily labors; New opportunities for income generation
for many individuals who will supply dry coffee to the coffee hulling project; Increased economic
activities directly or indirectly related to the project; Possibility of savings for the local population
and employee of the plant; and Payment of taxes to the local and central government are fundamental
positive socioeconomic impacts.

74
In relation to the proposed mitigation measures that will be incorporated during the renovation phase,
the development’s input to the society; and cognation that the project is economically and
environmentally sound, operation of this coffee hulling factory is considered beneficial and
important. It is thus our recommendation that the project be allowed to go ahead with the
implementation provided the outlined mitigation measures are adhered to. Major concerns should
nevertheless be focused towards minimizing the occurrence of impacts that would degrade the general
environment. This will however be overcome through close follow-up and implementation of the
recommended Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (EMPs).

75
 7.2. Recommendations
It is recommended that Impacts of any development project depend on its activities, inputs, products
and stresses of the development activity. In order to put into operation, run the business and secure
the sustainability of the project, the proponent and its technical personnel should work on cleaner
production principles through the control of raw materials, controlling of byproducts, control of
processing, packaging, storage etc. based on the following mechanism.
 Proper planning and scheduling of the dry coffee and coffee seeds transporting vehicles must
be carried out so as to minimize overcrowding and prevent conflicts with local rush hours.
Roads to have sufficient width to accommSafe development te two- way traffic for the type of
vehicles likely to be used for transport. Sufficient space needs to be allocated for the parking
of the required vehicles inside the premises.
 Hulling machines that meet the criterion for noise levels in the workplace should be
employed. Proper maintenance procedures must be enforced to ensure noise levels do not
increase over time. Similarly, the design of the conveying systems as well as the housekeeping
procedures should ensure that leakage of dust is kept under control.
 Dust control is the major challenge in this area. Efforts to capture the dust at source will be
most effective. Use of high efficiency filters is recommended. Considering waste management
recommendation in coffee processing: either reusing solid waste for energy source which will
enable the country to decrease the energy consumption from non- renewable energy sources or
mixing Biodegradable waste with the other waste for production of high quality fertilizer.
 Monitoring and evaluation activities should be done on a regular basis so as to assess the
quality of the environment around dry coffee processing stations.
 Using of coffee husks for compost preparation or coffee charcoal production should be
adapted by the stations in order to reduce the amount of coffee husks generated during
processing.
 Surface water bodies should be protected from coffee husks, workforce sewage and solid
wastes in order to reduce possible health impacts both on human and aquatic life.
 The proponent should develop environmental management system at its company level and
introduce proper environmental management plan by allocating adequate budget and
appropriate experts.

76
 Personnel including the managers and leaders of the coffee hulling factory should be
conscious for a sustainable method of coffee hulling byproduct management that involves
looking for opportunities to reduce waste even during the product life cycle to reduce waste
and improve effectiveness and efficiency in organizations.
 The responsible government bodies that have been established to monitor the wastes from the
project area should actively make close monitoring regarding these issues.
 The company should assist the local community by offering employment opportunities.
 The project should regularly evaluate the contents, types and concentration of the wastes that
they produce as per national standard.
 Annual environmental audits should be carried out on the project in order to ensure the
compliance of the project with mitigation measures outlined in the Environmental and Social
Management Plan (ESMP).
 During the life of operation or implementation of a project there is always the possibility that
some issues will change through time, this environmental and social management plan
(ESMP) should therefore be revised where necessary to mitigate the unanticipated impacts
and changes in the future.
 The company should work on environmental management system (EMS) to be certified for
the ISO14001 to be more competent in the international market and also a role model for other
dry coffee processing investment sector and others in the country
 Ensure that worker’s occupational health and safety standards are maintained through capacity
building, proper training, providing protective clothing and managing their residential camps
up to the required health standards.
 It is important that warning/ informative sign (bill boards) be erected at the site. These should
indicate the operation hours and when works are likely to be started and completed. The signs
should be positioned in a way to be easily viewed by the workers.
 Solid waste should be disposed appropriately to avoid creation of illegal dumpsites which will
finally become a health hazards in the area.
 Proper and regular maintenance of machinery and equipment will reduce emission of
hazardous fumes and noise resulting from friction of metal bodies. Maintenance should be
conducted in a designated area and in a manner not to interfere with the environment.
 A fully equipped first aid kit should be provided within the site.

77
 The proponent should employ a cleaner to maintain the sanitary facilities in a clean state all
the time.
 The company can play its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by involving in Gesha
district development.

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References
1. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No 1/1995. Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
2. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1996), Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1997), Environmental Policy of Ethiopia: Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia
4. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (2000), Guideline Document Environmental
Assessment and Management: EPA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
5. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2002), Environmental Pollution Control
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 300/2002, Addis Ababa Ethiopia
6. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa.
7. FDRE EPA, 2003. Guideline for Reviewing Environmental Impact Study Reports (Final
Drafts), Addis Ababa.
8. MEDAC/EPA (1997). The Conservation Strategies of Ethiopia, Volume 1. The Resource
Base. Its Utilization and Planning for Sustainability, Addis Ababa.

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