CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

PART - A : VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

1. SOLUTION
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of a solute, the wt . of solute 1000
substance that dissolves and a solvent, the substance (g) Strength of solution = volume of solution (ml)
in which the solute dissolves.
(h) Molarity is a temperature dependent unit.
(a) The component of solution which is in lesser amount
(Which is dissolved) is called solute. 1
(b) The component of solution in which solute is Molarity 
temp.
dissolved is called solvent.
2.2 MOLALITY (m)
Solution = Solute + Solvent
It is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of
2. CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION solvent.

It is calculated by following two methods moles of solute

Molality = mass of solvent (kg)
(a) Weight % : Weight of solute per 100 gram of solution.
(b) Volume % : (a) Unit of molality is mole kg –1
(i) Weight of solute per 100 ml of solution (b) Sometimes mass of solution is given instead of
(ii) Volume of solute per 100 ml of solution solvent, so subtract the mass of solute to get mass
(c) Concentration of a solution expressed in following of solvent
terms. (c) Represented by a suffix ‘m’ after a number x. xm
2.1 MOLARITY (M) means x moles of solute are there per kg of solvent.
It is the number of moles of solute in one litre of (d) Molality does not change with increase of
solution temperature.
(e) Relation between molarity and molality-
No. of moles of solute
Molarity = Volume of solution (litre) 1000 M
m=
1000d – MM B
(a) Molarity is expressed by putting a suffix ‘M’ after a Where,
number, say ‘X’. It means if concentration of a
m = Molality
solution is given to be XM, it means X moles of
solute are there per litre of solution. M = Molarity
(b) Some times amount of solute is given in grams. So, d = density of solution in gm/litre
MB = Molecular wt. of solute
amount (gram)
Moles of solute = mol.wt .in (gram) Derivation :–
M wt . of solvent
(c) We Should be careful about unit of volume taken. We = volume of solution
have to use volume in litre in the formula for molarity. m
So, if volume is given in ml (mili litre) convert it into WA
M
litre as- =
m V(litre )
volume in litre = volume in ml × 10–3
(d) Some times we get confused when volume is given Since, wt. of solvent = wt. of solution – wt. of solute
in cm3. A cm 3 is nothing but a milliliter. So, volume = V × d – MMB
in litre = volume (cm3 ) × 10–3
M Vd – MM B
(e) Unit of molarity is mole L–1 . Therefore, =
m V
wt . 1000 MV
(f) Millimoles = M × V(ml) = mol. wt. m=
Vd – MM B

1
 CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

2.3 MOLE FRACTION (X) 2.6 PARTS PER MILLION (PPM) :

(a) Mole fraction of a component in solution is equal to (a) amount of component in mg in 1 kg of solution.
the ratio of number of moles of that component to the
Mass of solute
total number of moles of all the components in the ppm = Mass of solution × 106
solution. Mole fraction of component A is represented
by xA.
wt . of solute
(b) Let, there be two components A (solvent) & ppm = wt. of solute  wt. of solvent × 106
B (solute)
(b) Generally, it is used for very-very little concentrations.
nA nB
XA = and XB = where, 2.7 NORMALITY (N) :
nA  n B nA  nB
(a) Number of gram equivalents of a solute per litre of
XA = Mole fraction of solvent and solution. Its unit is gram equivalents per litre.
XB = Mole fraction of solute.
gram equivalent of solute
wA Normality = Volume of solution (litres)
Here, nA =
MA
(wt. of A in grams/mol.wt. of A, xA + xB = 1) (b) Normality
(c) It is temperature independent unit. Wt. of solute 1000
(d) Relation between mole fraction and molality - = equivalent wt . of solute  Volume of solution (ml)
Mole fraction of solvent
nA WB  1000
(c) N = where, WB = wt. of solute and
XA = EV
nA  n B
Mole fraction of solute E = equivalent wt. of solute
nB (d) Equivalent = N × V (litre)
XB =
nA  n B wt. of solute
= equivalent wt.of solute
XA nA
=
XB nB (e) Milliequivalent = N × V (ml)
On multiplying 1000 in both side wt . of solute
= equivalent wt . of solute × 1000
XA nA
× 1000 = 1000 ×
XB nB (f) Strength of solution (in gm/lit)
= Normality (N) × Eq. wt. of solute (E)
XA m MA
=
XB 1000 10  (specific gravity or density)  wt % of solute
= equivalent wt . of solute
2.4 MASS FRACTION :
Ratio of mass of component to the total mass of (g) Normality is a temperature dependent quantity.
components (h) Concentration in grams L–1 = Eq.wt. × Normality
wA = Mol. wt. x Molarity
mass fraction of A =
wA  wB
where, wA = weight of A, and wB = weight of B.
2.5 MOLE PERCENT :
number of moles of a component in 100 moles
Mole percent = mass fraction × 100

2
 CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

SOLVED EXAMPLES - A
Ex.1 A 6.90 M solution of KOH in water has 30% by Ex.4 What is mole fraction in its one molal aqueous
weight of KOH. Calculate density of solution. solution-
(A) 1.288 g mL–1 (B) 12.88 g mL–1 (A) 0.108 (B) 0.018
(C) 24.88 g mL–1 (D) 2.488 g mL–1 (C) 0.008 (D) None (Ans. B)
(Ans. A) nA
Sol. KOH solution is 30% by weight. Sol. Mole fraction =
nA  nB
 wt. of KOH = 30 g 1000
nA = 1 and nB = = 55.4
and Wt. of solution = 100 g 18
1 1
100 = = = 0.018
 Volume of solution = 1  55.4 56.4
d
Ex.5 The density of a solution containing 13% by
 30  mass of sulphuric acid is 1.09 g/mL. Calculate the
 
 100  molarity and normality of the solution -
 Molarity = 6.90 =  56   (A) 1.445 M (B) 14.45 M
 1000  d 
  (C) 144.5 M (D) 0.1445 M
= 1.288 g mL–1 (Ans. A)
100
Sol. Volume of 100 gram of the solution =
Ex.2 1.82g of a metal required 32.5 mL of N HCl to d
dissolve it. What is equivalent weight for metal ? 100 100
= mL = litre
(A) 65 (B) 75 1.09 1.09 1000
(C) 56 (D) 90 (Ans. C) 1
= litre
1.09 10
Sol.  Meq. of metal = Meq. of HCl Number of moles of H2 SO4 in 100 gram of the
1.82 13
or × 1000 = 32.5 × 1 solution =
E 98
No. of moles of H 2SO 4
 E = 56 Molarity = Volume of solution in litre

Ex.3 One g of calcium was burnt in excess of O2 and 13 1.09 10

= × = 1.445 M
the oxide was dissolved in water to make up one 98 1
litre solution. Calculate normality of alkaline
Ex.6 Find the molality of H2SO4 solution whose
solution specific gravity is 1.98 g ml-1 and 95% by volume
H2SO4
(A) 0.005 (B) 0.50
(A) 7.412 (B) 8.412
(C) 0.05 (D) 1.05 (Ans. C) (C) 9.412 (D) 10.412 (Ans. C)
Sol. Ca + ½O2  CaO Sol. H2SO4 is 95% by volume
wt. of H2SO4 = 95g
Equivalent taken 1/ 20 excess Vol of solution = 100ml
Equivalent after 0 — 1/ 20 ( Eq. = w/E) 95
 Moles of H2SO4 = , and weight of
reaction 98
solution = 100 x 1.98 = 198 g
1  Eq.  Weight of water = 198 - 95 = 103 g
NCaO = = 0.05  N  
20  1  V in litre  95 1000
Molality = = 9.412
98 103
3
 CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
Ex.7 Calculate the molality and mole fraction of the
solute in aqueous solution containing 3.0 gm of Ex.9 20 mL of 0.2 M Al2 (SO4)3 mixed with 20 mL of
urea per 250 gm of water (Mol. wt. of urea = 60). 0.6M BaCl2. Calculate the concentration of each
(A) 0.2 m, 0.00357 (B) 0.4 m, 0.00357 ion in solution.
(C) 0.5 m, 0.00357 (D) 0.7m, 0.00357 Sol.
(Ans. A)
Al2(SO4)3 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + AlCl3
Sol. Wt. of solute (urea) dissolved = 3.0 gm
Meq before 20×0.2×6 20×0.6×2 0 0
Wt. of the solvent (water) = 250 gm
mixing = 24 =24
Mol. wt. of the solute = 60
3.0 Meq after 0 0 24 24
3.0 gm of the solute = moles = 0.05 moles Mixing
60
Thus 250 gm of the solvent contain = 0.05 moles (Meq.= N ×V in mL ;k M × valency × V in ML)
of solute
3+ 24
 1000 gm of the solvent contain  [Al ] = = 0.2M
40  3
0.05 1000
= = 0.2 moles
250 – 24
Hence molality of the solution = 0.2 m [Cl ] = = 0.6M
40
In short ,
Molality = No. of moles of solute/1000 g of No concentration of Ba2+ or SO42– in solution
solvent since BaSO4 gets precipitated.
3 / 60
 Molality = × 1000 = 0.2 m Ex.10 214.2 g of sugar syrup contains 34.2 g of sugar.
250
Calculation of mole fraction Calculate (i) molality of the solution and (ii) mole
3.0 gm of solute = 3 / 60 moles = 0.05 moles fraction of sugar in the syrup. [IIT 1988]
Sol. (i) Mass of sugar = 34.2
250
250 gm of water = moles 34.2
18 moles of sugar = = 0.1
= 13.94 moles 342
 Mole fraction of the solute Mass of water = (214.2 – 34.2) = 180 gm
0.05 0.05 180
= = No. of moles of water = = 10
0.05  13.94 13.99 18
= 0.00357
0.1
molality = × 1000 = 0.555m
Ex.8 15 gram of methyl alcohol is dissolved in 35 180
gram of water. What is the mass percentage of 0.1
(ii) Mole fraction of sugar = = 0.0099
methyl alcohol in solution ? 10  0.1
(A) 30% (B) 50%
(C) 70% (D) 75% (Ans. A)
Sol. Total mass of solution = (15 + 35) gram = 50 gram
mass percentage of methyl alcohol
Mass of methyl alcohol
= Mass of solution × 100
15
= × 100 = 30%
50

4
 CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

EXERCISE # 1
Q. 1 How many grams of glucose should be dissolved Q. 11 A molal solution is one that contains one
to make one litre solution of 10%(w/v) glucose- mole of a solute in -
(1) 10 g (2) 180 g (3) 100 g (4) 1.8 g (1) 1000 g of the solvent
(2) one litre of the solution
Q. 2 The molality of 15% (wt./vol.) solution of H2SO4 (3) one litre of the solvent
of density 1.1 g/cm3 is approximately- (4) 22.4 litres of the solution
(1) 1.2 (2) 1.4 (3) 1.8 (4) 1.6 Q. 12 Molarity of 720 gm of pure water -
(1) 40 M
Q. 3 1000 gram aqueous solution of CaCO3 contains (2) 4M
10 gram of carbonate. Concentration of solution (3) 55.5 M
is- (4) Can’t be determined
(1) 10 ppm (2) 100 ppm Q. 13 Which represent percent by strength -
(3) 1000 ppm (4) 10,000 ppm
Wt. of solute
(1) Wt. of solution  100
Q. 4 All of the water in a 0.20 M solution of NaCl
was evaporated and 0.150 mol of NaCl was Wt. of solute
obtained. What was the original volume of (2) Volume of solution  100
the sample ?
(1) 30 mL (2) 333 mL Volume of solute
(3) 750 mL (4) 1000 mL (3) Volume of solution  100

Q. 5 25 mL of 3.0 M HNO3 are mixed with 75 mL (4) All of them

of 4.0M HNO3 . If the volumes are additive, Q. 14 Which of the following is correct -
the molarity of the final mixture would be- wt
(1) 3.25 M (2) 4.0 M (1) Meq = N × V in ml =  1000
Eq.wt
(3) 3.75 M (4) 3.50 M
wt
Q. 6 8g NaOH is dissolved in one litre of solution, (2) Eq. = N × V in l =
Eq.wt
its molarity is -
(1) 0.8 M (2) 0.4 M (3) Equal equivalent or milli equivalent of
(3) 0.2 M (4) 0.1 M reactants react to give same eq. or Meq.
of products
(4) All of them
Q. 7 If 18 g of glucose is present in 1000 g of
solvent, the soution is said to be - Q. 15 The mole fraction of oxygen in a mixture of
(1) 1 molar (2) 0.1 molar 7g of nitrogen and 8g of oxygen is -
(3) 0.5 molal (4) 0.1 molal 8
(1) (2) 0.5
Q. 8 Mole fraction of glycerine (C3 H5(OH)3) in a 15
solution of 36 g of water and 46 g of glycerine (3) 0.25 (4) 1.0
is - Q. 16 Which of the following statements is true -
(1) 0.46 (2) 0.36 (a) Molarity is the no. of moles of solute
(3) 0.20 (4) 0.40 dissolved per litre of solvent.
(b) The molarity and normality of a solution of
Q. 9 How much volume of 3.0 M H2SO4 is required sodium carbonate are same
for the preparation of 1.0 litre of 1.0 M solution ? (c) Molality (m) of a solution is defined as the
(1) 300 ml (2) 320 ml number of moles of solute dissolved is 1000
(3) 333.3 ml (4) 350.0 ml gm of solution
(d) The ratio of mole fraction of solute and solvent
Q. 10 What is the normality of 1M H3PO4 solution ?
is in the ratio of there respective moles
(1) 0.5 N (2) 1.0 N (1) a & c (2) a & d
(3) 2.0 N (4) 3.0 N (2) b & c (4) only d
5
 CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

Q. 23 H2O2 solution used for hair bleaching is sold as

N
Q. 17 25 ml NaOH solution will exactly neutralize a solution of approximately 5.0 gm H2O2 per 100
10
mL of the solution. The molecular mass of H2O2
which of the following solution - is 34. The molarity of this solution is
N approximately -
(1) 25 ml KOH solution (1) 0.15 M (2) 1.5 M
10
(3) 3.0 M (4) 3.4 M
(2) 25 ml N H2 SO4 solution

N Q. 24 Molar concentration of a solution in water is -

(3) 25 ml HCl solution
10 (1) Always equal to normality
(2) More than molality of the solution
N (3) Equal to molality of the solution
(4) 2.5 ml HNO3 solution
10 (4) Less than the molality of the solution

Q. 18 Equal weight of NaCl and KCl are disoloved Q. 25 What volume of 0.1 N HNO3 solution can be
separately in equal volumes of solutions molarity prepared from 6.3 g of HNO3 ?
of the two solutions will be - (1) 1 litre (2) 2 litre
(1) Equal (3) 0.5 litre (4) 5 litre
(2) That of NaCl will be less than that of KCl
Q. 26 100 ml of 0.5 N NaOH solution is added to 10 ml
(3) That of NaCl will be more than that of
of 3 N H2SO4 solution and 20 ml of 1 N HCl
KCl solution
solution. The mixture is -
(4) That of NaCl will be half of that of KCl
(1) Acidic (2) Alkaline
solution
(3) Neutral (4) None of these
Q. 19 Normality of 10% (W\V) H 2 SO 4 solution
Q. 27 The molarity of 98% H2SO4 (d = 1.8 g/ml) by wt.
nearly -
is -
(1) 0.1 (2) 0.2 (3) 0.5 (4) 2
(1) 6 M (2) 18 M
Q. 20 The molarity of 0.04 N Ba(OH)2 as a base is - (3) 10 M (4) 4 M
(1) 0.02 M (2) 0.08 M
Q. 28 The normality of 10 ml of a ‘20 V’ H2O2 solution
(3) 0.04 M (4) 0.06 M
is -
Q. 21 In a solution of 7.8 g benzene (C6 H6) and 46.0g (1) 1.79 (2) 3.58
toluene (C6H5 CH3 ) the mole fraction of benzene (3) 60.86 (4) 6.086
is -
Q. 29 If 8.3 ml of a sample of H2 SO4 (36N) is diluted
1 1 1 1 by 991.7 ml of water, the approximate normality
(1) (2) (3) (4)
6 5 2 3 of the resulting solution is -
(1) 0.4 (2) 0.2
Q. 22 A 500 g tooth paste sample has 0.02 gm fluoride (3) 0.1 (4) 0.3
concentration. What is the concentration of
Q. 30 Which of the following solutions has the highest
fluorine in terms of ppm level -
normality -
(1) 250 (2) 40
(1) 8 grams of KOH per litre
(3) 400 (4) 1000
(2) N phosphoric acid
(3) 6 gms of NaOH per 100 ml
(4) 0.5 M H2 SO4

6
 CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

Q. 31 Hydrochloric acid solution A and B have Q. 33 Increasing the temperature of an aqueous

concentration of 0.5 N and 0.1 N respectively. solution will cause -
The volume of solutions A and B required to (1) Decrease in molality
make 2 litres of 0.2 N HCl are - (2) Decrease in molarity
(1) 0.5 lit. of A + 1.5 lit. of B (3) Decrease in mole fracton
(2) 1.5 lit. of A + 0.5 lit. of B (4) Decrease in % w/w
(3) 1.0 lit. of A + 1.0 lit. of B
(4) 0.75 lit. of A + 1.25 lit. of B Q. 34 The concentration of a solution of H2 O2 is 6.8%
then the volume concentration of the solution is -
Q. 32 An aqueous solution of glucose is 10% in
(1) 22.4 (2) 11.2 (3) 20 (4) 5
strength. The volume in which 2gm mole of it is
dissolved will be -
(1) 18 litre (2) 3.6 litre
(3) 0.9 litre (4) 1.8 litre

7
 CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

EXERCISE # 2
Q.1 3.0 molal NaOH solution has a density of 1.110 Q. 10 Two bottles of A and B contains 1M and 1m
g/ml. The molarity of the solution is- aqueous solution (d ~– 1g/mL) of sulphuric acid
(1) 2.9732 (2) 3.05 respectively -
(3) 3.64 (4) 3.0504 (1) A is more concentrated than B
(2) B is more concentrated than A
Q.2 In the aqueous solution of sulphuric acid the (3) Concentration of A = conc. of B
mole fraction of water is 0.85. The molality of the (4) It is not possible to compare the
solution is- concentration
(1) 8.9 m (2) 0.19 m
(3) 9.8 m (4) 15 m Q. 11 0.7 g of Na2CO3.xH2 O is dissolved in 100ml, 20
ml of which required 19.8 ml of0.1 N HCl. The
value of x is -
Q.3 Equal volumes of 0.1 M AgNO3 and 0.2 M NaCl (1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 1
are mixed. The concentration of NO3– ions in the
Q. 12 10 ml of an HCl solution gave 0.1435 gm of AgCl
mixture will be-
when treated with excess of AgNO 3 . The
(1) 0.1 M (2) 0.05 M
normality of the HCl solution is -
(3) 0.2 M (4) 0.15 M
(1) 0.1 (2) 3 (3) 0.3 (4) 0.2
Q.4 10 gram of glucose are dissolved in 150 gram of
water. The mass % of glucose is-
(1) 5% (2) 6.25%
(3) 93.75% (4) 15%

Q. 5 The volume of water added to 500 ml., 0.5 M

NaOH so that its strength becomes 10 mg NaOH
per ml.
(1) 100 ml (2) 200 ml
(3) 250 ml (4) 500 ml

Q. 6 How much water should be added to 200 cc of

seminormal solution of NaOH to make it exactly
decinormal -
(1) 1000cc (2) 400 cc
(3) 800 cc (4) 600 cc
Q. 7 100 ml of 0.3 N HCl solution is mixed with 200 ml
of 0.6 N H2SO4 solution what is the normality of
H2SO4 in the final solution -
(1) 0.9 (2) 0.6
(3) 0.5 (4) 0.4
Q. 8 An X molal solution of a compound in benzene
has mole fraction of solute eq ual to 0.2. The
value of X is -
(1) 14 (2) 3.2
(3) 1.4 (4) 2
Q. 9 Mole fraction of ethanol in ethanol water mixture
is 0.25. Hence percentage concentration of
ethanol by weight of mixture is -
(1) 25 % (2) 75 %
(3) 46 % (4) 54 %

8
 CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

EXERCISE # 3A
Q.1 25 ml. NaOH solution of normality N/10 will Q.6 How many grams of dibasic acid (mol wt. 200)
require the 50 ml. of HCl for neutralisation the should be present in 100 ml. of the aqueous
normality of HCl is - [AIPMT-91]
solution to give 0.1 normality ? [AIPMT-99]
(1) N/20 (2) N/10
(3) N/5 (4) N (1) 10 g (2) 20 g (3) 2 g (4) 1 g

Q.2 Which one of the following modes of expressing Q.7 Molarity of liquid HCl if density of liquid HCl is
concentration of solution is independent of 1.17 gm/cc - [AIPMT-2001]
temperature - [AIPMT-91-95] (1) 36.5 (2) 18.25
(1) Molarity (2) Molality (3) 32.05 (4) 42.10
(3) Normality (4) Grams per litre
Q.8 The mole fraction of the solute in one molal
Q.3 What is the molarity of H2 SO4 solution which is aqueous solution is - [AIPMT-2005]
98% by weight and the density of solution at (1) 0.027 (2) 0.036
35°C is 1.84 gm/cm3- [AIPMT-96] (3) 0.018 (4) 0.009
(1) 4.18 M (2) 8.14 M
(3) 18.4 M (4) 18 M Q.9 Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98%
H2SO4 by mass and has a density of 1.80 g.mL–
Q.4 The volume strength of 1.5 N H2O2 solution is - 1. Volume of acid required to make 1 litre of 0.1
[AIPMT-97] M H2SO4 solution is - [AIPMT-2007]
(1) 8.4 (2) 4.8 (3) 5.2 (4) 8.8 (1) 5.55 mL (2) 11.10 mL
(3) 16.65 mL (4) 22.20 mL
Q.5 What is false for mole fraction - [AIPMT-99]
Q.10 Mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00 molal aqueous
(1) x < 1 (2) – 2  x 2
solution is : [AIPMT-2011]
(3) 0 x 1 (4) Always non negative
(1) 1.7700 (2) 0.1770
(3) 0.0177 (4) 0.0344

9
 CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

EXERCISE # 3B
Q.1 A mixture has 18 g water and 414g ethanol. The Q.6 The density (in g mL–1) of a 3.60 M sulphuric
mole fraction of water in mixture is (assume ideal acid solution that is 29% H2 SO4
behaviour of the mixture -) [MP-PMT-2000] (Molar mass = 98 g mol–1) by mass will be -
(1) 0.1 (2) 0.4 (3) 0.7 (4) 0.9 [AIEEE-2007]
(1) 1.88 (2) 1.22 (3) 1.45 (4) 1.64
Q.2 The molarity of a solution made by mixing 50 ml
of conc. H2SO4 (36 N) with 50 ml. of water, is - Q.7 A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol,
[MP-PMT-2001] CH3OH, is supplied. What is the mole fraction of
(1) 36 M (2) 18 M
(3) 9 M (4) 6 M methyl alcohol in the solution ? [AIEEE-2011]
(1) 0.100 (2) 0.190
Q.3 171 g of cane sugar (C12 H22O11) is dissolved in
(3) 0.086 (4) 0.050
1 litre of water. The molarity of the solution is -
[MP-PMT-2001]
(1) 2.0 M (2) 1.0 M Q.8 The mass of potassium dichromate crystals required
(3) 0.5 M (4) 0.25 M to oxidize 750 cm3 of 0.6 M Mohr’s salt solution is :
(Given molar mass : potassium dichromate = 294,
Q.4 The normality of “10 volume” Hydrogen peroxide
Mohr’s salt = 392) [11 may AIEEE-2011]
is - [Kerla PMT-2003]
(1) 0.176 (2) 3.52 (1) 0.45 g (2) 22.05 g
(3) 1.78 (4) 0.88 (3) 2.2 g (4) 0.49 g
(5) 17.8
N
Q.5 5 ml. of N HCl, 20 ml of H SO and 30 ml of
2 2 4
N
HNO3 are mixed together and volume made to
3
one litre. The normality of the resulting solution
is - [Kerla PMT-2003]

N N N N
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 10 20 40
N
(5)
25

10
 CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

EXERCISE # 4
(ASSERTION & REASON TYPE)

The following questions 1 to 27 consists of two

statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason.
While answering these questions you are to choose
any one of the following four responses.
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the
Reason is correct explanation of the Asser-
tion.
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but the
Reason is not correct explanation of the As-
sertion.
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(D) If Assertion & Reason are false.

Q.1 Assertion : Molarity of the solution changes

with temperature.
Reason : Molarity is a colligative property.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

Q.2 Assertion : The molality of the solution doesn’t

change with change in temperature.
Reason : The molality is expressed in units of
moles per 1000 ml. solution.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

Q.3 Assertion : A solution which contains one gram

equivalent of solute per litre of the solution is
called normal solution.
Reason : A normal solution mean a solutions in
which the solute doesn’t associate or dissociate.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

Q.4 Assertion : 1 M aqueous solution is more

concentrated than 1 m aqueous solution.
Reason : In 1M solution, solvent is less in
comparision to 1 m solution.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

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 CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

EXERCISE # 5 (NCERT QUESTIONS)

Ex.1 Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work Meq. of HCl = Meq. of Na2CO3 + Meq. of NaHCO3
is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution. What 0.1 × 1 × V
should be the molarityof such a sample of the acid = 2 × 5.26 × 10–3 × 1000 + 1 × 5.26 × 10–3 × 1000
if the density of solution is 1.504g mL–1 ? V = 157.8 mL
Sol. 68 % mass of HNO3 means 100g solution contains
68 g HNO3 Ex.4 Calculate the percentage composition in terms of
wt. of solution mass of a solution obtained by mixing 300 g of a
 Volume of solution = 25% and 400 g ofa 40% solution by mass.
density
Sol. 25% solution means 25 g solute in 100 g solution.
100 40% solution means 40 g solute in 100 g soluton
= = 66.49 mL
1.504 25  300
Mass of solute in 300 g solution = = 75g
mole of HNO 3 100
Molarity (M) = volume of solution in litre
40  400
Mass of solute in 400 g solution = = 160g
68  1000 100
= = 16.23  total mass of solute = 75 + 160 = 235 g
63  66 .49
235
 mass % in mixture =  100 = 33.57%
Ex.2 A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10 per- 700
cent (w/W), what would be the molality and mole
fraction of each component in the solution ? If the Ex.5 An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of
density of the solution is 1.2g mL–1, then what shall ethylene glycol [C2H4(OH)2] and 200 g of water.
be molarityof the solution ? Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density
Sol. 10% (w/w) solution of glucose means 100 g of the solution is 1.072 g mL–1 then what shall be the
solution contains 10 g glucose (Solute). molarity of the solution ?
 Weight of water = 100 – 10 = 90 g
(Solvent)
222 .6
Sol. Molality of ethylene glycol = 200 = 17.95 m
10 62 
Molality (m) = = 0.617 m 1000
90
180  weight of solution = weight of glycol + weight of
100 water = 222.6 + 200 = 422.6 g
100 422.6
volume of solution = ml Volume of solution = mL
1. 2 1.072
Molarity (M) = 10 = 0.67M 222 . 6
Molarity of ethylene glycol =
100 422 . 6
180  62 
1 .2  1000 1 .072  1000
= 9.11 M
Mole fraction of glucose = 10 / 180 = 0.011
10 90
 Ex.6 A sample of drinking water was found to be se-
180 18 verely contaminated with chloroform, CHCl3, sup-
90 / 18 = 0.989 posed to be carcinogen. The level of contamination
Mole fraction of water = was 15 ppm (by mass)
10 90
 (i) Express this in percent by mass.
180 18 (ii) Determine the molarity of chloroform in the
water sample.
Ex.3 How many mL of a 0.1 M HCl are required to react Sol. CHCl3 present in 15 ppm or 106 g or mL H2O
completely with 1 g mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 contains 15 g CHCl3
containing equimolar amounts of two -
Sol. Let a moles of Na2CO3 and a moles of NaHCO3 be 15
present in 1 g mixture (i) % by mass = × 100 = 1.5 × 10–3
 a × 106 + a × 84 = 1 10 6
or a = 5.26 × 10–3 15 / 119 .5
Now for reaction : (ii) molality = = 1.25 × 10–4m
10 6  10 – 3
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 CHAPTER : SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

ANSWER-KEY
EXERCISE # 1
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 1 3 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 1
Q.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Ans. 1 2 2 4 1 3 2 2 4 3 1 2 2 1

EXERCISE # 2
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans. 1 3 2 2 4 3 4 2 3 1 3 1

EXERCISE # 3A
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 1 2 3 1 2 4 3 3 1 3

EXERCISE # 3B
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. 1 3 3 3 4 2 3 2

EXERCISE # 4
Q.No. 1 2 3 4
Ans. 3 3 3 1

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