RVS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY, JAMSEDPUR

Session: 2022-2026
DEPARTMENT OF electrical ENGINEERING
VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT TGS, GAMHARIA

PROJECT NAME: Principle & Operation of switchyard

equipment and protection system

Guide By: MR Siripuram Mahender / MR Suraj Sharma

132/33kV TSUISL Substation, Submitted By: Rajeev Kumar
Inside TGS, Gamharia Reg No. 22013475010
Sign:-__________________________ Roll No. EEE/515/23L(4th Sem)

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is to acknowledge the help & corporation that I have received make this training
period a great success. Power system, one of the important branch subjects demand
a practical approach and as a trainee at TATA STEEL UTILITIES AND
INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES, I have received a deep insight of what actually
happens in 132/33kV substation, the equipment in the substation and various other
aspects related to the process which have been summarized in this report.

Before we go any further, I would like to present a gesture of gratitude towards

MR. SIRIPURAM MAHENDER SR MANAGER and J.E MR. NEERAJ

KUMAR THAKUR and my esteemed mentors who ensured a friendly,
motivational, and learning environment. I would also like to thank other TATA steel
utilities and infrastructure services employees, who constantly helped in our learning
during in-Plant training. I owe my gratitude to all of them.

INSTITUTE NAME: RVS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

JAMSHEDPUR

RAJEEV KUMAR (EEE/515/23L)

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 INDEX
A. SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS
1. . TRANSFORMER
•1.1 conservator tank
•1.2 Transformer oil
•1.3 MOG
•1.4 Buchholz Relay
•1.5 Breather
•1.6 PRV
•1.7 Terminals and Bushing
•1.8 Radiators and Fans
•1.9 WTI,OTI
•1.10 Oil Level Indicator
•1.11 OLTC ( On Load Tap Changer )
•1.12 Marshalling Box

2. Current Transformer
3. Capacitor Voltage Transformer
4. Wave Trap
5. Lighting Arrester
6. Circuit Breaker
7. Isolator
8. Insulator
9. Bus Bar
10. Protection Relay

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT AND
TRANSFROMER

An electrical substation is an integral part of a generation, transmission and distribution

system. A substation can interrupt or establish electrical circuit, change the voltage,
frequency or other characteristics of electrical energy flowing in the circuit.
In this article you will learn different types of substations, their functions and different
equipment used in them.
❖ Substation….
A substation is a key component of an
electrical generation, transmission, and
distribution system. It transforms voltage
levels, enabling the efficient transfer of
electrical power from power plants to
consumers. Here's a detailed overview of
substations:

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 Types of Substations

installation

Functions of a Substation
A substation performs a major role in our power system. The functions of a substation
may include one or more of the following:

• To isolate a faulted element from the rest of the utility system.

• To allow an element to be disconnected from the rest of the utility system for
maintenance or repair.
• To change or transform voltage levels from one part of the utility system to
another.
• To control power flow in the utility system by switching elements into or out of
the utility system.
• To provide sources of reactive power for power factor correction or voltage
control.

Substation Equipment / Components

An electrical substation contains many types of equipment. Substation generally
comprises the following equipment

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 . Isolator

1. TRANSFORMER
Transformers are essential electrical devices used to transfer electrical energy between
two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. They play a crucial role in
power generation, transmission, and distribution systems by adjusting voltage levels to
meet different needs. Here's a detailed overview of transformers:

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 Principle of Operation
A transformer works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction. When an
alternating current flows in the primary
winding of a transformer, a varying
electromagnetic field is generated which
induces EMF in the secondary winding.
The magnitude of the induced EMF is
proportional to the turn’s ratio.

Parts of a Transformer
following are the various transformer parts:
1. Conservator tank
2. Transformer oil
3. Magnetic oil gauge (MOG)
4. Buchholz relay
5. Breather
6. Pressure relief valve (PRV)
7. Terminals and bushings
8. Radiators and fans
10 WTI, OTI
11 Cooling tubes
12 Tap changer
1.1 Conservator Tank
Definition :-
This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof the
transformer main tank. The main function of conservator tank of transformer is to
provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the transformer. It is connected
to the main tank through a pipe

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 Conservator Main tank
OLTC (On Load Tap Changer)

Function of Conservator Tank of a Transformer :-

When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises, the volume of oil
inside transformer increases. A conservator tank of transformer provides adequate space
to this expanded transformer oil. It also acts as a reservoir for transformer insulating
oil.

Construction of Conservator Tank :-

This is a cylindrical shaped oil container closed from both ends. One large inspection
cover is provided on either side of the container to facilitate maintenance and cleaning
inside of the conservator.

Conservator pipe, i.e., pipe comes from main transformer tank, is projected inside the
conservator from bottom portion. Head of the conservator pipe inside the conservator
is provided with a cap. This pipe is projected as well as provided with a cap because
this design prevents oil sludge and sediment to enter into main tank from conservator.
Generally, silica gel breather fixing pipe enters into the conservator from

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 top. If it enters
from bottom, it should be projected
well above the level of oil inside the
conservator. This arrangement ensure
that oil does not enter the silica gel
breather even at highest operating
level.
conservator tank parts

Conservator to main tank connections (parts)

• silica gel breather
• MOG,
• Drain Valves,
• Air Pockets
• Main tank connection through Buchholz relay

Working of Conservator Tank

When volume of transformer insulating oil
increases due to load and ambient
temperature, the vacant space above the oil
level inside the conservator is partially
occupied by the expanded oil.
Consequently, corresponding quantity of air
of that space is pushed away through breather.
On other hand, when load of transformer
decreases, the transformer is switched off and
when the ambient temperature decreases, the
oil inside the transformer contracts. This
causes outside air to enter in the conservator tank of transformer through silica gel
breather.

Types
There are two types of conservator tanks of a transformer which include the following.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 • Atmo seal Type Conservator
• Diaphragm Sealed Conservator

➢ Atmo seal Type Conservator :-

In this type conservator of
transformer, an air cell made of
NBR material is fitted inside the
conservator reservoir. The
silica gel breather is connected at
the top of this air cell. The oil level
in the power transformer rises and
falls according to this air cell
deflated and inflated. When the air
cell gets deflated the air inside the
air cell comes out via breather and
on the other hand if the cell is
inflated the outside air
comes in through
breather.
This arrangement prevents direct contact of oil with air, thereby reduces ageing effect
of oil.

The space available outside the cell in conservator

tank is totally filled by oil. Air vents are provided on
the top of the conservator for venting accumulated air
outside the air cell. The pressure inside the air cell
must be maintained (0.069bar)

1.1. Protection relay

A protection relay is an electrical device designed to detect faults in electrical circuits
and initiate appropriate protective actions. These devices are essential in maintaining
the reliability and safety of electrical power systems. Here's a brief overview of
protection relays.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 ➢ Diaphragm Sealed Conservator :-
Here diaphragm is used as a barrier between transformer oil and atmospheric air. In this
case the conservator of transformer is made
of two semicircular halves as shown below.

The diaphragm is held between the two

halves and bolted. As oil expands it pushes
up the diaphragm. The position of the
diaphragm is indicated by the oil level
indicator i.e., magnetic oil gauge as the rod
of this MOG is connected to the diaphragm.
When the oil level falls down in the
conservator, the diaphragm deflects and the
atmospheric air fills the vacant place. This air is sucked through silica gel breather
which is connected to the top middle of conservator tank of transformer. This type of
conservator has one advantage over air cell conservator. If gas is pressurized to a high
level, it gets dissolved in oil. Over a period of time the amount of gas in oil reaches the
saturation point. If at this stage, the load of transformer is suddenly dropped or the
ambient temperature falls severely, the pressure falls, oil becomes supersaturated and
the gas bubbles will be evolved. If there is a pimp connected in the cooling circuit, it
will help generating bubbles. These bubbles may cause insulation failure in the region
of strong fields.

1.2. Transformer Oil

In all oil-immersed transformers, transformer oil provides added insulation between
the conducting parts, better heat dissipation, and fault detection features. Hydro-
carbon mineral oil is used as transformer oil

Oil Level
Maintaining the transformer oil level within the conservator tank is not important but
there must be some amount of oil for proper operation. So, the oil tank should not
overflow or empty in the process because, in low load conditions, the empty tank must
be avoided whereas, in full load condition, the overload must be avoided. Here, the
level of transformer oil mainly depends on the temperature of oil, solar radiation,
transformer loading, ambient temperature, etc. The design of this tank mainly depends
on the change in the transformer oil level. According to the International

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), conservator tank design must use the temperature
which ranges from -25°C to +110°C.
1.3. Magnetic Oil Gauge
A Magnetic Oil Level Gauge (MOG) is a device used to indicate the position of
transformer insulating oil level in conservator of a transformer. This is a mechanical
device. A mog in a transformer consists some main parts, like float arm, oil indicator
etc

Construction & Working:

The Construction & Working of MOG is given below. The magnet of MOG consists
inside the conservator drives and the magnet positioned is fixed outside of the
conservator tank of power transformer. The driving magnet rotates and acquires position
corresponding to height of oil level as it is link with the float. The float is hinged and
swings up or down when oil level rises or falls. This rise or falls rotates the driving
magnet clockwise or anticlockwise with the help of bevel gear. The follower magnet

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 carries a pointer & a cam. The pointer reads oil level and cam is set to operate the switch
of predetermined low level

Calibration:
The standard calibration of dial of MOG are Empty, ¼, ½, ¾, and Full. Calibration of
marks Empty & Full is done after leaving 65 mm from bottom and top of conservator
to avoid striking of float to conservator wall.

Mounting:
Indicator can be mounted in titled position towards ground (max 300C) for easy viewing
by fixing mounting pad at desired angle or the indicator can be mounted by keeping
dial and mounting pad in vertical position. The position of indicator on the conservator
can be selected to suit site condition. Alarm Circuit: One normally open mercury switch
is provided for annunciation low level Alarm.

1.4. Buchholz Relay

• The Buchholz relay is a gas actuated relay installed

in oil emerged Transformers for protection against
many kinds of faults such as overheating winding
falls short circuit incipient fault etc.
• 1st implemented in 1921 by max Buchholz.
• It is placed between transformer main tank and
conservator tank

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 Working
Whenever a small fault happens within
the electrical device, heat is made by the
fault currents. The made heat causes
decomposition of electrical device oil
and gas bubbles are made. These gas
bubbles run in the upward direction and
obtain collected within the Buchholz
relay.

The collected gas relocates the oil in Buchholz relay and therefore the displacement
is similar to the amount of gas collected. The dislocation of
oil causes the higher float to shut the higher mercury switch to connect an alarm circuit.

Hence, once a small fault happens, then the alarm will be activated. The collected
quantity of gas specifies the harshness of the error occurred. Throughout minor faults,
the making of gas is not enough to move the lower float. Hence, throughout small faults,
the lower float will not be changed.

During main faults, like the section of earth short, the heat generated is high and an
outsized quantity of gas is made. This massive quantity of gas can equally flow
upwards, however, its motion is high sufficient to tilt the minor float within the
Buchholz relay. During this case, the lower float can source the lower mercury switch
which can trip the transformer from the supply.

1.5. Breather (Moisture contained silica gel)

Breather is present in all oil-immersed transformers that have a conservator tank. It is

necessary to keep the oil-free from moisture. As the temperature variations cause the

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 transformer oil to expand and contact, air flows in and out of the conservator tank. This
air should be free from moisture. Breather serves this purpose.

• Silica gel in the breather will be blue when installed.

• They turn to pink color when they absorb moisture which indicates the crystals
should be replaced.

1.6. Pressure Relief Valve

A (PRV) is a type of valve used to release stored gas in various equipment in order to
maintain an optimal pressure level. PRV opens gradually as pressure builds up in
order to release the necessary amount of press

1.7. Terminals and Bushing

For connecting incoming and outgoing cables, terminals are present in transformers.
They are mounted upon the bushings and is connected to the ends of the windings.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 Bushings are insulators that forms a barrier between the terminals and the tank. They
are mounted over the transformer tanks. They serve as a safe passage for the
conductors connecting terminals to the windings.

1.8. Radiators and Fans

The power lost in the transformer is dissipated in the form of heat. Dry transformers are
mostly natural air-cooled. But when it comes to oil-immersed transformers, a variety of
cooling methods are followed. Depending on the kVA rating, power losses, and level of
cooling requirements, radiators and cooling fans are mounted on the transformer tank.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 Cooling Fan

Radiator

The heat generated in the core and winding is passed to the surrounding transformer oil.
This heat is dissipated at the radiator. In larger transformer forced cooling is achieved
with the help of cooling fans fitted to the radiators.

The working principle of radiator is very simple. It just increases the surface area for
dissipating heat of the oil.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 1.09. OTI, WTI

The sensor bulb and capacity tube are fitted with an evaporation liquid. The vapor
pressure varies with temperature and is transmitted to a bourdon tube inside the dial
thermometer, which moves in accordance with the changes in pressure, which is
proportional to the temperature.

Winding Temperature Indicator (WTI)

It measures the winding temperature of

transformer

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 1.10. Cooling Tubes

The main function of the cooling tubes is to transfer heat from the transformer core
and coils to the environment. The heated transformer oil circulates through the
cooling tubes where the heat radiates out by natural airflow and hence cooling the
transformer oil.

1.11.Tap Changer

In transmission and distribution systems there can be voltage

fluctuations (i.e., increase or decrease in voltage levels) when the
load on the system varies. These fluctuations can also be caused due
to a voltage drop in the distribution system. Sometimes these
variations in voltage levels can result in quite unsatisfactory
performance.
In order to maintain a constant voltage or to maintain within the
prescribed limits transformer tap-changing is used. In tapchanging,
the tapings on the coils of the transformer are placed so that by
varying the turn-ratio voltage induced can be varied.
This is done by connecting to a number of access points known as taps
along either the primary or secondary winding.

There are two types of tap-changing transformers

• Off-Load Tap-Changing Transformer

• On-Load Tap-Changing Transformer.

Off-Load Tap-Changing Transformer:

The below figure shows the off-load tap-changing transformer provided with tapings (1
to 5) on the secondary winding. The position of the movable arm on the first stud will
give minimum secondary voltage and on the fifth stud will give maximum voltage
across secondary.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 During the light load
period, the movable arm is
placed on the first stud and
with an increase in load, the
movable arm is taken to a
stud (2, 3, 4, or 5) giving a
higher turnsratio so that
voltage drop in the line is
compensated and the output
secondary voltage is
maintained. The disadvantage of this scheme is whenever the tapping is to change load
must be disconnected first from the transformer thus it is referred to as offload tap-
changing. This type of tap-changing cannot be used where continuity of the supply to
the load is the main priority and it is limited where there will be a need for only slight
changes in the turn ratio.

On-Load Tap-Changing Transformer:

The drawback of off-load tap-changing can be overcome by using a special arrangement
of coil connections to the transformer known as the on-load tapchanging of the
transformer. The transformer connection for on-load tapchanging is shown below.

Here, the coils of the winding in

which tapings are to be done are
divided into two parallel
sections with equal tapping on
both sections of the coil. This
forms the two winding A & B as
shown above.

Under normal operating

conditions both the switches (Sa
& Sb) are in the closed (short-circuit) condition with identical tapings (i.e., 1 & 1'). As
the winding is divided into parallel sections the total current will be the sum of the
currents in winding A and B.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 When the tapings are to be changed, to maintain the continuity of the supply the tap-
changing process is made in such a way that,

• At first, any one of the windings (either A or B) from the parallel section is to be
disconnected by opening the respective switch.
• Now, the tap-changing is to be done to the disconnected winding.
• At this instant, the full-load current will pass through the connected winding (i.e.,
double its rated current).
• After changing the tapping to the disconnected winding is reconnected by closing
the switch.
• At this moment there will be an unequal share of the load on both windings due
to their different turn ratios.
• Now the other winding is disconnected and tapping is to be changed (which is
equal to the tapping of previously disconnected winding).
• So that there will be an equal amount of load share on both the windings (A &
B).

In this way, the continuity of the supply is maintained and more turn-ratio of tap-
changing can possibly compare to off-load tap-changing of the transformer. Care must
be taken to prevent the short-circuit with the windings while the tap-changing process.

1.12. Marshalling Box

The Marshalling box is the master control panel for protection

devices. This panel comes with a seethrough glass door to
allow easy visibility of the instruments and their readings.
The panel is situated next to the transformer.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 2. Current Transformer
A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to measure AC. It
produces an alternating current (AC) in its secondary which is proportional to the AC
current in its primary.
The Current Transformer is one of the substation equipment used to convert the primary
power signal to manageable values for metering systems, recording systems, protective
relay systems, power generation, plant monitoring systems, SCADA and load control.
Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the
operation of the power grid.

Current transformer

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 The primary winding of a current transformer is connected in series with the high-
voltage conductor. The magnitude of amperes flowing in the high-voltage circuit is
reduced proportionately by the ratio of the transformer windings. The secondary
winding of the current transformer is insulated from the high voltage to permit it to be
connected to low-voltage metering circuits. Current and potential transformers supply
the intelligence for measuring power flows and the electrical inputs for the operation of
protective relays associated with the transmission and distribution circuits or equipment
such as power transformers

3. Capacitor Voltage Transformer

DEFINATION: -

The capacitive voltage transformer stepdown the high voltage input signals and
provide the low voltage signals which can easily measure through the measuring
instrument. The Capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) is also called capacitive
potential transformer
The capacitive potential divider, inductive element and the auxiliary transformer are
the three main parts of the capacitive potential transformer.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 What is the need of CVT?
For measuring high voltage (above 100kV)
the high insulated transformer is required.
The highly insulated transformer is quite
expensive as compared to the normal
transformer. For reducing the cost, the
capacitive potential transformer is used in
the system. The CVT is cheap, and their
performance is not much inferior to the
highly insulated transformer

Capacitive Voltage Transformer

Working
The capacitive potential divider is used in
combination with the auxiliary transformer
and the inductive element. The capacitive potential divider stepdown the extra high

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 voltage signals into a low voltage signal. The output voltage of the capacitive potential
transformer is further step-down by the help of the auxiliary transformer.

Consider the circuit diagram of the capacitive potential transformer.

4. Wave Trap
The line trap or wave trap is a device that is used
to protect the switchyard equipment from the
high-frequency carrier signals. The wave trap is a
filtering cum protective device that filters the
highfrequency signals and pass low-frequency
signal and give protection against surge voltage.
we can understand the concept and function of the
line trap if we know about the communication
system in the transmission line.

In a high voltage (above 132KV) electrical power

transmission system, PLCC

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 (Power Line Carrier Communication) System is used to communicate between two
substations. This carrier signal has a frequency from 3 kHz to 800KHz. But we know
our electrical system works with 50HZ or 60Hz frequency. So, when the substation is
communicating with high-frequency carrier signals the switchyard equipment will be
damaged. That is why an equipment that is called Wave Trap or Line trap is connected
in series with the transmission line.

This line trap prevents the high-frequency signal

and allows only the 50Hz frequency signal to the
switchyard equipment. This line trap also helps to
protect the switchyard equipment from the surge
voltage.

The working function of the

wave trap

Wave trap functions as a low-pass filter to stop high-frequency waveform.

The two ends of the Transmission line (The transmitting end and receiving end) are
mounted with a wave trap. The wave trap is a device capable of creating high impedance
to the carrier frequencies. The wave trap act like a big size choke coil. It allows only
low frequency (50 Hz) to the desired components.
The inductor and capacitor in the line-trap circuit are low-pass filters. The engineers
design the circuit of the wave trap to provide a low impedance path to power frequency
(50Hz) and high impedance to the carrier communication frequency (3kHz to 250 kHz).

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 5. Lightening Arrester
The lightning arresters are another important substation switchgear equipment that
protects the electric system and the substation equipment from lightning strikes and
switching surges.
The lightning arresters are installed in a substation near the termination of aerial circuits
and close to the more valuable pieces of equipment, such as power transformers.

The power transformer has lightning arresters mounted on the radiators which are
connected to transformer bushings. Lightning
arresters contain semiconductor blocks, which
limit the magnitude of highsurge voltages,
permit the large-surge currents to pass
harmlessly to the ground, and interrupt the
power-follow current after the surge is
eliminated.
Metal-oxide surge arresters’ function like a
ceramic capacitor at normal line voltage,
limiting the flow of current to ground.
When a high voltage begins to build up across
the semiconductor blocks, they provide a low-
impedance path to ground, which permits the
surge current to flow to ground, limiting the
voltage buildup and preventing the equipment
from being damaged. The semiconductor
blocks in the arresters are manufactured using
zinc oxide material.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 6. Circuit Breakers
A circuit breaker is a mechanical switching
device, capable of making, carrying and
breaking currents under normal circuit
conditions and also making, carrying for a
specified time and breaking currents under
specified abnormal circuit conditions such
as those of short circuit.

The contacts of the circuit breakers are

opened and closed by mechanical linkages
manufactured from insulating materials and
utilizing energy from compressed air,
electric magnets, or charged springs.
A Hybrid Circuit Breaker. (This adopts a
conventional air-insulated way of busbar
connection to GIS. This smartly overcome
the disadvantages of conventional
AIS equipment)

Some of the high-voltage circuit breakers utilize compressed air to operate the contacts
and interrupt the current flow when the contacts are open.
Operation of the circuit breakers is initiated, utilizing dc circuits, by manually operating
a switch, by remote operation of supervisory control equipment, or by relays that
automatically recognize predetermined abnormal conditions or electrical failures in the
system.

Various types of circuit breakers used in high voltage substations are.

1. SF6 Circuit Breaker 2. Oil Circuit Breaker 3. Air Blast Circuit Breaker 4. Vacuum
Circuit Breaker

There are low voltage circuit breakers like MCB and GFCI that are not normally used
in high voltage substations. MCBs are used inside the control panels.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 7. Isolator
Disconnectors (Isolators) are devices
that are generally operated off-load
to provide isolation of main plant
items for maintenance, on to isolate
faulted equipment from other live
equipment.
Air Insulated or open terminal
disconnectors are available in several
forms for different applications.
At the lower voltages, single break
types are usual with either ‘rocker’
type or single end rotating post types
being predominant.

At higher voltages, rotating center

post, double end rotating post, vertical
break, and pantograph type
disconnectors are more common. Air
brake switches are used in lower voltage to disconnect on load. Disconnectors are
usually interlocked with the associated circuit breaker to prevent any attempt being
made to interrupt load current.

Most disconnectors are available with either a manual drive mechanism or motor
operated drive mechanism and the appropriate drive method must be selected for a
particular disconnector in a particular substation.
For example, in a remotely controlled unmanned double busbar substation the busbar
selector disconnectors would be motor operated to allow ‘on load’ busbar changes
without a site visit being required.
Disconnector mechanisms incorporate a set of auxiliary switches for remote indication
of disconnector position, electrical interlocking and current transformer switching for
busbar protection.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 8.Insulator
An insulator is a material that restricts the flow of electric current or heat. In electrical
applications, insulators are used to protect against electric shock and to ensure the
proper functioning of electrical devices by confining the current to designated paths. In
thermal applications, insulators reduce heat transfer, helping maintain desired
temperatures.

❖ Types Of Insulator :-

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 9. Bus Bar

It is one of the most important elements in an electrical power substation. It is a type of

conductor carrying an electrical current to which many connections are made. In order
words, bus-bar is a type of electrical junction in which the incoming and outgoing of
electrical current take place.

When the fault occurs in the bus- bar, then all the circuit equipment connected to that
section must be tripped out to give complete isolation in the shortest possible time e.g.
(60ms) so that the damage is avoided to the installation due to heating of conductors.

10. Protection Relay

A protection relay is an essential component in electrical power systems designed to
detect faults and initiate the operation of circuit breakers to isolate the faulty section
from the rest of the network. Here are the key points about protection relays:

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 11.1. Types of Protection Relay
➢ Electromechanical Relays :- Use mechanical motion to trip the circuit breaker.
They are robust but have a slower response time and limited functionality
compared to modern relays.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 ➢ Numerical Relays :- An advanced form of digital relays that perform multiple
protection functions and provide extensive data logging and communication

features.

11.2. Working of Protection Relay

A protection relay mainly works as a sensor. It may find out the fault location and then
signal the operation of the circuit breaker.
The circuit breaker cuts off the faulty system from the rest of the system and the
continuity of the electrical supply is not hampered. The faulty times are also reduced,
which ensures that the system can work smoothly again in the least time.
The new combination protection relays that may include many different sensors and
the protective relay varieties may sense a variety of faults and issues. No wonder these
are the most common systems employed today in a variety of scenarios.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 ❖ Types Of Protection

1. 50/51 O/C Protection

2. 50N / 51N E/F Protection
3. 87 Differential Protection
4. Line Differential Protection
5. LBB ( Local Breaker Backup ) Protection

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L

 Conclusion

It was a wonderful learning experience at TATA STEEL GROWTH SHOP, TSUISL site

of 132kv substation Project for one month at gamharia . I gained a lot of insight

regarding almost every aspect of site. I was given exposure in almost all the departments

at the site. The friendly welcome from all the employees is appreciating, sharing their

experience and giving their peace of wisdom which, they have gained in long journey

of work. I am very much thankful for the wonderful accommodation facility from TGS.

I hope this experience will surely help me in my future and also in shaping my career.

THANK YOU

VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT RVS COLLEGE RAJEEV KUMAR EEE/515/23L