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Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Introduction
Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the composition, structure and properties of
matter.
Matter
Classification of Matter:
On the basis of chemical composition of various substances matter can be classified as follows:
Simplest form of pure substance, which can neither be decomposed into nor built from
simpler substances by ordinary physical and chemical methods.
A form of matter formed by combining two or more elements in a definite ratio by mass.
Physical properties: These are the properties which can be measured or observed without
changing the identity or the composition of the substance. For example: Mass, size, colour,
odour, melting point, boiling point, density etc.
Chemical properties: These are the properties which can be measured by bringing a
chemical change in the state or identity of a substance. For example: Acidity, basicity,
combustibility etc.
Basic physical quantities and their SI units:
Molar mass:
It is the mass of one mole of a substance in gram.
Molar Volume
It is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance.
Percentage Composition:
It is the mass percentage of each constituent element present in any compound.
Mass of element in amolecule of the compound × 100
Molecular mass of the compound
Empirical Formula for Molecular Formula
Empirical formula:
It represents the smallest whole number ratio of the constituent atom within the molecule.
For example, CH is the empirical formula of benzene.
CHEMISTRY
Molecular formula:
It represents the actual number of each individual atom in any molecule.
For example, C6H6 is the molecular formula of benzene.
Relationship between empirical and molecular formulae:
Molecular formula = n × Empirical formula
Molar mass
where, n =
Empirical formula mass
Chemical Equation:
The representation of a chemical change in terms of symbols and formulae of the substances
involved in the reaction is called chemical equation.
Limiting Reagent:
It is the reactant which gets consumed first or limits the amount of product formed.
For a balanced reaction: A +B → C + D
B would be a limiting reagent if nA /nB > nB/nA
Similarly, A is a limiting reagent if nA /nB < nB/nA
Concentration of the solutions
Mass Percent:
It is the mass of the solute in grams per 100 grams of the solution.
Mass of the solute
Mass % of the solute = × 100
Mass of the solution
Volume Percent:
It is the volume of the solute per 100 units of the volume of solution.
Volume of the solute
Volume % of the solute = × 100
Volume of the solution
Parts per million (ppm):
It is the amount of the solute in gram per million (106) gram of the solution.
Mass of solute
ppm = × 106
Mass of the solution
Mole fraction:
It is the ratio of the moles of one component of the solution to the total number of moles of
solution
Total mole fraction of all the components of a solution is equal to 1.
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Molarity (M):
It is the number of moles of solute dissolved per litre (dm3) of the solution.
Number ofmoles of solute
M=
Volume of solution in L
Molality (m):
It is the number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent.
Number ofmoles of solute
m=
Weight of solvent in kg