UNIT-4

SECTIONS OF SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

1. Explain the important of the section of solids.

In the orthographic projection, the invisible and interior details of an object are usually
represented by dotted lines. When these dotted lines are numerous, it is difficult
to interpret the drawing and it becomes almost impossible to read to it clearly.
To overcome his difficulty, it is imagined that the object is being cut through completely
or partially by a plane called cutting or section plane. This is the importance of the
chapter section of solids.
2. What is meant by sections of solids? .
Solids, which are cut by the section planes to visualize the internal constructional
details of the invisible features, are known as sections of the solids.
3. What is a section (cutting) plane?
It is an imaginary plane, which is assumed to cut the object as required is called
cutting plane or sectional plane. Sectional plane is perpendicular to one of the reference
planes.
4. Define a section and sectional view?
SECTION: The surface produced when a section plane cuts a solid is termed as
section.
SECTIONAL VIEW: The drawing showing that part of the object, which is in between,
the plane of projection and section plane is called sectional view. Ex: sectional top view,
sectional front view etc.
5. What is an apparent section?
The projection of the cut section on the plane to which the cutting plane is inclined to
be the apparent section.
6. How can you get true shape of a section?
We can get the true shape of a section by projecting the section on a (Auxiliary)
plane, which is parallel to the section plane.
7. Why solids are sectioned?
Solids are sectioned to visualize the internal constructional details of invisible features.
8. A solid cylinder is standing vertical on HP. How is it to be cut to obtain ellipse as
true shape of the section?
It is to be cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP.
9. A cone of base diameter 30mm and height 60mm is cut by a plane parallel to its
base and bisecting the axis. What is the true shape of the section?
The true shape of the section is a circle of radius 15mm.
10. What are the positions of the cutting plane to obtain ellipse, parabola and hyperbola as
the true shape of the section?
Ellipse – Cutting plane perpendicular to VP and inclined to HP
Parabola – Cutting plane is parallel to its generator
Hyperbola – Cutting plane makes small inclination with the axis
11. How is a section view represented in an engineering drawing? A section view is
usually indicated by cross hatching or shading in the cut portion, making it distinct from
the external surfaces of the object..
12. In what industries or fields are section views frequently used?
 Section views are commonly used in mechanical engineering, architecture,
manufacturing, and any field where detailed visualization of internal structures of
objects is essential for design and construction purposes.
13. What distinguishes the process of obtaining sections from prisms versus
pyramids?
Prisms have identical parallel ends, simplifying sectioning. Pyramids have a unique
shape, making their sectioning more complex due to their triangular faces.
14. The base diameter of the cone is equal to its slant height. What is the shape of it’s
development?
The development of a cone is a semi circle of radius equal to the diameter / slant height
of the cone.
15. What is meant by the development of a solid?
When all the surfaces of a sold are stretched out on a single surface, the resulting figure
is known as the development of the solid. The development shows the true shape of all
the surfaces of the sold.
16. Define the term. Stretch out line.
Stretch out lines are two parallel lines drawn from the front view of the object and
separated by a distance equal to the height of the object being developed. Length of the
stretch out line is equal to perimeter of the solid.
17. What are the methods of development?
a) Parallel line method b) Radial line method
c) Triangulation method d) Approximate method
18. Write the applications of Development of surfaces.
Development of surfaces finds applications in the sheet metal work for making
hoppers, boilers, funnels, various ducts, chimneys, ventilating pipes etc., major
industries like ship building, automobile and air craft.
19. What types of solid can be accurately developed?
Solids like prisms, pyramids cylinders and cones can be accurately developed in a
single plane.
20. In development, we have to take all the dimensions are true lengths, Why?
Developments are used to make objects of required size and shape. Hence, true
lengths are employed in drawing the development. In a development all the lines are
of true length.
21. Describe the parallel lines method used in development of a solid.
Parallel lines method: This method is used for cubes, prisms and cylinders. In
this method, two parallel lines, separated by a distance equal to height of the object
are drawn just by the side of the elevation. These two lines are called stretch out
lines and they have their true shape and size, and length equal to the perimeter
of the sold. The lateral surfaces of the solid are shown in their true shape and
size between these stretch out lines.
22. Describe the radial lines method used in development of a solid.
Radial line method: Radial line method is adopted for pyramids and cones. An
arc is drawn with the true length of the slant edge of the pyramid or the length
of the extreme generator of the cone is radius and the apex as center. The development
is completed on this arc.
23. What is the development of the lateral surface of a cylinder? What are the
dimensions of the development?
The development of cylinder is a rectangle of length equal to circumference of the circle
and the height equal to the height of the cylinder.
24. What will be the development of lateral surface of a cone?
 The development of lateral surface of a cone will be a sector.
25. How is the sphere developed?
Since the surface of sphere cannot be developed in a single plane, approximate
method is employed for developing the same. In this method, a sphere is divided
into a number of zones or lunes and accordingly the method is termed as Zone
method or Lune method
UNIT-5
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

1. What is an isometric projection?

It is one type of pictorial projection in which the three dimensions of a solid are shown
in one view only and also the actual sizes can be measured directly from this
view.
2. Define Isometric scale.
It is necessary to convert true lengths into isometric lengths before drawing the
isometric projection. Such a scale wherein isometric lengths corresponding to true
lengths are available is called isometric scale.
3. State the ratio of isometric length of surfaces.
Isometric Length Ratio = Isometric length / True length = 0.815
4. State the different methods of drawing the isometric projection.
(a) Box method (b) offset or co-ordinate method.
5. When do you use Box method in isometric projection?
Box method is used for solids like cube and prism
6. What is the isometric projection of a sphere?
The isometric projection of a sphere is a circle of true radius.
7. Distinguish between isometric view and isometric projection.
The picture drawn with true length is called isometric view or isometric drawing.
Picture drawn with isometric lengths (reduced length) is called isometric projection.
8. What are non-isometric planes?
Non-isometric plane is any plane that is not parallel to nay of the three isometric
planes.
9. List the uses of Isometric projections.
Isometric drawings are extensively used in preparing advertisement hoarding,
catalogues of products like instruments, furniture and meters. Piping networks and
diagrams are shown pictorially by using isometric projection. Day to day technical
discussions in industries, workshops etc.
10. Define isometric axes.
The three principal lines making 120˚with each other, one of them being a vertical line
are called isometric axes.
11. What is a pictorial drawing?
Pictorial drawing is a single view of an object that shows all the three dimensions
of the object.
12. What are the uses of pictorial drawings?
These are used to convey specific information to persons who cannot visualize
an object from orthographic views and they are used to complicated structures
such as aircraft, rocket cell etc.
13. What are some limitations of Isometric Projection?
It can distort the actual appearance of objects, making it less suitable for realistic artistic
representations that require accurate perspective and depth.
14. What is perspective projection in engineering drawing?
 Perspective projection is a method used to represent three-dimensional objects on a
two-dimensional surface, creating the illusion of depth and distance.
15. What are the types of perspective projections?
Common types include one-point perspective, two-point perspective, and three-point
perspective.
16. Compare Isometric Projection and Perspective Projection.
(i) Both give pictorial drawings.
(ii) Perspective projections give photographic views and are therefore more realistic
than Isometric Projections.
(iii) Isometric Projection is more suitable for small objects and Perspective Projection
for large objects.
17. List the factors influencing the size and position of Perspective Projection.
a. Position of the object, b. Height of the eye above the ground plane,
c. Distance of the eye from the picture plane.
18. When will the size of the perspective be greater than that of the object?
When the object is positioned in front of the Picture Plane, the size of the perspective
will be greater than that of the object.
19. What is the significance of the horizon line in perspective projection?
The horizon line represents the viewer's eye level and is where the sky appears to meet
the ground or other elements in the scene.
20. Name the different types of vanishing point method of drawing perspective
projection.
Single Point Perspective, Double Point Perspective and Three Point Perspective
21. What is the Visual Ray Method?
The Visual Ray Method is a technique used in perspective drawing to determine the
placement of objects and their sizes in a scene by tracing sightlines from the viewer's
eye through points on the object to the picture plane.
22. What is foreshortening in perspective projection?
Foreshortening is the visual effect that shortens objects or lines in the distance, making
them appear smaller or compressed in the drawing.
23. How does the Visual Ray Method work?
It involves establishing a line of sight (visual ray) from the viewer's eye through specific
points on the object being drawn to where they intersect the picture plane.
24. What is the significance of the visual ray in this method?
The visual ray represents the line of sight or the path along which the observer views
the object. It determines how the object appears in the drawing.
25. What role does perspective projection play in animation and game design?
It allows animators and game designers to create immersive environments and
characters by portraying depth and realism.