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THE PALGRAVE HANDBOOK OF
FEMINISM AND SPORT, LEISURE
AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Edited by
Louise Mansfield, Jayne Caudwell,
Belinda Wheaton and Beccy Watson
The Palgrave Handbook of Feminism and Sport,
Leisure and Physical Education
Louise Mansfield • Jayne Caudwell
Belinda Wheaton • Beccy Watson
Editors
The Palgrave
Handbook of
Feminism and Sport,
Leisure and Physical
Education
Editors
Louise Mansfield Jayne Caudwell
Brunel University Bournemouth University
London, UK Poole, UK
v
vi Contents
Index 871
List of Figures
xi
List of Table
xiii
Introduction: Feminist Thinking,
Politics and Practice in Sport,
Leisure and Physical Education
Louise Mansfield, Jayne Caudwell,
Belinda Wheaton, and Beccy Watson
L. Mansfield (*)
Brunel University, London, UK
J. Caudwell
Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
B. Wheaton
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
B. Watson
Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
of what is regarded as salient and significant for scholars and activists; this
sentiment resonates throughout this handbook. A collection such as this
enables us to showcase different contexts, and different concepts identified
and detailed by contributors, as vital to the establishment and development of
sport, leisure and PE feminisms.
In this introductory chapter, we discuss the three main rationales that
underpin the handbook. These rationales reflect our location as editors and
this positioning does tend to centre the UK, and our place in the West/Global
North. We focus on the contemporary social and political milieu; the contri-
bution the handbook makes to on-going feminist commentary in sport, lei-
sure and PE; and our personal motives for bringing this project to fruition.
We do not offer an introduction to individual chapters here because we do
this at the start of the five themes, which examine sport, leisure and PE
through the following foci: feminist challenges and transformations; feminist
epistemologies, methodologies and method; feminist theories; contemporary
feminist issues; and feminist praxis. By introducing each theme, we aim to
clarify the internal logics of the five themes, and to ensure readers appreciate
the value of each chapter in relation to other chapters in the theme.
Given the scale of the handbook and the nature of working together remotely,
there have been a number of challenges. For example, it was not always easy to
group contributions together in what we hope offers readers (and authors) the-
matic coherence. Also, we recognize that our collection could not and does not
cover all aspects of sport, leisure and PE comprehensively across each theme.
Our intention was to recognize the importance of these different, but intersect-
ing spheres within girls’ and women’s lives, and across feminist debates. Indeed
our own research spans these different spheres, including contexts from girls’ PE
and formalized competitive sports, through to older women in informal and
community-based leisure. From start to end, we have advocated a broad and
inclusive approach, which seeks to embrace authors and their work at the inter-
sections of disciplinary boundaries. With that said, we have relied on English-
speaking authors. Obviously, this gives the collection a specific inflection that
we must acknowledge as Western/Global North. We are aware that this pooling
is a matter of concern, and that it limits the diversity of voices represented.
Women who have children are ‘worth less’ to employers in the financial sector
than men, Nigel Farage has said. (Dominiczak, 2014, ¶ 1)
Fat. Pig. Dog. Slob. Disgusting animal.
These are just some of the names that Donald Trump has called women over
the years. (Cohen, 2016, ¶ 1)
This handbook was completed at a time when right-wing and far right-wing
political parties have gained a commanding and influential grip on traditional
Western liberal democracies. For instance, in Europe, the Freedom Party in
Austria, the Danish People’s Party in Denmark, the National Front in France,
and the Swiss People’s Party in Switzerland all secured significant percentages
of the overall vote (35%, 21%, 28% and 29% respectively). It is also the year
(2016) when the right-wing Law and Justice Party (PiS) of Poland were forced
to reject legislation to ban abortion because the country’s women (and some
men) took to the streets, en masse, to protest. Protesters carried slogans
remonstrating: ‘My Uterus, My Opinion’ and ‘Women Just Want to Have
FUN-damental Rights’ (Davies, 2016, ¶ 6).
At first, it might appear that the relationship between liberal democracy and
feminism is tenuous. However, the work of John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), espe-
cially his treatise on The Subjection of Women, stands as an early testimony of the
significance of gender relations and its assembly with freedoms, liberty and rights.
Specifically, Mill’s articulations provide a valuable frame for interpreting sexist
and misogynist rhetoric apparent in the public spheres of party politics, and in
the multiple domains of sport, leisure and PE. For example, Mill wrote:
Despite positioning men and women within a binary opposite, Mill was care-
ful not to essentialize women and/or men. In fact, he clearly highlighted the
social and cultural construction of gender, and gendered power relations, as is
evidenced in the above quotation (‘grow up to manhood in the belief…’). His
concerns with how power is distributed in regard to gender and within fair and
just societies remain implicit to notions of liberal democracy. This point was
reiterated recently within women’s popular culture when Sady Doyle, writing
4 L. Mansfield et al.
for Elle magazine, and discussing the gendered behaviours of Putin, Trump and
Assange, argued: ‘It’s time to take sexism seriously as a political force: Misogyny
is dangerously capable of aligning otherwise disparate factions’ (2017). As
Laura Bates (2016) argued, when she recently provided commentary on
Trump’s self-defined “locker room” banter, contemporary politics, power and
sexism are an insidious concoction. Furthermore, sexisms and misogynies are
often concealed through claims of so-called “harmless talk”.
Using “locker room” banter and “harmless talk” to defend sexism and
misogyny are familiar tactics in UK sport-related contexts. Further examples
are provided in the discussions following the recent separate public comments
made by Ryan Babel (professional footballer) and Peter Alliss (former profes-
sional golfer):
In bringing this section to a close, we return to the feminist adage ‘the per-
sonal is political’ and the discussions we have had about the recent sexual
abuse cases in men’s competitive football in the UK (Dodd, 2016). Celia
Brackenridge first wrote about sexual abuse in sport, leisure, PE and sport
coaching in the early 1990s. Her critical feminist work outlines the extent of
abuse and argues for cultural, practice and policy change. During our recent
conversations, we have wondered whether Celia’s work (1994, 1997; Cense &
Brackenridge, 2001), as an exemplar of feminist praxis, will be adopted by
UK governing bodies of men’s football and/or men’s sport. Are these govern-
ing bodies sufficiently open to such crucial feminist praxis vis-à-vis the sexual
abuse of boys and men? We fear they are not. Finally, we pay tribute to the
men who broke the silence, and we pay tribute to Celia and her long-term
fight to expose abuse in sport, leisure and PE.
In Conclusion
One of the most powerful characteristics of feminism is that there is no single
feminist movement or theory that has informed an understanding of gender
and its associations with class, sexualities, ethnicities and disabilities. Instead
there are multiple feminisms. This multiplicity can mean fragmentation, con-
flict and tension across and within different feminist points of view. For exam-
ple, as editors we have not always agreed with each other and/or contributing
authors. At times, our feminist thinking and theorizing has been challenged,
but we regard this as a positive and in some instances we have invited disagree-
ment, debate and dialogue. During our final editors’ meeting we raised the
question: does feminism require agreement? Addressing this question in rela-
tion to this handbook and future feminist projects, we agreed that collective
projects benefit from disagreement as long as interactions are shaped by kind-
ness and generosity as well as criticality. For us this means that when handled
with care, points of departure can be affirmative and encouraging.
Clearly, over a sustained period of time, the political and theoretical dimen-
sions of feminism have altered. With these shifts have come changing influ-
ences on feminist research, scholarship, advocacy and activism. Depending on
the theoretical and methodological position of feminists, different questions
about and accounts of gender, sport, leisure and PE prevail. Feminism and
feminisms, as a theory/ies, methodology/ies and praxis, celebrates these inter-
nal complexities because the intricacies and nuances apparent have served to
expand our critical analyses of gender. The “expansion” of feminism has meant
that it is often difficult to gather this wealth of knowledge in one place. In this
Introduction: Feminist Thinking, Politics and Practice in Sport... 11
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Introduction: Feminist Thinking, Politics and Practice in Sport... 15
Louise Mansfield, PhD is Senior Lecturer in Sport, Health and Social Sciences at
Brunel University London, UK. Her research focuses on the relationship between
sport, physical activity and public health. She is interested in partnership and com-
munity approaches to female involvement in physical activity and issues of health,
wellbeing, inequality and diversity. She has led research projects for the Department
of Health, Youth Sport Trust, sportscotland, ESRC, Medical Research Council,
Macmillan Cancer Support, Public Health England and Sport England. She sits on
the editorial boards for Leisure Studies, Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and
Health and the International Review for the Sociology of Sport.
Jayne Caudwell is Associate Professor, Head of Research and head of the research
Centre for Events, Leisure, Society and Culture (CELSC) in the Department of
Events and Leisure at Bournemouth University, UK. She is known for her work
related to gender, sexualities and social justice. Currently, she is Chief Managing
Editor of the journal Leisure Studies and Associate Editor of Sociology of Sport Journal.
She is also an editorial board member for the journal Qualitative Research in Sport,
Exercise and Health and the Journal of Sport and Social Issues.
Beccy Watson is Reader in the Carnegie School of Sport at Leeds Beckett University,
UK. She is known for work focusing on intersectional approaches in the critical,
social analysis of leisure and sport. She is a co-editor of Sport, Leisure and Social
Justice (2017), is an editorial board member of Leisure Sciences and was Managing
Editor for the journal Leisure Studies between 2007 and 2014.
Theme 1
Challenges and Transformations in
Women’s Leisure, Sport and Physical
Education Movements
Challenges and Transformations
in Women’s Leisure, Sport and Physical
Education Movements
Beccy Watson, Louise Mansfield, Jayne Caudwell,
and Belinda Wheaton
Feminist (leisure) researchers in the 1980s and 1990s argued that the context
of women’s leisure was, at best, one of ‘relative freedoms’ (Wimbush & Talbot,
1988), something achieved in the context of multiple constraints (Henderson,
Bialeschki, Shaw, & Freysinger, 1989). Some empirical studies in the UK ques-
tioned whether and how women had leisure at all, ‘Women’s leisure what lei-
sure?’ (Green, Hebron, & Woodward, 1990) and ‘All work and no play’ (Deem,
1986) being particularly significant contributions that drew on critical femi-
nist analysis at the time. A number of feminists were already connecting lei-
sure, sport and physical education in the early 1980s (Deem, 1982; Hargreaves,
1986) and in 1980 Margaret Talbot made the case for women’s sport to be
analysed in the context of leisure (Talbot, 1980). This has had, and continues
to have, a profound influence on scholarship in and across our varied areas of
interest and analysis (Hall, 1987; Hargreaves, 1994; Scraton, 1985).
A consensus emerged that women’s and girls’ involvement in sport and/or
forms of physical activity and active recreation could only be achieved via
B. Watson
Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
L. Mansfield (*)
Brunel University, London, UK
J. Caudwell
Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
B. Wheaton
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
Kun nuorelle miehelle selvisi totuus ja mitä hän oli saanut aikaan,
oli hän hetken aikaa jähmettyneenä kauhusta. Badelon oli jo
kahdesti hävyttömin sanoin kutsunut häntä, ennenkuin hän heräsi
toimintaan. Sittenkin hän viivytteli vielä muutaman sekunnin koettaen
tavata kreivittären katseen, epätoivo omissa silmissään, mutta
turhaan. Kreivitär oli kääntänyt päänsä katsellen taakseen ikäänkuin
sieltä, ainoastaan sieltä, apu saattaisi tulla eikä häneltä. Ja
Tignonville älysi, että se oli oikeudenmukaista. Ja ääneti, synkkänä,
vielä julmemman näköisenä kuin itse Badelon, sotavanhus, joka
tunsi tällaisen kahakan juonet ja keinot, hän kannustaen hevostaan
ratsasti rintaman sivustalle.
— Onko se hirsipuu?
— On.
Sanan viejä toi pian mukanaan La Triben, jonka pää näkyi portailla
juuri kun airut pysähtyi alhaalla portin eteen. Carlat viittasi pappia
tulemaan lähemmäksi. La Tribe veti syvän henkäyksen suolaista
meri-ilmaa ja loi katseensa pitkälle, matalalle usvaiselle rannalle
huomaten penkereen päässä kömpelön, ruman laitteen; sitten hän
katsahti alaspäin ja kohtasi lähetin katseen. Kului hetkinen,
ennenkuin kukaan puhui; porttikäytävän katolle jääneet miehet, jotka
olivat seuranneet lähetin tuloa, näyttivät olevan kiihtyneitä.
— Minulla on viesti, — aloitti mies vihdoin selvällä ja kuuluvalla
äänellä, — Vrillacin valtiattarelle. Onko hän läsnä?
— Raskauttavasta rikoksesta.
— Hän on hugenotti.
— Emme.
— Menkää alas!
— Ovat, rouva.
— Tulen.
— Tietävätkö he?
— Hyvä rouva…