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Vision IAS VAM Disaster Management 2024
Vision IAS VAM Disaster Management 2024
Contents
1. Introduction to Disaster Management....................................................................................... 2
1.1. Disasters .............................................................................................................................. 2
1.2. Hazards, Vulnerabilities and Risks ....................................................................................... 2
1.3. Classification of Disasters .................................................................................................... 3
2. Disaster Management Cycle....................................................................................................... 4
2.1. Introduction to the Disaster Management Cycle ................................................................ 4
2.2. Disaster Preparedness......................................................................................................... 5
2.3. Disaster Risk Reduction and Planning ................................................................................. 6
2.4. Relief and Rehabilitation ..................................................................................................... 9
2.5. Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction........................................................................ 9
3. Disaster Management in India ................................................................................................... 9
3.1. Legal and Institutional Framework in India ......................................................................... 9
3.2. Vulnerability Profile of India.............................................................................................. 16
3.3. Natural Hazards ................................................................................................................. 17
3.3.1. Earthquake ................................................................................................................. 17
3.3.2. Tsunami ...................................................................................................................... 21
3.3.3. Volcano....................................................................................................................... 23
3.3.4. Floods ......................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.5. Urban Floods .............................................................................................................. 27
3.3.6. Landslides ................................................................................................................... 29
3.3.7. Cloudburst .................................................................................................................. 32
3.3.8. Cyclone ....................................................................................................................... 33
3.3.9. Drought ...................................................................................................................... 36
3.3.10. Heat Wave ................................................................................................................ 40
3.3.11. Cold Wave ................................................................................................................ 42
3.3.12. Wild Fire ................................................................................................................... 45
3.4. Anthropogenic Disasters ................................................................................................... 48
3.4.1. Biological Disasters ..................................................................................................... 48
3.4.2. Industrial Chemical Disasters ..................................................................................... 50
3.4.3. Nuclear Disasters........................................................................................................ 52
3.4.4. Oil Spills ...................................................................................................................... 54
3.4.5. Stampedes.................................................................................................................. 55
3.5. Evolution of Global Framework on Disaster Management ............................................... 58
3.6. International Cooperation on Disaster Management ....................................................... 61
3.7. Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................... 63
4. UPSC Previous Years' Questions Years...................................................................................... 65
5. Vision IAS Previous Years' Questions........................................................................................ 66
It is a high-scoring subject due to its frequent presence in the news and the
relatively static nature. This consistent relevance and the stability of core
guidelines make it an advantageous topic for scoring well in the examination.
Analysis of previous Vision IAS test series questions along with model
answers.
1.1. Disasters
According to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), a disaster is a serious
disruption to the functioning of a community, which causes human, material, economic and
environmental losses beyond a community's ability to cope. It results from the combination of
hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential
negative consequences of risk.
Disaster damage is usually measured in physical units (e.g., square meters of housing,
kilometers of roads, etc.), and describes the total or partial destruction of physical assets.
In the following sections, we will assess each of the three stages of the disaster management
cycle in detail.
Disaster risk reduction is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through reduced
exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land
and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events.
It covers activities which support preparedness, prevention and mitigation from a local to an
international level. The disaster risk reduction framework is composed of the following fields of
action:
• A policy framework backed by legal and institutional mechanism that focuses on risk
management must be outlined.
• Risk assessment based on hazards and community resilience must be done.
• Risk Awareness: Having assessed the risk the next step is to make the stakeholders and the
decision makers aware of the risk enabling government and civil society to take decisions.
• Implementation of the plan: The plan must be implemented taking all stakeholders into
account including measures like environment management, urban planning etc.
• Early Warning Systems are a key part of risk reduction through provision of timely and
reliable information through identified institutions.
• Use of Knowledge: Effective disaster risk management depends on the informed
participation of all stakeholders. The exchange of information and easily accessible
communication practices play key roles.
The Prime Minister has enunciated ten-point agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) during the
Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR) held in New Delhi in
November 2016. The all-inclusive agenda presents a holistic approach to disaster risk reduction
and addresses a whole range of issues, from community preparedness to use of technology and
international cooperation. Each of the ten points on the Prime Minister’s ten-point agenda is
aligned with one or more priorities of action of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030.
When an emergency or a disaster affects a city or a region, efforts are conducted initially to care
for the wounded, to restore lifelines and basic services, and subsequently to restore livelihoods
and to reconstruct communities. Such efforts can be structured in the following phases:
• The Relief phase: In
the immediate
aftermath of the
disaster, activities such
as search & rescue,
rapid damage and
needs assessments,
and the provision of
relief and first aid are
conducted. Temporary
shelters are opened for
those left homeless as
well as humanitarian
assistance is provided
to those affected.
• The Rehabilitation phase: Rehabilitation refers to the actions taken in the aftermath of a
disaster to enable basic services to resume functioning, revive economic activities and
provide support for the psychological and social well-being of the survivors.
In this phase basic services and lifelines are restored, even on a temporary basis, including
the road network and other essential facilities including bridges, airports, ports and
helicopter landing sites. It focuses on enabling the affected population to resume more-or-
less normal (pre-disaster) patterns of life. It may be considered as transitional phase
between immediate relief and more major, long-term development.
Incident Command System (2003)- The Incident Command System or ICS broadly refers to a
management system to be used for incidents of various kinds. The system provides scope to organize
various functions, tasks and staffs within the overall response process while emphasizing greater
coordination and communication among different organizations involved
Local Authorities
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), Municipalities, District and Cantonment Boards, and Town
Planning Authorities, which control and manage civic services, ensure capacity building of their
employees for managing disasters, carrying out relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities
The Indian Naval Hydrographic Department plays a crucial role in disasters affecting coastal areas.
During the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26th December 2004, seven survey ships were deployed to
open the sea lines of communication apart from providing the medical aid. They were engaged to
urgently re-chart the area and bring out the latest bathymetry information.
6. Ensuring Implementation: Aggressive capacity building requirements for the local people
and the administration for facing the disasters in wake of tsunami and cyclone, ‘based on
cutting edge level’.
• Awareness generation and training among the fishermen, coast guards, officials from
fisheries department and port authorities and local district officials etc., in connection
with evacuation and post tsunami storm surge management activities. Regular drills
should be conducted to test the efficacy of the DM plans.
The Indian Tsunami Early Warning System has been established in collaboration with the Department
of Space (DOS), Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR).
Existing Challenges
The critical areas of concern, with respect to Tsunami Risk management in India are:
• Lack of easily accessible tsunami documentation and paleo-tsunami studies for better
understanding of past tsunami events for improved risk assessment;
• Lack of high resolution near-shore bathymetric and topographic data will prove to be a
limiting factor for inundation models;
• Inadequate community awareness on tsunami risk and vulnerability.
• Lack of people's participation in strengthening disaster preparedness, mitigation and
emergency response in the coastal areas.
• Lack of documentation of traditional knowledge for tsunami risk management.
3.3.3. Volcano
A volcano is a vent or chimney which transfers molten rock known as magma from depth to the
Earth's surface. Magma erupting from a volcano is called lava and is the material which builds up
the cone surrounding the vent.
A volcano is active if it is erupting lava, releasing gas or generates seismic activity. A volcano is
dormant if it has not erupted for a long time, but could erupt again in the future. Once a volcano
has been dormant for more than 10 000 years, it is termed extinct. The explosiveness of a volcanic
eruption depends on how easily magma can flow and the amount of gas trapped within the
magma.
Causes of Volcano
Volcanic eruptions predominantly occur in areas with vibration activities or weak zones. Magma
can rise when tectonic plates slowly move away from each other. Magma also rises when these
tectonic plates move toward each other. The high heat and pressure cause the crust to melt and
rise as magma.
Hot Spot: Magma also rises over hot spots.
A hot spot is an area on Earth that exists over
a mantle plume. Hot spot volcanoes occur far
from plate boundaries.
Volcano Risks in India
India's only live volcano is the Barren Island
volcano in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
which had started showing activity in the year 1991 after being dormant for over 150 years. It
has once again started spewing ash in January 2017. The volcanic island is uninhabited and the
northern part of the island is barren and devoid of vegetation.
Such disasters may be natural in the form of epidemics or pandemics or man-made by the
intentional use of disease causing agents in Biological Warfare (BW) operations or incidents of
Bioterrorism (BT).
Causes of Epidemics
• Poor sanitary conditions leading to contamination of food and water or
• due to inadequate disposal of human or animal carcasses in post disaster situations
• They become real dangers during floods and earthquakes.
• Poor solid waste management may create epidemics like plague.
Incidence of plague is quite uncommon now but it can still occur claiming many human lives and
disrupting normal life as it did in Surat in 1994.
Major sources of Epidemics in India
In India, the major sources of epidemics can be broadly categorized as follows:
• Water-borne diseases like cholera (and forms of gastroenteritis), typhoid, Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B etc. - major epidemics of such diseases have been recorded in the past and
continue to occur;
• Vector-borne (often mosquito-borne) epidemics like dengue fever, chikungunya fever,
Japanese encephalitis, malaria, kala-azar etc., which usually occur in certain regions of the
country;
• Person to person transmission of diseases e.g. AIDS and other venereal diseases; and
• Air-borne diseases like influenza and measles that can also be transmitted through fomites
(used clothes etc.).
In addition to the above, there are certain types of emerging infectious diseases such as epidemic
of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which had occurred in China or the recent
outbreak of avian flu in poultry in certain parts of the country and which has the potential of
being transmitted to human beings. Epidemics due to the Dengue virus have occurred in many
metropolitan cities of India and outbreak of various other types of viral diseases is also a
recurring phenomenon.
Trends Favouring Biological Disaster
• Low cost and wide spread availability
• More efficient in terms of coverage per kilogram of payload
• Advances in biotechnology has made production easy
• Used agents are largely natural pathogens to simulate existing diseases
• Have unmatched destructive potential
• Lethal biological agents can be produced easily and cheaply
• The lag time between infection and appearance of symptoms are longer than with chemical
exposure.
3.4.5. Stampedes
A stampede is a deadly and dangerous situation that occurs when a crowd surges beyond the
capacity of a space, moving in the same direction at the same time. During a stampede, people
collide and pile up against or on top of one another.
When crowd density is critical at any place, people’s movement is governed by involuntary
forces which include pushing each other in a tightly packed situation. Such uncoordinated rush
or push of people, may result in crowd disaster or stampede.
Incident of Stampede/Crowd Disaster
The majority of the crowd disasters in India and developing countries have occurred at religious
places while stadia, venues of music concerts, nightclubs, & shopping malls have been the typical
India plays an active role in global Various International Meetings/Exercises hosted by India
initiatives on disaster • The South Asian Annual Disaster Management Exercise
management. India is one of the (SAADMex) from 23-26 November 2015, in New Delhi.
participating countries and works • The SAARC Disaster Management Centre was
closely with the United Nations inaugurated at the Gujarat Institute of Disaster
International Strategy for Disaster Management (GIDM) in 2017.
Reduction (UNISDR) and is a • The Meeting of BRICS Ministers for Disaster
signatory to the Sendai Framework Management, 2016 in Udaipur, Rajasthan.
for Disaster Risk Reduction. India has • Government of India, in collaboration with the United
Nation International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
signed bilateral/ multilateral
(UNISDR), hosted the Asian Ministerial Conference on
agreements with the several Disaster Risk Reduction (AMCDRR) 2016 in New Delhi.
countries for cooperation in the field • India hosted the first Annual Disaster Management
of disaster management. Some of Exercise for ‘Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral
them include SAARC Agreement on Technical and Economic Cooperation’ (BIMSTEC)
Rapid Response to Natural countries (BIMSTEC DMEx-2017) in 2017.
Disasters, Agreement between India • National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in
and Russia on cooperation in the collaboration with United Nations Office for Disaster
field of Emergency Management, Risk Reduction (UNISDR), organized first of its kind
Joint Declaration of Intent (JDI) International Workshop on Disaster Resilient
between India and Germany on Infrastructure (IWDRI) in January, 2018.
• Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India,
cooperation in the field of Disaster
organized the first India-Japan Workshop on Disaster
Management etc.
Risk Reduction in March, 2018.
Government of India has partnership • The Government of India hosted the Shanghai
with various International Agencies Cooperation Organization (SCO) Joint Exercise on
in the field of Disaster Management Urban Earthquake Search and Rescue (SCOJtEX)-2019
such as United Nations Office for in New Delhi in 2019. In April 2023, the First G20
Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group (DRR WG)
meeting under India’s G20 Presidency took place,
The World Conference on Disaster
where India highlighted the importance of Disaster
Risk Reduction (WCDRR), Global
Risk Reduction (DRR).
Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction o The G20 DRR WG intended to include
(GPDRR), Asian Ministerial considerations for the Sendai Framework’s mid-
Conference for Disaster Risk term review, renew multilateral cooperation at all
Reduction (AMCDRR), United levels, and inform future global policies and
Nations Office for the Coordination initiatives related to DRR.
of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), • The 6th World Congress on Disaster Management,
United Nations Disaster Assessment held in Dehradun (Uttarakhand) from November 28 to
and Coordination (UNDAC), December 1, 2023. It has been organized jointly by
International Search and Rescue Government of Uttarakhand and Disaster
Management Initiatives and Convergence Society
Advisory Group (INSARAG), Global
(DMICS). The mission of WCDM is to promote
Facility for Disaster Reduction and interaction of science, policy and practices to enhance
Recovery (GFDRR), SAARC Disaster understanding of risks and advance actions for
Management Centre - Interim Unit reducing risks and building resilience to disasters.
(SDMC-IU), Asian Disaster Reduction
Center (ADRC), Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) and ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) etc.
GLOBAL PLATFORM FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (GPDRR)
The Global Platform is the most important international forum dedicated to the disaster risk
reduction agenda.
The UN General Assembly recognizes the Global Platform as a critical mechanism to review
progress on the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
3.7. Miscellaneous
Climate Change and Disaster Displacement
On an average 13.9 million people each year are displaced due to natural disaster with eight of
the top ten most disaster prone countries being in South and South-east Asia. In this regard,
investments in disaster risk reduction and climate resilience as part of overall sustainable
development planning will reduce the scale of future displacement associated with disasters.
Some of the issues involved with respect to such displacement are:
• Humanitarian crisis: The displaced often experience discrimination in the provision of
assistance, as there are limited resources to share.
• Gender violence: Sexual abuse and rape of women is unfortunately common among women
displaced by both natural disasters and conflict.
• Breeding ground for extremism: Displaced people are often more susceptible to recruitment
by terrorist organizations.
• Spatial variation: Natural disasters in poorer countries have higher casualties than disasters
of similar magnitude in wealthier countries.
• Non recognition: Those displaced due to disasters are not considered to be refugees under
international law, leaving them without any basic rights of rehabilitation and compensation.
Role of community in disaster management
Disaster management can be effective only if the communities participate in it. As a community
is the repository of knowledge and skills which have evolved traditionally, these needs to be
integrated in the management strategy. Community is the first line of responders, thus, it is
necessary to educate the community and impart skills and assign specific roles regarding disaster
management to ensure a coordinated response while disaster. This can be achieved by:
• Undertaking location specific training programmes for the community: Cascading
approach should be used to impart training as the number of people to be imparted skills is
very large. Thus this responsibility can be entrusted at the local level, say, to the village
panchayats.
• Disaster management education needs to be integrated within the formal and informal
systems of education.
• The leaders and personnel in critical sectors should be given disaster management training
as well.
• A proper safety plan including all pre-disaster planning to reduce risk should be made to
enhance community preparedness.
• The entire process of damage assessment and distribution of the relief packages can be
conducted very smoothly with the active involvement of local community leaders and SHGs.
Community also plays an important role in recovery process including the socio-psychological
rehabilitation of the victims of the disaster. During the recent past, it has been experienced that
the capacity building of the community has been very helpful even in situations when isolated
instances of drowning, burns etc. take place. With the creation of awareness generation on
disaster mitigation and carrying out mock drills from time to time under the close supervision of
Disaster Management Committees the community will be able to function as a well-knit unit in
case of any emergency.
1. What is oil pollution? What are its impacts on the marine ecosystem? In what way is oil
pollution particularly harmful for a country like India? [2023]
2. Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the downstream side, resulting in a
colossal loss of life and property. Analyse the various causes of dam failures. Give two
examples of large dam failures. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2023]
3. Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian
subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2022]
4. Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal
management techniques for combating the hazard? [250 words] [15 Marks] [2022]
5. Describe the various causes and effects of landslides. Mention components of the important
components of the National Landslide Risk Management strategy. [250 Words] [15 Marks]
[2021]
6. Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake-related hazards. Give examples
including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of
India during the last three decades. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2021]
7. Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India
departing from the earlier reactive approach. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2020]What is oil
pollution? What are its impacts on the marine ecosystem? In what way is oil pollution
particularly harmful for a country like India?
8. Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and its threat to people.
How and in what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types
of vulnerability with reference to disasters. (2019)
9. Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how
hazard zonation mapping will help disaster mitigation in the case of landslides. (2019)
10. Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after
signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from
‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’? (2018)
11. In December 2004, a tsunami brought havoc on 14 countries including India. Discuss the
factors responsible for the occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the
light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the
risk during such events. (2017)
12. With reference to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss
the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of recent incidents of cloudbursts in many
places of Uttarakhand. (2016)
13. The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent.
However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss
various aspects. (2015)
14. In 2012, the longitudinal marking of the high-risk areas for piracy was moved from 65° East
to 78° east in the Arabian Sea by the International Maritime organisation. What impact does
this have on India’s maritime security concerns? (2014)
15. Drought has been recognized as a disaster in view of its party expense, temporal duration,
slow onset and lasting effect on various vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September
2010 guidelines from the National disaster management authority, discuss the mechanism
for preparedness to deal with the El Nino and La Nina fallouts in India. (2014)
16. How important is vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management? As an
administrator, what are key areas that you would focus on in a Disaster Management System?
(2013)
2. Tsunami is a disaster beyond boundaries, which affects many countries at the same
time. In this context analyze the need for international cooperation in Tsunami disaster
management. Discuss in light of the recent steps taken by the world community
towards Tsunami preparedness.
Approach:
Introduce by mentioning the effect of Tsunami across borders through historical
experiences. Explain the need for international cooperation in Tsunami disaster
preparedness at both the prevention stage and relief stage. Mention the recent effort
made by the world community towards boosting cooperation towards Tsunami
preparedness. Conclude by emphasizing on the need for international cooperation.
Answer:
A decade after the Indian Ocean tsunami hit several countries in the Asia-Pacific region
killing over 200,000 people, Asian-Pacific countries have not only developed an effective
early warning system but are also capable of providing advisories to 25 countries on the
Indian Ocean rim.
With the experience of Tsunami disasters in past it was realized that international
cooperation in Tsunami disaster management is a must.
At the state of disaster prevention
• A tsunami is capable of destruction in a particular geographic region, generally within
about 1,000 km of its source. The instruments to analyze the sea waves need to be
placed across the seas falling in different borders. It can only be predicted by
gathering information from its source which can be far away in a different country.
Hence various Tsunami prediction centers can be established throughout the oceans.
• The international cooperation can help prepare a country of Tsunami disaster by
providing warning much before the disaster hits its territories.
• The experience, research and innovation of Tsunami prone countries like Japan,
Australia, U.S (Hawaii region which is Tsunami prone) can be put to use for entire
population vulnerable to Tsunami disaster.
At the stage of providing relief
• It is a disaster of huge magnitude, and the most vulnerable nations are small island
nations of Asia pacific region thus the resources for meeting relief prove to be
extremely helpful for them.
4. NDMA has recently decided to address urban flooding as a separate disaster, delinking
it from floods. What is the difference between flooding and urban flooding? What
measures need to be taken to mitigate and prevent urban floods?
Approach:
• Briefly write about NDMA’s decision to address urban flooding as a separate disaster
citing recent examples in brief.
• Explain the difference between flooding and urban flooding.
• Suggest some measures to be taken to mitigate and prevent urban floods.
Answer:
Urban flooding has been experienced over decades in India but sufficient attention was
not given to specific efforts to deal with it as was seen in recent Chennai Floods. With
the increase in incidents of urban floods, NDMA has recently decided to de-link Urban
Flooding from the subject of (riverine) Floods for the first time.
The major differences between flooding and urban flooding are:
• Urbanisation leads to developed catchments and in the event of heavy/ high
intensity rainfall there is higher runoff which increases the flood peaks from 1.8 to 8
times and flood volumes up to 6 times.
• Urban flooding occurs very quickly due to faster flow times, sometimes in a matter
of minutes.
5. What are the causes for occurence of frequent stampedes at various public places in
India? What steps can be deployed to effectively check such events? Discuss in context
of the guidelines issued by NDMA on this issue.
Approach:
• List the reasons for frequent stampedes in India.
• Discuss steps which may be taken as outlined in NDMA guidelines.
Answer:
According to the National Crime Records Bureau figures, from 2000 to 2013, almost 2,000
people died in stampedes in India. For instance stampede occurred in 2008 at Naina Devi
in Himachal Pradesh (killing more than 100 pilgrims), in 2011 during Makara Jyothi Day
at Sabarimala in Kerala, in 2013 at Allahabad railway station during Kumbh Mela etc.
A 2013 study published by International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction (IJDRR)
points out that religious gatherings and pilgrimages have been venues for 79% of the
stampedes in India. Deaths from stampedes occur primarily from compressive
asphyxiation, not trampling.
Accommodating nature of Indian people unlike the west, location of functions at
infrastructure-deficient places (banks of rivers, hilly terrains or mountain tops etc.) , lack
of proper crowd management system, lack of coordination among various agencies etc.
are some of the major causes of stampede related disasters in India.
The surge of individuals in a crowd leading to stampede, is caused in response to a
perceived danger or loss of physical space. It often disrupts the orderly movement of
crowds resulting in irrational and dangerous movement for self-protection, leading to
6. India's first National Disaster Management Plan may fulfill the legal requirement of
having a plan but it may not be very effective in achieving its objective of building
resilience. Critically analyse.
Approach:
• Outline the salient provisions of the NDMP.
• Critically assess the plan and its effectiveness in addressing needs arising out of
disasters.
• Suggest way forward.
8. What are the priorities for action identified under the Sendai Framework for Disaster
Risk Reduction? Elaborate how India's National Plan for Disaster Management has
tried to integrate Sendai Framework.
Approach:
• Give a brief overview of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and state
its priority action areas.
• State how India’s National Plan for Disaster Management has tried to integrate the
Sendai Framework.
• Mention the weaknesses of NDMP in this regard.
Answer:
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) is a 15-year, voluntary,
non-binding agreement, which recognizes that the State has a primary role in reducing
disaster risk. However, the responsibility should be shared with other stakeholders
including local government, private sector etc.
The four priority action areas identified under the framework include:
• Understanding disaster risk.
• Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk.
• Investing in disaster reduction for resilience.
• Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to "Build Back Better" in
recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
India’s National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) has been aligned broadly with the
goals and priorities set out in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Some
aspects of the NDMP are:
• For each hazard, the NDMP incorporates four priorities enunciated in the Sendai
Framework under five thematic action areas including:
o Understanding risk
o Inter-agency coordination
o Investing in disaster risk reduction (DRR) – structural measures
o Investing in DRR – non-structural measures
o Capacity development
• The response part of the plan identifies eighteen broad activities arranged into a
matrix to be served as a ready reckoner and includes measures such as early warning,
maps, satellite inputs, evacuation and search and rescue of people and animals,
medical care etc.
• It covers all phases of disaster management: prevention, mitigation, response and
recovery.
• It provides for horizontal and vertical integration of all agencies and departments of
the government at various levels.
• It emphasizes on the need for dissemination of disaster-related information to
communities.
However, the NDMP also has some shortcomings that need to be addressed. These
include:
• It does not set any goals or targets, or spell out how the Sendai goals and targets
shall be achieved.
9. What are the causes of forest fires and their effects on the ecosystem? How can forest
fires be prevented? Also mention the steps that have been taken by the government in
this regard.
Approach:
• Introduce by mentioning the state of forest fires in India.
• Discuss the reasons for forest fires and its impact on the ecosystem.
• Mention the measures to prevent forest fires.
• Then enumerate steps taken by government in this regard.
Answer:
In the last two years, India has witnessed 125% spike in the incidents of forest fires.
According to India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2015, as much as 64.29 per cent of the
Recorded Forest Area (RFA) is prone to fires.
Causes
• Natural causes are largely related to climatic conditions such as temperature, wind
speed and direction, level of moisture in soil and atmosphere and duration of dry
spells. Other natural causes are the lightning, friction of bamboos swaying due to
high wind velocity and rolling stones that result in sparks setting off fires in highly
inflammable leaf litter on the forest floor
• Anthropogenic causes result from human activity as well as methods of forest
management. These can be intentional or unintentional such as fires started by locals
to clean the forest floor, burn undergrowth, to destroy evidence of illicit felling or to
scare wild animals etc.
Effects on the Ecosystem
• Forest fire causes damage to vegetation cover and loss of natural regeneration, loss
of wildlife habitat, change in micro-climate, loss of biodiversity and invasion of
weeds, adverse effect on the local livelihood, loss of carbon sink, and addition of
greenhouse gases.
• Fire frequency also determines the floristic composition of an area by selecting
species at site. A species can be removed if fire occurs too often, too early, or late in
its life cycle.
• Fire may also play a role in recycling nutrients from the ground-layer vegetation and
litter and counters the infertile substrates and arrested decay.
Prevention of forest fires
• Removal of Chir Pine: as it is highly inflammable due to its high resin content.
10. Identify different factors that trigger Glacial Lake Outburst Floods. Also, suggest certain
measures that need to be taken to minimize their impact.
Approach:
• Define Glacial Lake Outburst Floods.
• Enumerate its triggering factors.
• Mention measures that are required to minimize the impact of these floods.
Answer:
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods(GLOFs) refer to release of melt water, moraines and the
entire content of the ice-dam glacial lake due to dam failure. GLOFs often result in
catastrophic flooding downstream, with major geomorphic and socio-economic impact.
Causative Triggers for the Glacial Lake Outburst Floods
• Glacial retreat due to Global Warming increases the number of glacial lakes and also
expands the size of existing ones. Rapid Slope Movement into the lake and melting
11. Explain the reasons behind earthquakes in Himalayas being more intense and frequent
than the ones occurring in Alps region. Why are scientists predicting a largescale
earthquake in northern India? Also, elaborate upon some prominent earthquake
forecasting techniques.
Approach:
• Explain the reasons behind earthquakes in Himalayas being more intense and
frequent than the ones occurring in Alps region.
• State the reasons for scientists predicting a large-scale earthquake in northern India.
• Elaborate upon some prominent earthquake forecasting techniques
Answer:
Earthquakes are on-ground manifestation of energy released during shattering and
movement of crustal plates. The amount of energy released depends up on the depth of
earthquake and the intensity of collision of plates. In regions of ongoing and faster
movement of plates, earthquakes are more frequent.
Himalayas are relatively younger fold mountains than Alps. Also, the Indian plate’s
movement toward the eurasian plate is occuring at a relatively faster pace. Since the
rocks in this region have not stabalised, they are brittle and shatter frequently. This is
the reason why there are more intense and frequent earthquakes in Himalayas than the
Alps, where the plates converge slowly, and hence, there is less seismic activity.
Reason behind prediction of a largescale earthquake in northern India
The frontal thrust in the central Himalayas (covering parts of India and eastern Nepal)
has remained seismically quiet for 600 to 700 years. This implies an enormous build-up
of strain in the region. This stacking up of strain in the region may cause at least one
earthquake of magnitude 8.5 or more in one of the overlapping segments of the central
Himalayas anytime in the future.
12. Highlight the factors responsible for occurrence of heat waves and its effects on life and
economy. In the light of recent guidelines given by NDMA, describe measures to reduce
the negative impact of heat waves.
Approach:
• Briefly define heat wave and mention various factors responsible for it.
• Highlight its impact on life and economy.
• Mention some recent guidelines to reduce the negative impacts of heat waves.
• Conclude briefly with a way-forward.
Answer:
According to Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), heat wave is considered if
maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C or more for Plains, 37°C or more
for coastal stations and at least 30°C or more for Hilly regions. Following criteria are used
to declare heat wave:
• Based on Departure from Normal
o Heat Wave: Departure from normal is 4.5°C to 6.4°C
o Severe Heat Wave: Departure from normal is >6.4°C
• Based on Actual Maximum Temperature (for plains only)
o Heat Wave: When actual maximum temperature ≥ 45°C
o Severe Heat Wave: When actual maximum temperature ≥47°C
Factors responsible for occurrence of heat waves:
• High pressure: Heat waves occur when high pressure trough moves into an area,
which forms a "cap" over the region by trapping heat. This environment of minimal
14. What do you understand by impact based forecasting in disaster management? How
can such forecasting strengthen the disaster management preparedness?
Approach:
• Briefly explain impact-based forecasting.
• Explain the role of impact-based forecasting in disaster management preparedness.
• Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
Impact based forecasting is an advancement over weather-based forecasting. While
weather-based forecasting is limited to only prediction of impending weather conditions,
impact-based forecasting also assesses the impact of weather conditions. For example,
a weather based forecast of a cyclone would be like- “A
tropical cyclone category 3, wind speed of 125 km/h is
expected in the next 48 hours” whereas impact based
forecasting of the same event would be- “A tropical
cyclone category 3, wind speed of 125 km/h is
expected to make landfall in 12 hours, in X and Y
regions, likely to damage critical infrastructure such as
bridges, blocking transport from region X to region Y”.
Under the impact-based system:
• The hazards, risks and vulnerability related data are collected and integrated to
predict the impending disasters and their impact on people living in vulnerable
areas.
• Further, geographical and population data are analysed to assess risk levels and
accordingly warnings are issued to areas that are prone to damage posed by disaster.
• The forecasts and warnings will mainly focus on sector and location specific impact
and the need to develop responses to mitigate the impact.
In this way, it provides information needed to act before disasters to minimise the
socioeconomic costs of weather and climate hazards.
Ways such forecasting strengthen the disaster management preparedness
• Improved understanding of risk: As part of the new system, location or district-
specific tailored warnings, which factor in the local population, infrastructure,
settlements, land use and other elements, will be prepared and disseminated.
Therefore, it presents an in-depth risk profile.
• Proactive planning: It will help the government to generate various impact scenarios
in disastrous situations therefore enable authorities to appreciate and understand
impacts and accordingly make plans for different scenarios based on different
impacts.
• Effective response: ‘Pre-event scenario’ will help authorities to closely monitor
impact of impending disasters and take real-time decisions. Therefore, it will help to
effectively manage the disastrous situation similar to floods in Kerala.
• Better coordination: All disaster management agencies will have access to
cartographic, geological and hydrological data available for the district concerned.
15. The recent “Disaster Management Plan of Ministry of Panchayati Raj (DMP–MoPR)”
aims to develop disaster resilience at the grassroots level. In this context, discuss the
rationale behind the formulation of the Plan and highlight its key components.
Approach:
• Introduce by explaining the context of the statement given in the question.
• Discuss the rationale behind formulation of disaster management plan at Panchayat
level.
• Highlight the key components of the plan.
• Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
India has been vulnerable, in varying degrees, to many natural as well as human-made
disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic and socio-economic conditions.
Considering the important role that local communities can play in reducing vulnerabilities
and early recovery, the Ministry of Panchayati Raj has prepared the Disaster
Management Plan so that all Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) along with communities
can be prepared for any disaster.
The aim is to build disaster resilience at the grassroots level among the Panchayats and
establish a framework to align the disaster management measures in rural areas to that
of the National Disaster Management Authority.
Rationale behind Disaster Management Plan at the panchayat level:
• Institutional proximity and capacity: PRIs have proximity and capacity to involve
people and make them prepared for countering disasters by involving them in all
possible preventive and protective activities so that the impact of the disasters is
mitigated.
• Ensure Participatory Planning Process: Such a plan would ensure a participatory
planning process for disaster management through the Gram Panchayat
Development Plan (GPDP) for addressing disasters across the country and initiate a
new era of community-based disaster management.
o People participation is crucial for identification of vulnerable groups and extent
of their vulnerability as well as response measures such as reconstruction of
damaged houses, crop protection measures, etc.
• Social mobilization for traditional wisdom: PRIs can act as catalysts to the social
mobilisation process and tap the traditional wisdom of the local communities to
complement the modern practices in disaster mitigation efforts.