CAULIFLOWER:

 B.N: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis

 Family: Brassicaceae

 Chromosome no: 2n = 2x = 18

 Origin: Mediterranean region (Cyperus)

The name cauliflower has
originated from latin word
Caulis (cabbage) and Floris
(Flower)
Indian or tropical type
cauliflower is known as Erfurt.
Temperate type is known as
Snowball.
Thermosensitive crop
Major difference between
cauliflower and broccoli is
cauliflower lack of axillary
branching habit
Type of inflorescence:
Compound corymb
 Seed rate:
 Early crop: 500-600 g/ha
 Mid and late crops: 350-400 g/ha
 Optimum temperature for curd initiation is
17-20o C
 At high temperature above 25o C in most
of the cultivars, the curds are small, loose
and creamish or yellow in colour
Common herbicide used in
cabbage: Basalin (3.3 lit/ha)
Blanching is common
practice in cauliflower for
protect curd from yellow
colour after their direct
exposure to sun and to arrest
enzymatic activity
Scooping is special operation
done in cauliflower for
initiation of flower stalk e.g.,
Darjeeling hills in West
Bengal
 Scooping means removal of
central portion of curd for easy
initiation of flower stalk
 Storage temperature: 0o C and
90-95% RH for 2-4 weeks
 Black rot and black leg: to
control seed treatment done with
hot water at 50o C for 25-30
minutes:
Varieties of cauliflower:
EARLY MID-EARLY MID-LATE LATE
Curd initiation and development temperature:
Early I: Early II: 16 -20o C 12-16o C 10-16o C
20-27o C 20-25o C
Pusa kartiki Pusa Deepali Pusa Hybrid-2 Pusa Betakesari Pusa Snowball-1
Pusa Karthik Pusa Katki Pusa Sharad Pusa Himjyoti Pusa Snowball-1
Sankar
Pusa Megha Improved Pusa shubhra Pusa snowball-
Japanese K1
Pusa early Pant Gobhi-4 Pusa Paushija Pusa snowball-
synthetic 16
Arka Kanti Pant shubra Pusa shukti Ooty-1
Kashi kunwari Pant Shubhra
Pusa synthetic
Hisar-1
F1 Hybrid-2 Parents Remarks

Pusa CC-35 X 18-19 Field resistance to

Hybrid-2 downy mildew

Pusa Kartik CC-14 x 41-45 Resistant to down

sankar mildew
 Pusa Betakesari: orange colourd
( -carotene) cauliflower variety
(mid-late group)
 Self-blanched variety of
cauliflower: Pusa Deepali

 Self-balanched and offseason

variety: Pusa Himjyoti and Hisar-1

 Tolerant to curd and inflorescence

blight: Pusa Synthetic
 Highly resistant to
black rot and free from
riceyness: Pusa Katki
 Resistant to black rot:
Pusa Snowball K-1
 Tropical cauliflower
variety from IIHR:
Arka Kanti
 Synthetic variety: Pant
Gobhi-3
 KNOL-KHOL:
Kohlrabi: Brassica oleracea
var. gongylodes/caulorapa
Family: Brassicaceae
Chromosome: 2n = 2x = 18
Origin: Mediterranean region
 Kholrabi is the German
name for cabbage-turnip
 Edible part of knol-khol
is swollen stem called
''tuber'' or ''Knob‘’.
SPROUTING BROCCOLI:

 B.N.: Brassica oleracea var. italica

 Family: Brassicaceae

 Chromosome no. 2n = 2x = 18

 Origin: Mediterranean region

 Broccoli is a cool season crop
 Broccoli is an Italian word
derived from Latin 'Brachium'
means an arm or Branch
 Broccoli refers to young
shoots
 USA is the leading producer
of sprouting broccoli
• Broccoli grown in India is
commonly known as ''green
sprouting broccoli'' or
''Calabrese''
 In India sprouting broccoli is
widely grown in Himachal
Pradesh
 Broccoli improvement in India is
carried out by Dr. Pritam Kalia,
IARI
 In India green type cultivars are
more commonly cultivated than
other type
 Broccoli is an important health
food as it has to be
anticarcinogenic and antioxidant
 Broccoli harvest when
before buds open
 Sprouting Broccoli for
optimum temperature of 12-
18o C is suitable for proper
head development
 Temperature for Brussels
sprout and Sprouting
Broccoli seed germination is
12-16o C
 Yellowing of broccoli is a

problem in storage

 Yellowing of broccoli is

delayed by 1-MCP

 Storage temperature: 0o C and

95-100% RH for 2-4 Weeks

Varieties of broccoli:

New Varieties Head colour Other features

Palam Kanchan Yellowish green (Heading -
Broccoli)
Palam Vichitra Purple (Heading Broccoli) -
Palam Haritika Green (Sprouting broccoli) -
Palam Samridhi Green (Sprouting Broccoli) Early maturing variety
Pusa KTS-1 Sprouting Broccoli
Italian Green - -
Green Head - -
Punjab Broccoli - -
 Important features of Varieties:
 Palam Samridhi variety of sprouting broccoli is mainly
recommended for subtropicval cultivation
 Bronzino is a purple variety of heading broccoli type
 Calabrese type broccoli developed from Italian Green
sprouting broccoli
 Purple Sicilian broccoli is also known as purple cauliflower
 De Cicco is main winter broccoli
BRUSSELS SPROUTS:

Mini cabbage/Brussels sprouts

B.N.: Brassica oleracea var. Gemmifera

Family: Brassicaceae

Chromosome no.: 2n = 2x = 18
 Origin: Mediterranean
region

 Cool and moisture loving,

frost resistant crop

 Edible part: Swollen axillary

bud (sprouts or buttons or
mini cabbage)
 Varieties:
 Tall cultivar: Hilds Ideal, Amagar
Market and Danish Prize, Rubine
 Dwarf cultivar: Catskill, Eary
dwarf, Dwarf Gem and Long Island
improved
 Hilds ideal is suitable variety to
Northern plains and Hills
 Jade Cross: F1 hybrid of Japan
– Early short, stemmed hybrid
 Rubine and Hilds Ideal
introduced variety is
recommended by IARI
 Brussels sprouts marketed as a
blowets
 Excess application of potash
imparts bitter taste to
sprouts
 Storage temperature: 0-1o C
and 90-95% for 3-5 weeks
 Kale: Lutein rich vegetable:
9.8 – 13.4 mg/100 g of fresh
weight
Physiological disorder of cauliflower:
Disorders Symptoms Reasons
Riceyness Premature initiation of floral buds on Excess N2, Fluctuation in temperature
upper surface of curds and high humidity
Fuzziness Velvety appearance of pedicels Cultivation in abnormal time
Blindness Without terminal bud & fail to form Low temperature (Frost) or injury by
curd insects and pests
Leafyness Small green leaves in the curds in Low N2 , high temperature and
young plant planting of early varieties
Hollow stem - Excess N2
Whip tail Mid rib development Mo deficiency, Common in acid soil
Chlorosis - Mg deficiency
Browning/red rot/Brown rot - Boron deficiency
 ROOT VEGETABLE
CROPS:
Commercially important root crops: Radish, carrot, beetroot and turnip
CARROT:
 Poor man's ginseng/Carrot
 B.N.: Daucus carota
 Ancestor: Queen Ann's Lace (Wild
carrot): Daucus carota spp. carota
 Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
 Chromosome: 2n = 2x = 18
 Origin: Southwest Asia
(Afghanistan)

 Isocoumarin is responsible for

bitter flavour in carrot

 Tropical red carrot used for sweet

preparation is called Gajar Halwa
is very famous in North India
Edible portion is enlarged fleshy
taproot
The taste of carrot is mainly due
to presence of glutamic acid
Carrot roots rich in sucrose i.e., 10
times more than glucose and
fructose
Kanji- an appetizing drink is
prepared from Asiatic black carrot
root
 Optimum temperature for carrot root formation: 18-
22o C
 Optimum temperature for carrot seed germination:
7.2-23.9o C
 Optimum temperature for European carrot bolting:
5-8o C for 40-60 days
 Best temperature for orange root colour
development of carrot is 15.6-21.1o C
 Carrot seed oil is commercially used in France
 Carrot pigmentation:
 Red colour of Carrot: Lycopene
 Orange colour of carrot: -carotene
 Purple colour of carrot: Anthocyanin
 Yellow colour of carrot: Xanthophyll
(Lutein)
 Higher accumulation of carotene occurs
in older cell of the phloem
 Hispid branches produced from 2nd
year
 Carrot is an annual herb for root
production and biennial for
flowering and fruit set
 Good quality carrot contains
maximum cortex and minimum core
 Type of fruit: Schizocarp
 Type of inflorescence: Compound
umbel
 Carrot flower is protandrous in
nature
 Seed rate: 5-6 kg/ha
 Sowing time:
 Asiatic type: August to
January in North Indian
plains
 European type: September
to March
 Chantenay: excellent
variety for canning and
storage
 Carrot is gross feeder of
Potash (K)
 Forking of carrot is due
to un-decaying manures
 Baby carrot: breed for
supermarket purpose: e.g.,
Paris market
Difference between Asiatic and European carrot:
Asiatic carrot/Desi/Red colour carrot European carrot/orange colour
carrot
Syn. Tropical carrot, Eastern carrots, (Syn. Western carrot, Temperatre
Anthocyanin carrot) carrot and Carotene Carrot)
Heat tolerant Cold tolerant
Deep red and purple coloured Orange coloured
High yielding and low in carotene Rich in carotene
Produce seed under tropical condition Produce seed only temperatre region
More anthocyanin pigments Less anthocyanin
Annual for root and seed production Biennial for seed production
Core is distinct Core is indistinct, stump and blunt
 Varieties of carrot:
Varieties: Special features
1. Tropical Carrots:
Pusa Vasuda 1st tropical carrot hybrid using CMS system (Petaloid types)
Pusa Asita 1st Black colour carrot variety in India
Pusa Vrishti Tolerant to heat and humidity and suitable for kharif sowing
Pusa Rudhira Red colour core variety
Pusa Meghali Highest vitamin-A variety seed production in the plains (orange
colour root)
Pusa Kesar Tolerant to high temperature seed production in the plains
Pusa kulfi Cream/yellow root colour
2. European carrots:
Varieties: Special features
Pusa Nayanjyoti F1 Hybrid 1st Temperate carrot hybrid developed using CMS

Pusa Yamadagni Self-coloured core variety

Imperator Mid season to late maturing cultivar

Chantenay Excellent cultivar for canning and storage
Zeno Introduction from Germany-suitable for Nilgiri hills
Danvers Suitable for both fresh and processing
Oxheart Heart shaped roots
 RADISH:
 B.N.: Raphanus sativus
 Family: Brassicaceae
 Chromosome No.: 2n = 2x = 18
 Origin: Mediterranean region
 Radish root develops from primary root
and hypocotyl
 Asiatic radish is originated from
Raphanus sativus f. raphanistroides
 European radish is originated from R.
raphanistrum, R. maritimus, R. laundra
and R. rostratus
 Radish is a good source of
vitamin-C (15-40 mg/100 g)
 The fleshy root radish is modified
form of root is known as fusiform
 The edible portion of radish root
develops from both primary root
and the hypocotyl.
 Major sugar present in radish:
Glucose
 Famous Japanese radish pickle:
Takoan
Radish pungency is due to
isothiocyanates.
 Pseudo self-incompatibility is
observed in Radish
 Radish is a cross-pollinated
vegetable due to sporophytic self-
incompatibility
Pigmentation in radish:
 Pink, red, purple colour is
due to anthocyanin pigments
 Purple colour: Cyanidin
 Red colour: Pelargonidin
(raphanusin)
Seed rate:
 Tropical types: 8-10 kg/ha
 Temperate types: 10-12 kg/ha
 Varieties: Bombay Red,
Chinese Rose, Contai
 Japanese varieties: Sakurajima
 Japanese White variety set
seeds in plains
 Seed yield: 600-800 kg/ha
 Varieties:
Asiatic varieties European varieties

1) Pusa Desi 1) Pusa Himani

2) Pusa Reshmi (Green type x Desi type) 2) Rapid Red white Tipped-Globular/round form
3) Pusa Chetki 3) Scarlet Globe-Round shape roots
4) Pusa Safed: White -5 x Japanese White 4) Scarlet Long

5) Arka Nishant – Multiple disease resistance 5) Pusa Mridula (Extra early and table purpose variety)

6) Chinese Pink: Dual season variety 6) White Icicle- Tender variety

New Varieties: Palam Hriday, Pusa Jamuni, Pusa Gulabi