No Case Identify Psychological Theoretical Studies

. Problems
1. Zhang, Xing., et al. (2024). Background and Interventions :
Adult Childrens’ College Complaints : The article 1. Existential
Completion Timing and Their examines how the timing of Therapy
Aging Mothers’ adult children's college This therapy focuses on
Self-Rated Health: The Role of completion impacts the self- helping individuals find
Mothers’ Educational rated health of their aging meaning and purpose in
Attainment. Journal of Adult mothers. This phenomena is their lives, especially
Development. considered in the context of when facing significant
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804- delays in college completion, stress or challenges. For
024-09484-9 which are often observed the mothers in this study,
across different existential therapy could
socioeconomic groups. The help them cope with
study utilizes data from anxiety or worries about
longitudinal studies their children's future if
involving adult children and they have not completed
their mothers to assess the their education. This
effects of on-time, delayed, therapy can provide
or non-completion of college mothers understanding
on the mothers' health. and accepting their
Findings indicate that situations, and in finding
mothers of children who ways to achieve inner
complete college, whether on peace and well-being
time or later, report better despite uncertainties.
health compared to mothers 2. Person-Centered
whose children never Counseling
complete college. This counseling approach
highlights the importance
of a supportive and
empathetic therapeutic
relationship. It allows
 mothers to explore their
feelings about their
children's education
without feeling judged.
Counselors help clients
understand their emotions
and develop effective
coping strategies.
Through this approach,
mothers can feel heard
and supported, which can
reduce stress levels and
enhance their mental
well-being.
Data : The study gives a life Effectiveness : The
course perspective, effectiveness of these
emphasizing the concepts of interventions depends on
"linked lives" and "timing." various factors, including
This perspective highlights the mothers' readiness to
how individuals' lives, engage in therapy, the
particularly those of mothers quality of the therapist-
and children, are connected client relationship, and
and mutually influential the suitability of the
throughout their lifetimes. approach to the
Children's college individual's needs.
completion is viewed as a Existential therapy has
significant milestone in the been proven effective in
transition to adulthood, helping individuals facing
impacting their mothers' existential crises or
health. The study also seeking meaning in their
considers the mothers' lives. By helping mothers
socioeconomic background, find meaning in their
 using their educational situations, this therapy
attainment as an indicator. can reduce stress levels
Through logistic regression and improve emotional
analysis, the research well-being. Meanwhile,
explores differences in person-centered
mothers' health based on the counseling is known for
timing of their children's its success in various
college completion and how therapeutic contexts. This
these differences may vary counseling is highly
by the mothers' educational effective in building
levels. strong and supportive
therapeutic relationships,
which can help clients
feel more motivated and
confident in addressing
their challenges. By
feeling heard and
understood, mothers can
alleviate their emotional
burdens and improve their
overall mental health.

2. Saraswati, K.D.H., Lie, Daniel. Background and Intervention :

(2020). Psychological Well- Complaints : The article 1. Person-Centered
Being: The Impact of Work- "Psychological Well-Being: Counseling
Life Balance and Work The Impact of Work-Life Given the
Pressure. Advances in Social Balance and Work Pressure" significant role of
Science, Education and by Kiky D.H. Saraswati and WLB in
Humanities Research. 478. Daniel Lie explores how influencing PWB,
580-587. work-life balance (WLB) Person-Centered
and work pressure (WP) Counseling (PCC)
affect the psychological would be an
well-being (PWB) of appropriate
employees. The study intervention. This
involves 250 employees approach
from various business sectors emphasizes
and uses Ryff’s Scales of understanding the
Psychological Well-Being, client's
the Work-Life Balance perspective,
Checklist, and the Tilburg promoting self-
Work Pressure Questionnaire acceptance, and
to measure these variables. personal growth.
The findings indicate that PCC can help
WLB significantly impacts employees explore
PWB, whereas WP does not their work-life
significantly affect PWB dynamics,
among the employees understand
studied. personal needs
and values, and
develop strategies
to achieve a better
balance between
work and personal
life.
2. Cognitive-
Behavioral
Therapy (CBT)
Another suitable
intervention is
Cognitive-
Behavioral
Therapy (CBT),
which can address
the cognitive and
 behavioral aspects
of managing work
pressure. CBT can
help employees
identify and
challenge negative
thoughts related to
work pressure and
develop effective
coping strategies
to manage stress
and enhance their
psychological
well-being.
3. Mindfulness-
Based Stress
Reduction
(MBSR)
This interventionis
also relevant, as it
focuses on
reducing stress
through
mindfulness
practices. MBSR
can help
employees
become more
aware of their
stress responses
and develop a
more balanced
 approach to work
and life demands.

Data : The study employs a - Effectiveness :

quantitative approach to Person-Centered
investigate the relationship Counseling (PCC)
between WLB, WP, and PCC is effective in
PWB. Data were collected enhancing self-
from a sample of 250 awareness, self-
employees across different acceptance, and
business sectors. The key personal growth,
instruments used in the study which are critical
include: components of
- Ryff’s Scales of PWB. By focusing
Psychological Well- on the individual's
Being: Measures six perspective and
dimensions of well- fostering a
being: self- supportive
acceptance, positive environment, PCC
relations with others, can lead to
autonomy, improved work-
environmental life balance and
mastery, purpose in overall well-being.
life, and personal - Cognitive-
growth. Behavioral
- Work-Life Balance Therapy (CBT)
Checklist: Developed CBT has been
by Daniels and widely proven to
MacCarraher, this be effective in
tool assesses the reducing stress
balance between and anxiety by
work and personal altering
 life. dysfunctional
- Tilburg Work thinking patterns
Pressure and behaviors. For
Questionnaire: employees dealing
Evaluates the with high work
intensity and pressure, CBT can
demands of work help them develop
pressure. practical skills to
The analysis shows that manage their
WLB has a significant workload and
positive impact on PWB, stress,
while WP does not show a contributing to
significant direct effect on better
PWB. psychological
well-being.
- Mindfulness-
Based Stress
Reduction
(MBSR)
MBSR has been
proven to reduce
stress, anxiety,
and depression.
By incorporating
mindfulness
practices into
daily routines,
employees can
experience
reduced stress
levels and
improved
 emotional
regulation, leading
to enhanced well-
being.
3. Aleti, Torgeir., et al. (2018). Background and Interventions :
Helpful or harmful? Exploring Complaints : The article 1. Existential
the impact of social media "Helpful or harmful? Therapy
usage on intimate relationships. Exploring the impact of This type of
Australasian Journal of social media usage on therapy helps
Information Systems. Vol 22. intimate relationships" people find
1-23. examines how social media, meaning and
especially Facebook, affects purpose in their
romantic relationships in lives and
Australia. Social media is a relationships. It
big part of modern life, and can be useful for
people have different individuals or
opinions on whether it helps couples who feel
or harms relationships. This unhappy due to
study aims to find out more social media. The
about these effects. therapy can help
To do this, the researchers them explore
surveyed 518 Australians. deeper issues and
The survey asked questions concerns, which
about how often they use may be
Facebook, how satisfied they contributing to
are in their relationships, and their
their household income. The dissatisfaction.
results showed that the 2. Person-Centered
impact of social media on Counseling
relationships varies This approach
depending on how it is used. focuses on
For example, people who are empathy,
Facebook friends with their acceptance, and
romantic partners tend to understanding. It
worry less about social can help couples
media affecting their improve
relationships negatively. communication
However, people who live and understand
alone or with children and each other's
have a low income are more feelings about
likely to be unhappy in their social media. By
relationships and use social creating a
media more often to connect supportive
with others. environment, this
counseling can
strengthen
emotional bonds
and improve
relationship
satisfaction.
3. Psychoeducation
and Digital
Literacy Programs
These programs
educate
individuals and
couples about
healthy social
media habits,
privacy settings,
and the potential
impacts of social
media on
relationships. By
 promoting
balanced online
and offline
interactions, these
programs can
reduce negative
effects and
enhance
relationship
satisfaction.

Data : The study used Effectiveness : Both

several methods and ideas to existential and person-
understand how social media centered counseling
affects relationships: therapies have shown
1. Survey Method : The effectiveness in
researchers used a survey to improving relationship
collect data. This survey satisfaction. Existential
included questions about therapy helps clients find
Facebook usage, relationship meaning in their lives and
satisfaction, and household navigate complex feelings
income. By analyzing the related to social media.
responses, the researchers Person-centered
could identify patterns and counseling fosters
understand how social media empathy and better
impacts relationships communication between
2. Uncertainty Reduction partners, which can
Theory (URT): This theory improve emotional
suggests that relationships connections.
become stronger when While psychoeducation
partners know more about and digital literacy
each other and feel less programs are effective in
 uncertain. Social media can reducing anxiety and
help partners share promoting healthy social
information and stay media usage. By teaching
connected, which can reduce practical strategies for
uncertainty and increase managing online
satisfaction in the interactions, these
relationship. programs help individuals
3. Social Capital: This use social media
concept refers to the benefits mindfully, which can lead
people get from their social to better relationship
connections. Social media outcomes.
can help people maintain and
strengthen their social ties by
providing a platform to share
support and personal
information. This can have
positive effects on
relationships
4. Facebook Intensity Scale:
The study used this scale to
measure not just how often
people use Facebook, but
also how important it is to
them and how many friends
they have on the platform.
This helps to understand the
deeper impact of Facebook
on their lives and
relationships.
4. Al-Naggar, R.A., Chen, Background and Interventions : Given the
Robert. (2011). Stress and Complaints : The article study's findings, several
Coping Strategies Among "Stress and Coping interventions can be
Retired People in Malaysia: A Strategies Among Retired proposed to support
Qualitative Study. ASEAN People in Malaysia: A retired individuals in
Journal of Psychiatry. 12 (2). Qualitative Study" managing stress
investigates the various effectively:
stressors faced by retired 1. Person-Centered
individuals in Malaysia and Counseling
the strategies they employ to This type of
cope with these stressors. counseling
Retirement is a significant emphasizes
life transition, often empathy,
accompanied by a shift in acceptance, and
financial stability, social understanding. It
roles, and personal identity. involves providing
This study aims to provide a a supportive and
deeper understanding of non-judgmental
these changes and how they environment
impact retirees' mental and where retirees can
emotional well-being. express their
feelings and
concerns. Person-
centered
counseling can
help retirees
navigate the
emotional
challenges of
retirement,
improving their
overall mental
health.
2. Existential
Therapy
 Existential therapy
focuses on helping
individuals find
meaning and
purpose in their
lives. For retirees,
this type of
therapy can be
particularly
beneficial as it
addresses the
existential
questions that
often arise during
this life stage. By
exploring issues of
identity, purpose,
and personal
values, existential
therapy can help
retirees adjust to
the new realities
of post-retirement
life.
3. Stress
Management
Programs
These programs
teach practical
techniques for
managing stress,
such as
 mindfulness,
relaxation
exercises, and
positive thinking.
Mindfulness can
help retirees stay
present and reduce
anxiety, while
relaxation
exercises can
lower stress levels.
Positive thinking
strategies can
reframe negative
thoughts and
promote a more
optimistic outlook.
4. Financial Planning
Workshops
Financial
difficulties being a
significant source
of stress, offering
workshops on
financial planning
and management
could greatly
benefit retirees.
These workshops
can provide
practical advice on
budgeting,
 investing, and
managing
retirement funds.
By equipping
retirees with better
financial
knowledge and
skills, these
workshops can
reduce financial
anxiety and
improve overall
well-being.

Data : The study focused on 1. Effectiveness :

36 retired elderly Person-Centered
participants, predominantly Counseling
female, Malay, and married. This approach is
The age range of participants highly effective in
was between 55 and 70 years providing
old. The qualitative nature of emotional support
the study allowed for an in- and fostering a
depth exploration of personal sense of
experiences through semi- understanding and
structured, face-to-face acceptance. It
interviews. This method helps retirees feel
facilitated rich, detailed heard and
narratives that highlight the validated,
complexity of post- reducing feelings
retirement life. of isolation and
The researchers employed a stress. The
qualitative research empathetic nature
approach, choosing semi- of this counseling
structured interviews as their helps individuals
primary method of data feel less alone in
collection. This approach is their struggles.
particularly effective for 2. Existential
capturing the nuanced Therapy
experiences and subjective Effective in
perceptions of individuals. helping
The interviews were individuals find
conducted in person, which new meaning and
allowed for a deeper purpose,
connection and more existential therapy
thorough exploration of each can reduce
participant's experiences. existential anxiety
The interviews covered and improve
several key areas: overall mental
- Sources of stress in health. It
retirement encourages
- Strategies used to cope with retirees to explore
stress their values and
- General health and well- passions, leading
being to a more fulfilling
The study identified several retirement
significant sources of stress experience.
and coping strategies among 3. Stress
the retired individuals: Management
Sources of Stress: Programs
- Financial Difficulties: These programs
Financial issues were have proven
the most commonly effective in
reported source of reducing stress
stress. Many and improving
 participants quality of life.
experienced anxiety Techniques like
about managing their mindfulness and
reduced income after relaxation
retirement. The loss exercises lower
of a regular paycheck stress hormones
and reliance on and improve
savings or pensions emotional
created a sense of regulation.
financial insecurity. Positive thinking
- Family and Work strategies help in
Problems: Stress also developing a more
stemmed from family resilient mindset.
dynamics and 4. Financial Planning
unresolved issues Workshops
from their previous These workshops
work lives. Conflicts can significantly
within the family or reduce financial
difficulties stress by
transitioning from a providing retirees
work-centered with the
identity to a knowledge and
retirement identity tools to manage
contributed to stress. their finances
- Health Problems: better.
While health issues Understanding
were mentioned, they how to budget,
were less commonly save, and invest
cited compared to wisely can
financial and family- alleviate anxiety
related stress. about money and
Nonetheless, provide a sense of
 managing chronic financial security.
conditions or new
health problems did
add to the overall
stress burden for
some participants.
5. Petersen, Johanna., et al. Background and Interventions :
(2015). Longitudinal Complaints : The article by 1. Person-Centered
Relationship Between Johanna Petersen and Counseling
Loneliness and Social Isolation colleagues investigates the Given the
in Older Adults: Results From longitudinal relationship findings, person-
the Cardiovascular Health between loneliness and centered
Study. Journal of Aging and social isolation in older counseling is a
Health. 1-21. DOI: adults. The study uses data suitable
10.1177/0898264315611664 from the Cardiovascular intervention. This
Health Study (CHS), therapeutic
focusing on participants aged approach focuses
65 and older. The main goal on the individual's
is to understand how changes subjective
in social isolation impact experience and
feelings of loneliness over aims to enhance
time. self-esteem and
self-worth. It can
help older adults
articulate their
feelings of
loneliness and
work towards
building
meaningful
relationships, thus
reducing feelings
 of isolation.
2. Existential
Therapy
Existential therapy
can also be
beneficial, as it
addresses
fundamental
human concerns
such as isolation,
meaning, and
mortality. This
type of therapy
can help older
adults find
purpose and
meaning in their
lives despite social
isolation, thereby
mitigating feelings
of loneliness.
3. Social
Interventions
Social
interventions that
enhance the size
and quality of an
individual's social
network are
crucial. Programs
that facilitate
community
 engagement, such
as senior centers,
hobby groups, and
volunteer
opportunities, can
help older adults
expand their social
circles and reduce
isolation.

Data : The researchers Effectiveness :

conducted a longitudinal 1. Person-Centered
study involving 5,870 older Counseling
adults with an average age of This approach has
72.89 years. Loneliness was been shown to
measured using a simple improve mental
dichotomized question, while well-being and
social isolation was assessed reduce feelings of
through six items from the loneliness by
Lubben Social Network fostering a
Scale. Additionally, the supportive and
study tracked yearly life understanding
events to capture abrupt therapeutic
changes in the social network environment
of participants. 2. Existential
The study found a strong link Therapy
between higher levels of Research indicates
social isolation and increased that existential
odds of experiencing therapy can
loneliness. This suggests that effectively reduce
the more isolated an feelings of
individual is, the more likely loneliness by
they are to feel lonely. helping
Significant life events, such individuals find
as the death of a close friend, meaning in their
were associated with experiences and
increased loneliness. This cope with
highlights the importance of existential
life changes in influencing concerns.
feelings of loneliness. 3. Social
Loneliness was found to be a Interventions
stable condition, with 60% of Interventions
participants who reported aimed at
loneliness in one year also increasing social
reporting it the following interaction and
year. This indicates that once engagement have
loneliness sets in, it tends to been found to
persist. A larger social significantly
network was associated with reduce loneliness
lower odds of loneliness. and improve
Participants with the highest overall quality of
possible social network life in older adults.
scores had a 97% lower Programs that
chance of feeling lonely encourage regular
compared to those with the social activities
smallest networks. and community
involvement are
particularly
effective.