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KPSC CRASH COURSE 2024

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ANCIENT HISTORY
¥ÁæaãÀ EwºÁ¸À
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PRE-HISTORY-¥ÀƪÀð EwºÁ¸À
qEvents before the invention of writing- ºÀ¸ÀÛ¥Àæw VAvÀ ªÉÆzÀ®Ä

qno written records for that culture- °TvÀ ¥ÀÄgÁªÉ E®è

qIt is time period when human like beings appeared - ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀgÀÄ

PÁt¹zÀgÀÄ
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PRE-HISTORY
q how do we know about them ..?

q Through, artifacts they used - PÀ¯ÁPÀÈwUÀ¼À ªÀÄÄSÁAvÀgÀ

qARTIFACTS : MAN MADE OBJECTS - ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼ÀÄ

qWhich artifacts to study..?

qSTONE objects or tools - PÀ®Äè G¥ÀPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ

qTherfore, pre history can also be called : THE STONE AGES -

²¯ÁAiÀÄÄUÀ
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PÁ® «Äw /TIME FRAME OF PRE-HISTORIC

CULTRES IN INDIA
• Old stone Age, Paleolithic Age (2MYA/5,00,000−12000 BCE/10,000
BCE)

• ºÀ¼Éà /¥ÁæaãÀ ²¯ÁAiÀÄÄUÀ

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TIME FRAME
• Late OR Middle Stone Age, Mesolithic Age (10,000−7000 BCE)

• ªÀÄzsÀå PÁ®zÀ ²¯ÁAiÀÄÄUÀ

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TIME FRAME
• New Stone Age, Neolithic Age (7,000−3000/1000 BCE)

• £ÀªÀ ²¯ÁAiÀÄÄUÀ

qNOTE: Great variations in TIMELINES- ªÀåvÁå¸À

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PALEOLITHIC
• JOHN LUBBOCK-1865-FIRST USED(PALEOLITHIC-Neolithic)

• MEANS
• PALEO:OLD - ¥ÁæaãÀ
• LITHIC: STONE - ²¯É
• OLD STONE AGE
• Also ice age/pleistocene period- ªÀÄAdÄ UÀqÉØ AiÀÄÄUÀ

• Early evidence of HUMANS living in INDIA-ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀgÀ DgÀA¨sÀzÀ ¥ÀÄgÁªÉ

• Racially- eÁ£ÁAUÀ : Negrito (probably)
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS/ UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ

• What did they eat ..?
• fruits - ºÀtÄÚ
• Vegetable- vÀgÀPÁj
• meat- ªÀiÁA¸À

• How did they get their food..? - ºÉÃUÉ..?

• HUNTING AND GATHERING- ¨sÉÃmÉ ºÁUÀÄ ¸ÀAUÀæºÀ
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Where did they live ..? or Resided ..?- ªÁ¸À ¸ÀܼÀ

• CAVES AND OPEN AIR - UÀÄºÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ §AiÀÄ®Ä

• Near water bodies like rivers- £À¢ zÀAqÉ
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G¥À «¨sÁUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ /SUB DIVISIONS OF PALEOLITHIC

AGE
• INTO 3 PHASES- ºÀAvÀ

• On the basis tools they used- G¥ÀPÀgÀtUÀ¼À DzsÁgÀzÀ ªÉÄïÉ

EARLY/LOWER PALEOLITHIC MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC LATE/UPPER PALEOLITHIC
PɼÀV£À /¥ÀƪðzÀ ªÀÄzsÀåzÀ ªÉÄð£À/£ÀAvÀgÀzÀ
100,000 BCE- 39,000BCE -23,000 23,000 BCE -10,000
50,000/39,000BCE
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EARLY PALOELITHIC
qFEATURES :-ªÉÊ«zÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ

qHAND AXE- PÉÊ PÉÆqÀ®

qtools of UNPOLISHED.-
£ÀAiÀÄUÉƽ¸ÀzÀ G¥ÀPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ
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OTHER TOOLS
• CLEAVERS- bÉÃzsÀPÀ / ¹Ã¼ÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ

• CHOPPERS- PÀvÀÛj¸ÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

WHICH STONE THEY ARE MADE OF ..?

• QUARTZITE- /¸ÀánPÀ ²¯É/ºÀgÀ¼ÀÄ

• SO THEY ARE CALLED :QUARTZITE MEN-

• Basalt also used - PÀAzÀÄ CVß ²¯É

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FEATURES
• Did they stay at one place ..?

• NO, THEY ARE MOVERS -

• wanderers- C¯ÉªÀiÁjUÀ¼ÀÄ
• Small communities or Large communities ..?- ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄ
• SMALL- aPÀÌ s¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄ
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FEATURES
• DRESSING STYLE..?- GqÀÄUÉ

• Animal skin- ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À ZÀªÀÄð

• Bark- vÉÆUÀmÉ
• Leaves- J¯É

• FIRE USED FOR THE FIRST TIME- ¨ÉAQAiÀÄ ªÉÆzÀ® §¼ÀPÉ

• BY :HOMO ERECTUS
• WHETHER THEY SPOKE..?
• IS UNCLEAR/BUT ANATOMICALLY POSSIBLE TO SPEAK- CAUÀgÀZÀ£É ¥ÀæPÁgÀ ¸ÁzsÀå/C¸ÀàµÀÖ
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WHAT THEY DID NOT KNOW..?

• House building /construction
• agriculture, pottery,
• metal
• Writing

• That’s why this culture is called :PRE-HISTORY

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

WHERE THEY ARE FOUND..?

• Found in Soan and Sohan river valley (now in Pakistan),
• D.N.WADIYA excavated soan sites
• Kashmir,
• Thar Desert (Didwana, Rajasthan),
• it referred as:INDIA’S OLDUVAI GORGE(TANZANIA-the placeknown for
PALEOANTHRO EXCAVATION)- ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀ ±Á¸ÀÛçzÀ ¸ÀA±ÉÆÃzsÀ£ÉUÉ ºÉ¸ÀgÀĪÁ¹
• Hiran Valley (Gujarat),
• rockshelters of Bhimbetka (MP), and
• It is inside the RATAPANI Wildlife Sanctuary,
• Belan Valley Mirzapur (UP)
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

MIDDLE PALOELITHIC
• on the basis of tools this
classification-G¥ÀPÀgÀtUÀ¼À DzsÁgÀzÀ ªÉÄïÉ
• H.D. Sankalia establsihed Middle
paleolithic in India

• New stone style- ºÉƸÀ jÃw

• called: FLAKES- ZÀPÉÌUÀ¼ÀÄ

• MEANS: point and blade like tools-

ZÀÆ¥ÁzÀ PÀ®ÄèUÀ¼ÀÄ
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WHERE THEY FOUND ..?

• Found in Soan,

• Narmada and Tungabhadra river valleys,

• Sanghao Cave(near peshawar,Pakistan)

• Nevasa, in MH
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UPPER PALEOLITHIC
• HOMO SAPIENS ARE COMPLETLY EVOLVED BY THIS TIME-
¸ÀA¥ÀÆtðªÁV «PÀ¸À£ÀªÁVvÀÄÛ

• Climate was becoming warm and humid-ªÁvÀªÀgÀt /ºÀªÁªÀiÁ£À ªÀUÁðªÀuÉ

DVvÀÄÛ-¨ÉZÀÑV£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ DzÀæðvÉ
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UPPER PALEOLITHIC

• Tools called: BURINS

• Used for engraving-PÉvÀÄÛªÀÅzÀPÉÌ

• Also used :BONE TOOLS-

ªÀÄƼÉUÀ¼À G¥ÀPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ
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WHERE THEY ARE FOUND ..?

• Found in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
• Maharashtra,
• Central MP,
• Southern UP
• Chhotanagpur Plateau.(JH,BH,ODI,CHH,WB)

• Bone tools found only at

• cave sites of Kurnool and Muchchatla Chintamani Gavi in Andhra
Pradesh
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SPECIFIC SITES
• Hunsgi - Karnataka- AiÀiÁzÀVj
• Isampur--KA- a center of stone tool manufacture

• Attirrampakam & Kortallayar-Tamil Nadu

• Pahalgam-Kashmir
• Didwana-Rajasthan
• Hathnora, Bhimbetaka, Adamgarh-MP
• Singrauli -Uttar Pradesh
• Mayurbhanj -Odisha
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ºÀªÁå¸ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ /HOBBIES OF PALEOLITHIC PEOPLE

• CALLED : ARTISTIC ACTIVTIES
• PÀ¯ÁvÀäPÀ ZÀlĪÀnPÉUÀ¼ÀÄ
• Practiced painting
• avÀæPÀ¯É
• seen at : BHIMBETKA
• line drawings - gÉÃSÁ avÀæPÀ¯É
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SOME FACTS

• ROBERT BRUCE FOOT

• he began the first systematic research of human prehistoric remains in India,
• making the first discovery of hand axes (PALLAVARAM)
• 1863.

• first paleolithic tool of karnataka discovered

• in 1842
• LINGASAGURU-RAICHUR
• HAND AXE
• WILLIAM PRIMROSE
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MESOLITHIC/ ªÀÄzsÀå ²¯ÁAiÀÄÄUÀ

• Also called : MIDDLE STONE AGE

• Belong to HOLOCENE PERIOD

• 10,000 BCE -7000 BCE

• Transitional phase between PALEO AND NEOLITHIC-¥ÀjªÀvð£ÉAiÀÄ

ºÀAvÀ
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MAIN FEATURES
• Reduction in size of stone tools
• called as : MICROLITHS- ¸ÀtÚ PÀ®Äè

• not more than: 5 cm

• made of : silica and chert-

§tZÀÄPÀ®Äè/¹°PÁ

• pointed tools or sharp edges-

ZÀÆ¥ÁzÀ CAZÀÄ
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OTHER TOOLS
• Started using BOW AND ARROW- ©®Äè ºÁUÀÄ ¨Át

• Make hunting easier and can be done from a distance-¸ÀÄ®¨sÀªÁV

¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À£ÀÄß PÉÆ®èªÀÅzÀÄ
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SUBSISTENCE/ fêÀ£ÁzÁgÀ
• HUNTING

• GATHERING

• FISHING- «ÄãÀÄUÁjPÉ

• FOR THE FIRST TIME STARTED DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS-

¥À¼ÀV¸ÀÄ«PÉ ¸ÀÄgÀĪÁ¬ÄvÀÄ
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DID THEY START SETTLING AT ONE

PLACE..?/£É¯ÉUÉƼÀÄî«PÉ
• not yet

• Pottery is absent at most Mesolithic sites- ªÀÄrPÉ/ PÀÄA¨ÁjPÉ-DgÀA¨sÀ

DVgÀ°®è

• but it is present at Langhnaj in Gujarat and in the Kaimur region of

Mirzapur (UP)
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ARTISTIC ACTIVITIES/ PÀ¯ÁvÀäPÀ ZÀlĪÀnPÉUÀ¼ÀÄ

• More paintings of this period compared to paleolithic
• Where these are found ..?
• On rocks in CAVES- UÀĺÉUÀ¼À PÀ®ÄèUÀ¼À ªÉÄïÉ

• what these paintings show ..?

• Thier social,ecnomic and religious activities-¸ÁªÀiÁfPÀ, DyðPÀ,
zsÁ«ÄðPÀ ZÀlĪÀnPÉUÀ¼ÀÄ
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MESOLITHIC ART SITES/ ¸ÀܼÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

• Bhimbetka Caves, Kharwar, Jaora, and Kathotia (M.P.),

• Sundargarh and Sambalpur (Orissa),
• Ezhuthu Guha (Kerala).
• Azamgarh, Pratapgarh and Mirzapur (U.P)
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OTHER MESOLITHIC SITES

• BAGOR in RAJASTHAN (on the banks of KOTHARI river)

• It gives EARLIEST evidence about domestication(DOG)

• Tinnevelly-TN - Birbhanpur-WB
• Sarai Nahar Rai, Pratapgarh area- UP
• Mahadaha, U.P.- bone artifacts are found, including arrowheads and
bone ornaments.
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

NEOLITHIC/ £ÀªÀ ²¯ÁAiÀÄÄUÀ

• NEW STONE AGE

• 7000 BCE ONWARDS

• Also called : NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION- PÁæAw AiÀÄÄUÀ

• Because : New innovations of these people- ºÉƸÀ D«µÁÌgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

• First Neolithic Celt- 1842-Raichur(KA)-LE MESURIER-

£ÀAiÀĪÁzÀ PÉÊ PÉÆqÀ°
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NEW INNOVATIONS
1. Started producing their own food
• agriculture began- ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄ

2. New stone tools

• POLISHED AND LONG STONE

TOOLS- £ÀAiÀÄUÉƽ¸ÀÄ/
ªÉÄgÀÄUÁzÀ/GzÀÝ

• BLADES AND KNIVES- ZÁPÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

NEW INNOVATIONS
3. TO STORE FOOD WHAT THEY NEEDED..?- DºÁgÀ ¸ÀAUÀæºÀ ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä..?

• POTTERY APPEARED ON LARGE SCALE- ªÀÄqÀPÉ

• BLACK AND GREY WARE- PÀ¥ÀÄà ªÀÄvÀÄÛ §ÆzÀÄ

• How it was made ..?

• FIRST HAND MADE AND THEN WHEEL MADE- PÉÊ ºÁUÀÄ ZÀPÀæ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

NEW INNOVATION

4. that is : STARTED SETTLING IN ONE PLACE- £É¯ÉUÉƼÀÄî«PÉ

• AND EMERGENCE OF VILLAGE COMMUNITIES- UÁæ«ÄÃt ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄ

5. WHAT THEY NEEDED TO SETTLE ..?

• HOUSES- ªÀÄ£É
• OF MUD AND REED - ªÀÄtÄÚ ºÁUÀÄ ºÀÄ®Äè
• CIRCULAR AND RECTANGULAR SHAPES- ªÀÈvÁÛPÁgÀ ºÁUÀÄ DAiÀiÁvÀPÁgÀ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

DRESSING INNOVATION/ GqÀÄUÉ

5. COTTON and WOOL- ºÀwÛ ºÁUÀÄ GuÉÚ

• Therfore , knew the art of weaving cloths- £ÉÃAiÉÄÎ UÉÆwÛvÀÄÛ

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

FIRST NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT/ ªÀ¸ÁºÀvÀÄ/¤ªÉñÀ£À

• MEHRGARH

• In Baluchistan (PAK)

• first agricultural settlement in SOUTH ASIA

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LITTLE VARIATIONS/ ªÀåvÁå¸À

• In emergence of Neolithic culture- ºÉÆgÀºÀƪÀÄÄä«PÉAiÀÄ

• SOUTH INDIA : 2500 BCE

• EASTERN INDIA : 1000 BCE

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

CROPS THEY PRODUCED/ DºÁgÀ

• RICE-
• WHEAT
• BARLEY- dªÉUÉÆâü
• RAGI
• HORSE GRAM- ºÀÄgÀĽ

• OTHER SUBSISTENCE ?
• DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS - ¥À¼ÀV¸ÀÄ«PÉ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

UNIQUE NEOLITHIC
SETTLEMENTS/C£À£Àå
• IN KASHMIR
• Can see : DWELLING PITS-ªÁ¸ÀzÀ
ºÉÆAqÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

• Also : variety of stone and bone

toos- ªÀÄÆ¼É G¥ÀPÀgÀt
• Graveyards within the
household- ªÀÄ£ÉUÀ¼°À è ¸Àä±Á£À
• buried with their tools-
G¥ÀPÀgÀtUÀ¼À eÉÆvÉ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¢ü

• sites :BURZAHOM AND GUFKRAL

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

UNIQUE NEOLITHIC
SETTLEMENTS
• CHIRAND (NEAR PATNA)
• BONE TOOLS AND ANTLERS
TOOLS- PÉÆA§ÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÁUÀÄ
ªÀÄƼÉUÀ¼À G¥ÀPÀgÀt
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

UNIQUE NEOLITHIC SITES

• KOLDIHWA AND MAHAGARA

• IN U.P.

• KNOWN FOR RICE CULTIVATION

• Chopani – Mando, Belan valley (earliest evidence of use of pottery)

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

UNIQUE NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENTS -

KARNATAKA
• Maski, Piklihal(raichur) Brahmagiri(chitra) -proof of cattle herding.-
eÁ£ÀĪÁgÀÄ ¸ÁPÀuÉ

• Budihal(yadgiri) and Tekkalakota(Bellari)

• community food preparation and feasting- ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄ DºÁÀgÀ vÀAiÀiÁjPÉ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

CHALCOLITHIC AGE/ ¯ÉÆúÀzÀ AiÀÄÄUÀ

• 3000 BCE -800/500 BCE
• FIRST METAL WAS USED IN THIS TIME

• WHICH METAL ..?

• COPPER- vÁªÀÄæ

• SO CALLED : COPPER STONE AGE- vÁªÀÄæ ²¯ÁAiÀÄÄUÀ

• STONE TOOLS AS WELL AS COPPER TOOLS - vÁªÀÄæzÀ G¥ÀPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

SUBSISTENCE PATTERN/ fêÀ£ÁzsÀgÀ

• Wheat ,Rice
• bajra- ¸ÀeÉÓ
• pulses - PÁ¼ÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ
• such as black gram- G¢Ý£À PÁ¼ÀÄ green gram- ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ PÁ¼ÀÄ,

• while those living in eastern regions lived on fish and rice.

• ANIMAL FOODS :
• cows, sheep, goats,
• buffaloes, and hunted deer.
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

OTHER FEATURES/ ªÉÊ«zÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ

• RURAL FARMING COMMUNITIES-UÁæ«ÄÃt ªÀåªÀ¸ÁAiÀÄzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄ

• SETTLED LIFE MAINLY- £É¯É/ ¸ÁܦvÀ

• OCHRE COLOURED POTTER (ORANGE AND YELLOW)- PɸÀj ºÁUÀÄ

ºÀ¼À¢

• SOME DESIGN ON POTTERY : LINES - gÉÃSÁ «£Áå¸À

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

ªÉÊ«zÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ
• CLOTHES

• GRAVE GOODS - ¸ÀªÀiÁ¢ ¸ÀgÀPÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ

• BURIED UNDER THE FLOOR OF THE HOUSE IN NORTH-SOUTH DIRECTION-

ªÀģɣɮzÀ PɼÀUÉ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¢ü

• MOTHER GODESS WORSHIP : NUDE CLAY FIGURES ARE FOUND-ªÀiÁvÀÈ/vÁ¬Ä

zÉêÀvÉ/ zÉÊ« DgÁzsÀ£É- £ÀUÀß ªÀÄtÂÚ£À ¥ÀæwªÉÄ

• DID NOT KNOW WRITING

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

VARIETY OF COPPER
TOOLS
• RINGS- GAUÀÄgÀ
• SPEARHEAD- Fn
• HARPOONS- FnUÁ¼À
• SMALLAXE- PÉÆqÀ°
• SWORDS- PÀwÛ

• WHICH PROFESSION CAN

BE SEEN .?- GzÀÆåUÀ
• COPPER SMITHS- vÁªÀÄæUÁgÀgÀÄ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

SITES
• Ahar and Gilund -Banas Valley, Rajasthan
• Nevasa, Jorwe ,Daimabad,Songaon, Inamgaon and Nasik, in
Maharashtra
• Chirand, Senuar, Sonpur in Bihar,
• Mahishdal ,Pandu Rajar Dhibi in West Bengal
• Kayatha , Malwa , Eran, Navdatoli in M.P.
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

ASHMOUNDS/ §Æ¢ ¢§âUÀ¼ÀÄ

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

NEOLITHIC ASHMOUNDS

• Found in southern India

• mianly in and around BELLARY AND BAGALAKOTE-KA
• Time -3000 BCE -1200BCE
• ASH-BUDI,in kannada
• PLACES:BUDIHAL, BUDITIPPA, BUDIGUNTA
• Budigunta near Bellary - the largest and recorded as being 46 feet in
height and 420 feet in circumference
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

ASHMOUND IN KAPPAGALLU(BELLARY)
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

WHAT ARE THEY..?

• They are believed to be of ritual significance - DZÀgÀuÉ
• by the burning of wood, dung and animal matter.

• probably sacrifices after a ritual

• or funeral after a war- CAvÀå QæAiÉÄ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

FINDINGS AFTER DIGGING THE MOUNDS

• Bones of animals
• pottery
• stone axe
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

VARIUOS THEORIES OF THEIR ORIGIN

1. Mythology- RAKSASAS WERE BURNT BY GODS
2. FORESTED REGION SO BURNT - LIVESTOCKS GRAZING
3. VOLCANIC ORIGIN

qLot of conjectures/hypothesis/opinions
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

MEGALITHIC 5000/2500 BCE-200 AD/ §ÈºÀÀvï

²¯ÁAiÀÄÄUÀ
• South India Mainly, ALSO across INDIA (INDUS VALLEY, EASTERN
STATES)

• Iron age culture- PÀ©âtzÀ AiÀÄÄUÀ

• MEGA-great
• LITH-Stone

• Therefore, Monuments built of large stones- zÉÆqÀØ ²¯Á ¸ÁägÀPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

WHAT ARE THEY..?

1. But these stones have ritulistic
association- DZÀgÀuÉ

2. probably burial rituals OR

may be memorials- ¸ÁägÀPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

3. away from the settlements area -

ªÁ¸À ¸ÀܼÀ¢AzÀ zÀÆgÀ
a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

MEGALITHS
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

WHAT ALL DISCOVERED FROM THESE SITES

• iron objects
• animal bones - ¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À ªÀÄƼÉ
• pottery (RED AND BLACK)- PÉA¥ÀÄ ºÁUÀÄ PÀ¥ÀÄà
• beads- ªÀÄtÂUÀ¼ÀÄ
• Roman coins also- gÉÆêÀiï £Átå
• Gold and silver ornaments-
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

SITES
• Hire Benakal(KOPPALA),Nilasakal(SHIVAMOGGA)
Brahmagiri(CHITRADURGA)
• Kudakkallu in KL
• Junapani in MH
• Amaravati in AP
• Adichanallur in TN
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

HARAPPAN CIVILISATION/
¹AzsÀÆ £ÁUÀjÃPÀvÉ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

TIME LINE AND PLACE/ ¸ÀªÀÄAiÀÄ -¸ÀܼÀ

• TIME PERIOD : 3500 BC TO 1750 BC (AROUND 5000 YEARS AGO)
• EVOLVED IN NORTH-WESTERN PART OF THE INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT-
ªÁAiÀÄĪÀå
• TODAY’S : PARTS OF PAKISTAN, RAJASTHAN,GUJARAT,PUNJAB AND HARYANA

• ON THE BANKS OF RIVERS INDUS AND RAVI ,GAGGAR-HAKRA

• SO CALLED :THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION

• FIRST CITY DISCOVERED WAS:HARAPPA- ªÉÆzÀ® C£ÉéõÀuÉ £ÀUÀgÀ

• HENCE THE NAME:THE HARAPPAN CIVILISATION

• USED BRONZE:SO BRONZE AGE- PÀAa£À AiÀÄÄUÀ

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

CONTEMPORARY CIVILISATIONS/ ¸ÀªÀÄPÁ®zÀ

£ÁUÀjPÀvÉ
• EGYPT -NILE RIVER
• MESOPOTAMIA-TIGRIS-EUPHRATES RIVERS-MODERN
IRAQ,IRAN,SYRIA,TURKEY,QUWAIT

• PEOPLE OF MESOPOTAMIA WERE CALLED: SUMERIANS AND

AKKADIANS
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

HOW HARAPPA WAS DISCOVERED

vThe engineers stumbled upon this city - railway project
vIn modern Pakistan Punjab
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

WHO DISCOVERED OR EXCAVATED ..?/ C£ÉéõÀPÀgÀÄ

• 1826-CHARLES MASON- discovered-Burnt Bricks- ¸ÀÄlÖ EnÖUÉ

• 1856- John and William Brunton - Lahore- karachi railway- more Bricks
• Alexander Cuningham-1873-Brief- ¸ÀAQë¥ÀÛ

• Seals( ªÀÄÄzÉæ) by-J.fleet-1912-His work triggered an excavation campaign by

• Daya Ram Sahni-1920-21-Harappa
• R.D.Bannerji- 1922-Mohenjadaro
• R.C.Majumdar-1923-Chanhudaro
• John Marshall-1924- LONDON- published in ‘ILLUSTRATED’ -NP
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD/ «¹ÛÃtð

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

EXTENSION OF THE IVC/ «¸ÀÛgÀuÉ

• NORTH- MANDU KASHMIR

• SOUTH-DAIMABAD-MH/MALAVAN-GJ

• WEST-SUTKAGAN DOR-PAK
• WEST-INDIA-BET DWARKA/NAGESHWAR-GJ

• EAST-ALAMGIRPUR-UP
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE NORTERNMOST KNOWN HARAPPAN

SETTLEMENT-2011-12

A. MANDU
B. HARAPPA
C. LOTHAL
D. ROPAR

üANSWER:A
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

MOST NUMBER OF SITES

• GUJARAT
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

HOW IT EVOLVED..?

• sedentary/settled/village life- UÁæ«ÄÃt fêÀ£À

• surplus products- ºÉZÁÑzÀ GvÁàzÀ£É

• EXCHANGE IN A PLACE CALLED: MARKET- ªÀiÁgÀÄPÀmÉÖ ªÀ¤ªÀÄAiÀÄ

• THAT PLACE EVOLVED INTO A CITY/TOWN -HARAPPA- £ÀUÀgÀ ¥ÀjªÀvÀð£É

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

PHASES/ ºÀAvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ
EARLY HARAPPAN/ MATURE HARAPPAN / ¥Àæ§ÄzÀÝ LATE HARAPPA/ £ÀAvÀgÀ
ªÀÄÄAa£À/ªÉÆzÀ®Ä
3500 BCE-2600 BCE 2600 BCE-1800 BCE 1800 BCE-1500 BCE
• FORMATIVE YEARS • CITY LIFE • DECLINE
• MORE SETTLEMENTS/VILLAGES • UNIFORMITY • MIGRATION
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

SOURCES OF IVC/ ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ

• Archeological evidences- ¥ÀÄgÁvÀvÀé

• no literary(domestic)- ¸Á»vÀåzÀ ¥ÀÄgÁªÉ E®è

• foreign literature,refrences to HARAPPAN CULTURE

• EXAMPLE: Mesopotamia
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

CHARACTERISTICS OF MATURE PHASE/

UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ
• show - full fledged cultural traits- ¥ÀÆtð ¥ÀæªÀiÁtzÀ ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ ®PÀët
• More uniformity in all aspects of life like- KPÀgÀÆ¥ÀvÉ -
• city planning- £ÀUÀgÀ AiÉÆÃd£É
• seals- ªÀÄÄzÉæUÀ¼ÀÄ
• weights and measures- vÀÆPÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ C¼ÀvÉUÀ¼ÀÄ
• religion - zsÁ«ÄðPÀ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

TOWN/URBAN
PLANNING/ AiÉÆÃd£É
q cities divided into 2 -
JgÀqÀÄ ¨sÁUÀ
q Western and Eastern parts

qWestern part was small but

higher from the ground called as
CITADEL-12mts- PÉÆÃmÉ

qEastern part is lower but larger

called as the LOWER TOWN- PɼÀV£À
¥ÀlÖt
qCity parts were walled with baked
bricks- ¸ÀÄlÖ EnÖUÉ PÉÆÃmÉ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

TOWN PLANNING
• Common people in lower town- ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå d£ÀgÀÄ

• on the citadel- Rulers ,n public buildings like Granries, bath-DqÀ½vÀUÁgÀgÀÄ,

¸ÁªÀðd¤PÀ PÀlÖqÀUÀ¼ÀÄ- PÀtd- FdÄ PÉƼÀ

• lower towns are not generally fortified

• but evidences from: surkotada(GJ) n Kalibangan(RJ)

• no citadel : CHANHUDARO- PÉÆÃmÉ PÁt¸ÀĪÀÅ¢®è

• ONE CITY is divided into 3 parts

• DHOLAVIRA(GJ)
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

UNIQUE FEATURES OF
DHOLAVIRA/ C£À£Àå
ªÉʹµÀÖvÉUÀ¼ÀÄ
q THREE parts- ªÀÄÆgÀÄ CA±À
q lower town,citadel and middle
town

q system of water channels and

reservoirs- ¤Ãj£À ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÛ ºÁUÀÄ
d¯Á±ÀAiÀÄ
q made out of stones
q Discovered by: JAGPATI JOSHI 1968

q It is a WHS by UNESCO IN 2021--DZˎ

¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉ vÁt
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING INDUS CITY HAS PROVIDED EVIDENCE FOR

EXTENSIVE WATER STORAGE SYSTEM..?2015

A. MOHENJADARO
B. LOTHAL
C. DHOLAVIRA
D. KALIBANGAN

üANSWER:C
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

ROADS PLANNING
WITHIN CITIES/ gÀ¸ÉÛ
¤AiÉÆd£É
q GRID PATTERN- Væqï
ªÀiÁzÀj/eÁ®j
q North -south streets direction
q cutting across one another at
right angles- ®A§ PÉÆãÀ
q so it gives RECTANGULAR n
SQUARE SHAPE to the city-
q 30 feet wide streets-
q Streets not PAVED -
¸ÀĸÀfÓvÀªÁVgÀzÀ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

HOUSES IN THE CITY

• Burnt/baked bricks -for house construction- ¸ÀÄlÖ EnÖUÉ
• one or two storeys- MAzÀÄ CxÁªÀ JgÀqÀÄ ªÀĺÀr
• had staircases(some of them are WOOD)- ªÉÄnÖ®Ä
• separate waste collection pits/cess pits- PÀ¸ÀzÀ ºÉÆAqÀ

• WINDOWS are absent- QlQ ªÀÄÄA¨ÁUÀzÀ°è E®è- ¥ÀPÀÌzÀ°è PÁt¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

HOUSES IN THE CITY

• entrances from side- ¥ÀæªÉñÀzÁégÀ

-¥ÀPÀÌzÀ
• single rooms to multiple rooms- PÉÆoÀrUÀ¼ÀÄ
• floors were coated with COW DUNG and TILES evidence from
KALIBANGAN- ¯ÉÃ¥À£À-¸ÀUÀtÂ-CAZÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ
• pillars also use: square and rectangular- PÀA§UÀ¼ÀÄ-ZËPÀPÁgÀ-DAiÀÄvÁPÁgÀ
• some had their own WELLS for water - ¨sÁ«UÀ¼ÀÄ

• ABSENCE OF STONE STRUCTURES- PÀ°è£À PÀlÖqÀUÀ¼ÀÄ E®è

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

DRAINAGE
SYSTEM/M¼ÀZÀgÀAr
•Houses were connected with
drainage- ªÀÄ£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀA¥ÀPÀð
•Drains were connected with
inspection holes or Man holes-
•Underground Drainage system-
¨sÀÆUÀvÀ ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜ
•made of Bricks
•Water tight with MORTAR of MUD
•Along with GYPSUM/LIME- ¸ÀÄtÚzÀ
UÁgÉ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

TOWN PLANNING
• this kind of systemic planning is absent in Egypt and Mesopotamij-
ªÀåªÀ¹ÜvÀ AiÉÆÃd£É E®è
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

ASSUMPTIONS OUT OF TOWN

PLANNING..?/HºÉ..
• Town planning show some kind of municipal governace and rulers-
DqÀ½vÀUÁgÀgÀÄ EgÀĪÀ ¸ÁzÀåvÉ

• uniformity further proves it-KPÀgÀÆ¥ÀvÉ ¥ÀÄgÁªÉ

• some kind of organistaion or institution must be there- ¸ÀA¸ÉÜ EgÀĪÀ

¸ÁzÀåvÉ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

SUBSISTENCE PATTERN OF HARAPPANS

• Hunting
• Gathering of fruits and vegetables

• Moreover, the important occupation was AGRICULTURE

• CROPS: Wheat, Barley,
• horse gram, peas, watermelon, sesame(J¼ÀÄî) dates, millets,
• grapes, henna (mehndi), garlic, mustard,(¸Á¹ªÉ)
• rice (Lothal and Rangpur) in GJ

• COTTON : IN MOHENJADARO
• Earliest civilisation to produce COTTON
• Marine products like:FISH
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

ANIMALS THEY REARED AND KNEW

• cattle -oxen, buffaloes, goats,
• sheep, pigs, donkeys, camels, cats and dogs
• Tigers, elephant, rhino

• HORSES SEEM TO HAVE UNKNOWN

• But horse bones found in : SURKOTADA (GJ)
• However, not enough to prove it was known on large scale

• NONETHELESS, it was a well diversified economy- ªÊ«zsÀåªÀÄAiÀÄ

DyðPÀvÉ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS/G¥ÀPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ

• Stone tools continued
• copper tools
• mixed copper + tin = BRONZE (vÁªÀÄæ, vÀªÀgÀ, PÀAZÀÄ)
• bronze tools
• copper from : KHETRI mines in RJ
• Tin from: Afghan and BH
• but bronze tools are lesser in number compared to STONE tools
• UNIFORMITY IN TOOLS
• There was a stone tool factory in :SUKKUR (SIND, PAK)- PÁSÁð£É
• Probably, produced there and distributed across cities- «vÀgÀuÉ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

ARTS AND CRAFTS/PÀ¯É

ºÁUÀÄ PÀgÀPÀıÀÀ®
• Metal workers-¯¯ÉƺÀzÀ
PÉ®¸ÀUÁgÀgÀÄ
• Stone and Brick cutters
• Seal cutting
• Jewellery makers: GOLD AND
SILVER were found
• Bead making :AT: CHANHUDARO
(SIND) n LOTHAL(GJ)- ªÀÄtÂ
• Potters(RED AND BLACK) n
PLAIN-¸ÀgÀ¼À /«£Áå¸À«gÀzÀ
• Cotton cloth makers
• Boat maker
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

UNIQUE ITEMS
q TERRACOTTA/ ªÀÄtÄÚ q PRECIOUS STONE/CªÀÄÆ®å
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

SEMI-PRECIOUS/PRECIOUS STONES
• LAPIS LAZULI- BLUE-AFGHAN
• TURQUOISE-BLUE/GREEN-IRAN
• JADE-GREEN/WHITE-CENTRAL ASIA
• AMETHYST-VIOLET-MH
• CARNELIAN-RED/ORANGE-SAURASHTRA
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

TRADE LINKS /ªÁå¥ÁgÀ ¸ÀA¥ÀPÀð

• With Mesopotamia
• how do we know ..?
• HARAPPAN SEALS ARE FOUND HERE- ªÀÄÄzÉæUÀ¼ÀÄ ¹Q̪É

• Persian Gulf-BAHRAIN, KUWAIT,FAILAKA(an island)

• literary evidence: of SUMERIANS(MESOPOTAMIA)- ¸Á»vÀåzÀ ¥ÀÄgÁªÉ

• MELUHA -probaly, refers to IVC REGION /saurashtra/India- ªÉĮĺÀ
• MAKAN-probaly, means MAKRAN COAST in PAK- ªÀÄPÁ£ï
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

IMPORTS/ DªÀÄzÀÄ

• gold
• silver
• copper
• tin
• semi-precious stones

• Sea port:RANGPUR-SOMNATH(GJ)-BALAKOT(Makran coast)

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

EXPORTS/ gÀ¥sÀÄÛ
• Agri products (perishable)- PÀȶ GvÀà£Àß
• wheat, barley, peas
• cotton
• pottery
• beads
• ivory products- zÀAvÀ
• terracotta - ªÀÄtÂÚ£À ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼ÀÄ/ DnPÉUÀ¼ÀÄ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

WEIGHTS AND
MEASURES/ vÀÆPÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ
C¼ÀvÉUÀ¼ÀÄ

q Uniform across the civilisation-

KPÀgÀÆ¥ÀvÉ
q made of limestone and steatite-
¸ÀÄtÚzÀ / §¼À¥ÀzÀ

q Measuremnt stick/scales are also

found- C¼ÀvÉ PÉÆîÄ/
¥ÀæªÀiÁtUÀ¼ÀÄ
a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

SEALS/ ªÀÄÄzÉæUÀ¼ÀÄ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

SEALS
• Made of : steatite, copper,shells(a¥ÀÄà),ivory(zÀAvÀ),terracotta-

• Two types :-JgÀqÀÄ «zsÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

• square shape- /ZÀvÀÄgÁPÁgÀ
• rectangular shape- DAiÀiÁvÀPÁgÀ

• EXAMPLE:PASUPATI SEAL-steatite
• FROM MOHENJADARO
• siva flanked by
• elephant,rhino,buffalo,tiger, two goats/antelopes
• JOHN MARSHALL CALLED IT:PROTO-SHIVA
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

SEALS

SQUARE RECTANGULAR
• Inscription/writing-ºÀ¸ÀÛ¥Àæw/ • only inscription-ºÀ¸ÀÛ¥Àæw ªÀiÁvÀæ
¯ÉÃR£À
• animal figures are carved-
¥ÁætÂUÀ¼À DPÀÈw
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

LANGUAGE AND SCRIPT/ ºÀ¸ÁÛPÀëgÀ

• PICTOGRAPHIC- avÁævÀäPÀ
• and logosyllabic(¯ÉÆÃUÉÆù®§Pï) (each symbol stood for a
word/syllable). ( ¥Àæw aºÉß ¸ÀºÀ MAzÀÄ ¥ÀzÀ )
• Harappan writing was BOUSTROPHEDON, Means- right to left and left
to right in alternate lines.
• Short inscription- ¸ÀtÚ ±Á¸À£À
• The Harappan script has not been deciphered so far.

• Recent progress: some say its a DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGE

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

SOCIETY/ ¸ÀªÀiÁd
• Urban society- £ÀUÀgÀ
• Rulers (assumptions)- DqÀ½vÀUÁgÀgÀÄ
• Rich merchants-citadel- ¹jªÀAv ÀªÀvÀðPÀgÀÄ
• Labourers-lower town- PÉ®¸ÀUÁgÀgÀÄ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS/ zsÁ«ÄðPÀ

• On the basis of SEALS and TERRACOTTA figurines- DzsÁgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ- ªÀÄÄzÉæ

• NUDE female figures show fertility and mother goddess- £ÀUÀß ªÀÄ»¼É DPÀÈw-
zÉÊ« DgÁzsÀ£É/ ªÀiÁvÀÈ À-
• Male deity on seals-pasupati- zÉʪÀ zÀ DgÁzÀ£É
• PHALLUS(LINGAM) and YONI Worship- ¸ÀAvÁ£ÉÆÃvÀàwÛ
• Amulets- vÁAiÀÄvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ

• Tree worship-pipal- CgÀ½

• Animal worship-Unicorn/Humped bull- ¥ÁætÂ- UÀÆ£ÀÄ UÀƽ
• Therefore, NATURE WORSHIP- ¥ÀæPÀÈw DgÁzsÀ£É
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

• FIRE ALTARS-in LOTHAL AND KALIBANGAN- CVß PÀÄAqÀ

• BURIAL practices also part of religion(COFFIN n PIT n JOINT )- ¸ÀªÀiÁ¢ü-
¥ÉlÖUÉ, ºÉÆAqÀ, dAn ¸ÀªÀiÁ¢ü

• NO TEMPLES YET(found in EGYPT AND MESOPOTAMIA)

• These are continuing even today

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

DECLINE OF HARAPPA/ CªÀ£Àw

• but not the entire culture- ¥ÀÆwð ¸ÀA¸ÀÌøw C®è

• only urban phase and its uniformity -KPÀgÀÆ¥ÀvÉ ºÁUÀÄ £ÀUÀgÀ ºÀAvÀ

• Great bath and Granary fell into disuse- §¼ÀPÉ E®è

• people deserted settlements around 1800 BCE- ªÀ®¸É ºÉÆÃzÀgÀÄ

• MELUHA REFERENCES in MESOPOTAMIA ceased to exist - ªÉĮĺÀ C¹ÛvÀé

¤AvÀÄ ºÉÆÃUÀÄvÉÛ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

FACTORS OF DECLINE/CªÀ£ÀwUÉ PÁgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ

• THRES IS NO ONE REASON FOR THE DECLINE- MAzÀÄ PÁgÀt E®è

• NO HISTORIAN HAS EVER BEEN ABLE TO GIVE CONCLUSION -AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉÃ

wêÀiÁð£À«®è
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

THEORIES/ ¹zÁÝAvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ
1. FLOODING and EARTHQUAKE - R.L.RAIKES and GEORGE F.DALES- ¥ÀæªÁºÀ

2. SHIFTING OF RIVER COURSE- H.T.LAMBRICK- £À¢ ªÀiÁUÀð ¸ÀܼÁAvÀgÀ

3. ARIDITY AND DRYING OF GHAGGAR-HAKRA RIVER-D.P.AGARWAL-

MtVzÀ £À¢ - ±ÀĵÀÌvÉ ºÉZÁѬÄvÀÄ

4. BARBARIAN/ARYAN INVASION-MORTIMER WHEELER- C£ÁUÀjPÀ DPÀæªÀÄt

5. ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCE-FAIRSERVIS- ¥Àj¸ÀgÀ C¸ÀªÀÄvÉÆî£À

 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

KOT DIJI
• J.AHMED KHAN
• PAKISTAN
• destroyed by fire- ¨ÉAQ EAzÀ £Á±À
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

CHANHUDARO
• 1920- MAJUMDAR
• on the indus -left bank- JqÀ zÀAqÉ
• no citadel-
• bead factory- ªÀÄt PÁSÁð£É
• no burnt bricks- ¸ÀÄlÖ EnÖUÉ §¼À¹®è
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

HARAPPA
• 1921-Dayaram Sahni
• on banks of Ravi-left bank- JqÀ zÀAqÉ
• called as Gateway city- ºÉ¨ÁâV®Ä £ÀUÀgÀ
• city of granary- cause Granary has been found- GUÁæt £ÀUÀj
• 3 types of burial-joint n pit n coffin- ªÀÄÆgÀÄ jÃwAiÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁ¢üUÀ¼ÀÄ
• mesopotamia cosmetics- ¸ËAzsÀAiÀÄðªÀzsÀðPÀ
• H-BURIAL GROUND- JZï ªÀiÁzÀj ¸ÀªÀiÁ¢ü-ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ±ÀªÀzÀºÀ£À QæAiÉÄ-ªÉÆzÀ®Ä
• R 37 BURIAL GROUND
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

MOHENJADARO
• 1922- R.D.BANNERJI AND MADHO SARUP/john marshall
• on the banks of Indus- right bank- §® zÀAqÉ
• great bath- FdÄ PÉƼÀ/¸ÁߣÀ
• great granary- GUÁæt
• pasupati seal- ¥À±ÀÄ¥Àw ªÀÄÄzÉæ
• bronze dancing girl- PÀAa£À ªÀÄ»¼É
• priest head-with shawl- ±Á®Ä EgÀĪÀ ¥ÀÆeÁj ¥ÀæwªÉÄ
• cotton cloth
• called : mound of the dead-cuz experienced flood 7 times- ªÀÄrzÀªÀgÀ ¢§ã
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

LOTHAL
• 1957-S.RANGANTHA RAO
• BHOGAVA river banks
• port city- §AzÀgÀÄ £ÀUÀj
• rice
• bead factory
• gateway of trade- ªÁå¥ÁgÀzÀ ºÉ¨ÁâV®Ä
• fire altar- CVß PÀÄAqÀ
 a2lyYW5jdGExMDBAZ21haWwuY29t

BANAWALI
• haryana
• ON BANKS OF GHAGGAR-HAKRA
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KALIBANGAN-BLACK BANGLES(BURNT)
• RAJASTHAN
• ON BANKS OF GHAGGAR-HAKRA
• PLOUGHED LAND- G¼ÀĪÉÄ ªÀiÁrzÀ ¨sÀÆ«Ä
• FIRE ALTAR
• TILES FOR FLOORING- CAZÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ £É®PÉÌ
• ¸ÀÄlÖ EnÖUÉ §¼À¹®è
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RAKHIGARHI
• 1997
• HARYANA
• amarendra nath
• LARGEST SITE OF IVC- Cw zÉÆqÀØ £ÀUÀgÀ/
• ENDANGERED SITE- C½«£ÀAa£À°ègÀĪÀ vÁt
• global heritage fund- eÁUÀwPÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉ ¤¢ü
• discovered by AMARENDRA NATH

• SMALLEST: ALLAHDINO-PAK
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RIVER BANKS AND EXCAVATORS

• Manda- J&K-Chenab-J.P.JOSHI
• Banawali- HR-Rangoi/saraswathi-R.S.BIST
• Ropar – PJ-Sutlej-Y.D.SHARMA
• Alamgirpur-UP-Hindan-Y.D.SHARMA
• Dholavira-GJ-Manhar and Mandasar
• Rangpur-GJ-Bhadar-M.S.VATSA & S.R.RAO
• Surkotada-GJ-Sabarmati-J.P.JOSHI
• Kuntasi-GJ-Phulki-
• Suktagendor-pak –Dashak-GEORGE DALES
• Amri –pak-Indus-N.G.MAJUMDAR
• Kot-Diji-pak-Indus-GHUREY & FAZAL AHMED
115
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WHO OPINED THAT INDUS VALLEY CITIES RECEIVED GOLD FROM KOLAR
AND HATTI GOLD MINES..?- 2020

A. S.R.RAO
B. A.SUNDARA
C. D.D.KOSAMBI
D. B.R.GOPAL

üANSWER:A
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THANK YOU