INTRODUCTION TO THEORY

THEORY
First 16th to 17th century

 sight or spectacle
watching, seeing,
observing
Sir Isaac Newton was observing the apples falling
to the ground in 1666 which lead him to study
the universal gravity.
 THEORY
Second phase 17th century

 speculation, projected
idea, linked to a
perception
He thought of the force of gravity
on earth is affecting all objects on
earth
 THEORY
Third phase phase 17th century

schemes of ideas, process

Newton used his mathematical description
of gravity to prove Kepler's laws of planetary motion,
account for tides, the trajectories of comets,
the precession of the equinoxes and other
phenomena, eradicating doubt about the Solar
System's heliocentricity.
THEORY
Third phase 17th century

explanatory schemes,
systematic explanation
Of practice,
implies meanings
and ideas

HyperPhysics Concepts mwit.ac.th

 THEORY
Historical development of theory definitions
oFirst 16th to 17th --------------------------- sight or spectacle as in watching of seeing something as in
observation

oSecond 17th century-----------------------speculation, projected idea, linked to a perception

oThird 17th century--------------------------schemes of ideas, process
oFourth middle of 17th century ----------explanatory scheme, or a systematic explanation of practice,
implies meanings and ideas
Theory
o simple observation becomes
omore intricate in its activities
o includes:
1. speculating,
2. processing of ideas and
3. systematic explanation of things being observed.
Once these stages are processed, theory connects how things are or may be explained
Theory today is defined in many ways:
oas a doctrine
oas a doctrine or ideology speaks of how things should be providing set of principles. Theory as seen
as a model or a system held ideal.

oas explanatory scheme

oas explanatory schemes describe things found in this world. Theory is viewed as an account of
reality that seeks to capture the tangible conditions.
o“In theory, this should work” in reference to an ideal condition but not sure about its outcomes.

o“I have a theory about that” describing a view of something that explains a condition or event
THEORY AND PRACTICE
oThe two are compatible.
oTheory is ideally proposed
oPractice is action
Aristotle’s distinctions about actions:
Theoria-activity of contemplating aimed to establish knowledge
Poiesis-poetic or artful making with the goal of producing
Praxis –as the mode of making in which theory informs the work and lead to action
Theory today is seen as “ a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedures
devised to analyze, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of specified set of phenomena” (
Venturi 1966 C0mplxity and Contradiction p.13)
Theory is
“the activity of contemplating, of inquiry, and of seeking to
understand
MEDIEVAL
•Architectural knowledge was passed by transcription, word of mouth and
technically in master builders' lodges.
•Only a few examples of architectural theory were written in this period.
•Most works were theological, and were transcriptions of the bible, so the
architectural theories were the notes on structures included in those.
•The Abbot Suger's Book of St Denis on What was done during his
Administration was an architectural document that emerged with gothic
architecture.
•Another was Villard de Honnecourt's portfolio of drawings from about the
1230s.
 The Book of Suger – Abbot of St. Denis

"The dull mind rises to truth through that which is material." -Abbot Suger
The birth of Gothic
Suger's great ambition led to the thorough remodelling of the Abbey Church of
Saint-Denis, thus making his name synonymous with the beginning of Gothic art
and architecture in France.

In this book Suger details what was accomplished during his administration
Abbot Suger's philosophy known as "the upward leading
method." influenced the design
 And The "Smaller Lights" (The
People)

Suger Believed That The Universe

Consists Of The "Father Of Lights"
(God)
Suger's rebuilding of the church exemplifies the desire to get closer to this "one true
light" in his use of heightened architecture as well as by his passion for light in the
church.
 The symbolism of churches and church ornaments –
Translated by William Durandus

The paragon of Christian symbolism should be viewed as much more than an

aesthetically pleasing example.
Through the surpassing beauty of Gothic architecture God was vividly displaying
a liturgical and theological principle.
The unrivalled symbolic beauty of the Medieval Church was providentially
intended as a timeless principle illustrating how sacramental signs and
instruments convey the grace of God.
LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI
Leon Battista Alberti was born on February
14,1404 and eventually died on April 20,1472.
renaissance architecture
• an architect, poet,
• linguist, humanist author, philosopher and also a priest.
• epitome of a renaissance man.
• father was Lorenzo Alberti whose family was wealthy and had been involved
in banking and commercial business in Florence during the 14th century.
• In fact the success of the city of Florence during this period was to a large
extent a consequence of the Alberti family.
• Received My Mathematical Education Father, Lorenzo Alberti.
• Continued My Studies To The University Of Bologna Studied Law.
• The Most Important Art Theorist Of The Early Renaissance.
• can be compared to that of Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo. however this two lived on a later time and
eventually were able to built on my basic ideas.
• this success was due to three most influential art treaties of the
renaissance time
1. Della Statua, statue
2. della Pittura, painting and
3. De Re Aedificatoria, architecture.
one of my masterpiece as an author is my book Della Pittura which means on painting.
it is generally accepted by art historians of the renaissance as being the most important
book on painting ever written.
• Between 1434 And 1436 In Florence, interest In Visual Arts Become First Apparent.
• Wrote De Statua Meaning On Sculpture
• Recommend The Sculptor To Be Guided By Both Observation Of Nature And Academic
Studies, So That They Will Be Educated About Proportion Treatise.
• codified the basics of geometry so that eventually it will be mathematically coherent.
• this is the same book that Leonardo da Vinci made great use of in making his own art
treatise on painting using the same terms and ideas and even same phrases.
• De re Aedifictoria have ten chapters.
• In this book discussed lucid theory of architectural beauty
• depends on the harmonic relationship between certain fixed proportions
mitigated by ornamental forms.
It covered a wide range of subjects, from history to town planning, and
engineering to the philosophy of beauty.
It became a bible of Renaissance architecture, for it incorporated and made
advances upon the engineering knowledge of antiquity, and it grounded the
stylistic principles of classical art in a fully developed aesthetic theory of
proportionality and harmony
BOOK 1 Lineaments (plan)
He examines from the point of view of utility the parts that make up every
building, and which must therefore be considered at the very beginning of
architecture. These are the surroundings, the ground on which the building is to
be erected, the ground plans, walls, the roof and openings.
Book Two: Materials
•Treating of materials
•Treating of nature
•Budgeting and provision of material
•Choosing correct material
•Preserving trees
•How to choose wood
•Summary of trees
•Stone – softest, hardest, best and durable
•Stones left by the ancients
•Use of bricks – shape, size
•Use of lime and plaster of paris
•Three different kinds of sand and various materials used in different places
•Observation of times and seasons to start a building
Book Three: Construction
This goes in to structural theory dealing with matters that relate to the firmness
of a building
Book Four: Public Works
•Diversity of buildings of public nature
•Region, place and conveniences and inconveniences of a situation of a city.
•Beginnings of a city – forms and fortification – customs and ceremonies
observed by ancients
•Walls, battlement towers and gates
•Proportion, fashion & construction as per military ways and private ways
•Bridges – both wood and stone
•Drains and sewers
•Making of city squares
Book Five: Works of Individuals
•Concentrated on general and specialized types of buildings as per utility value
Book Six - Book Nine – Ornament: Ornament to Sacred Buildings,
Ornament to Public Secular Buildings, Ornament to Private
Buildings
•This discusses about the unity Alberti classified as beauty. It is only now that he
talks about architecture as a “beautiful art”. He relates that to what is
appropriate in terms of the hierarchy of the building.
Temple was taken as the measure of
all things
It is the source of all building
elements that could appropriately
used in all other buildings – Example:
various columns and their
components

Alberti explains the laws by which

the correct number of parts, their
proportions and their rhythm merge
appropriately to form a beautiful
piece of architecture

Detailing the Ionic Order

Working
Working
out proportions
out proportions

Working out Details The perfect Detail for a Door Way

Ideal Floor Plans for religious Buildings as
per Alberti
In his survey of desirable floor plans for sacred buildings— "temples", Alberti begins with the
ideal form of the circle, which is expressed in numerous examples of Nature.
Nine ideal centrally-planned geometrical shapes are recommended for churches
Besides the circle he lists the square, the hexagon, octagon, decagon and dodecagon, all
derived from the circle
derived from the square, rectangles that exhibit the square and a half, square and a third and
double square
 Church Plan

Chapels add small geometric

figures to the basic circles and
polygons to give a great variety
of floor plans, in which each
geometrical figure retains its
clear unity and simple ratios
that bind all elements of the
plans and elevations into a
harmonic unity.
A colonnade using
Doric, Ionic &
Corinthian orders
Book Ten: Restoration of Buildings
This deals with techniques of preserving existing buildings

Defects and which can be corrected and which cannot. Water – importance and effects,
warmer & cooler climates, treating insect attack, etc.
• the basilica of Santa Maria Novella which is located in Florence Italy.
• chronologically, it is the first great basilica of Florence. it is also the city’s principal
Dominican church.
• another one of my works is the Palazzo Rucellai.
• it is also located in Florence Italy.
• it is a 15th century palatial townhouse.
• the townhouse is three story high.
• one of the architect of the old St. Peter’s basilica.
• this is what the old saint peter’s basilica looks like. it is much
more simple compared to the saint peter’s basilica that we see
today.
• beauty is the adjustment of all parts proportionately so that one
cannot add or subtract without impairing the harmony of the
whole.
ANDREA PALLADIO
Andrea Palladio (1508 – 1580) is an Italian Renaissance architect of the
Mannerist period who is widely considered as the most influential
individual in the history of Western architecture.

Palladian architecture became a European style of architecture which is

derived from the designs of Palladio.

The term "Palladian" normally refers to buildings in a style inspired by

Palladio's own work
Palladio's work based on the
1. symmetry,
2. perspective and
3. values of the formal classical temple
architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
Palladian architecture became popular in Northern
European countries and North America, mainly as a
“style” for villa design.
The style which was popular throughout the 19th
and early 20th (Neo-Classical) centuries was
frequently employed in the design of public and
municipal buildings.

Villa Rotunda, Vicenza, Italy

•Palladio’s famous treatise “The Four Books of
Architecture” (I Quattro libri dell architettura)
published in 1570 describes the principles behind
his architecture, which was used for
“Palladianism” or Palladian inspired classicism.

•The Four Books of Architecture provided

systematic rules and plans for buildings which
were creative and unique.
•Palladio illustrated the treatise with his very own
projects
PALLADIAN WINDOW DETAIL REVIVAL OF PALLADIAN WINDOW DETAIL
Chiswick House by William Kent
LACOMO BAROZZI
VIGNOLA
Iacomo Barozzi da Vignola (1507 – 1573) was one of the great
Italian architects of 16th century Mannerism.
“The five orders of architecture” (Regola delli cinque ordini
d’architettura) first published 1562 in Rome, is one of the most
successful architectural text books ever written.
The focus was not on studying classical monuments, but on their
interpretation.
•The book presented Vignola's practical
system for constructing columns in the
five classical orders (Tuscan, Doric,
Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite)
utilizing proportions which Vignola
derived from his own measurements of
classical Roman monuments.

•The clarity and ease of use of Vignola's

treatise caused it to become in
succeeding centuries the most
published book in architectural history.
 The articles on each of the orders are divided into five
sections.

◦The colonnade
◦Arcade
◦Arcade with pedestal
◦Individual pedestal and base forms
◦Individual capital and entablature forms
 CORNICE AND THE CAPITAL OF TUSCAN
COLONNADE IN TUSCAN ORDER
ORDER
ARCADE IN THE DORIC ORDER PEDESTAL IN THE DORIC ORDER
•Vignola’s goal was to develop a set of rules for proportions that can
be understood by “average minds”.
•As per Vignola, The rule that had been handed down from classical
architecture – the height of a column of any order was proportional
to the diameter of the order – often resulted in irrational numbers.
•Vignola came up with an easier method to calculate the
proportions by starting from the total dimensions of a building.
Based on his practical work, he laid down the ratio of
pedestal: column: entablature = 4:12:3

Thus the total height of an order = 19 sections or 15 if no pedestal.

To differentiate between various column orders, the thickness of

the column should be established as a fraction of the column height
and he developed a module system for different orders based on
the radius of the bottom of the column.
Vignola developed formulas for calculating various parts in order to simplify this
method.
However, he himself did not regard his theories as binding since only a few of his
completed projects observed these instructions.
Villa Giulia for Pope Julius III, in Rome
The first church to have an oval dome,
which became a signature of the
Baroque.
 19th CENTURY
ARCHITECTURE
An architectural style the style prevailing in a particular time influenced by:

• elements like form

• method of construction,
• Materials
• Vernacular characteristics
• Existed according to time
• Based on architectural influences like change in
• Religion
• Culture
• Technology
• political
MODERN ARHITECTURE
.

HISTORY: CHARACTERISTICS:
Roots can be traced to the 1893 Chicago > form over ornament
World’s Fair > appreciation of materials
> cutting-edge buildings > structure instead of idyllic revival constructions
> cemented the United States’ role as a > methodical use of space
world leader in art, architecture, and > clean lines lacking ornament
technology > emphasis on low, horizontal massing with
horizontal planes and broad roof overhangs
DIFFERENT STYLES [1930-1970] > generous use of glass to allow natural light into
> International open, flowing floorpans
> Expressionist > well-defined rectangular forms
> Brutalist
> New Formalist MATERIALS USED:
> Googie Movements > wood
> brick
> stone
19th Century Modern Architecture
Reasons why modern architecture evolved
1. The departure of the style from pure classical
details to restricted interpretations of classical
elements as seen in the revivals to loose, free
interpretation of ornaments and details as seen in
art nouveau and art deco
2. New materials, method of construction,
technology-steel, reinforced concrete, elevators
The effect of Industrial Revolution where building
materials were fabricated and mass produced. The
momentum of the era focused on the innovation,
development and mass production of products
3. Demand for new building forms to house new
activities of people-factories, railway stations, World Exhibition –Hyde Park, London 1851
warehouse John Paxton, architect
Eiffel Tower, landmark that is also a
technological masterpiece for the
International Exposition of 1889 to
celebrate the centenary of the French
Revolution.

Gustave Eiffel, a bridge engineer, won the

completion. His design consisted of open
latticed wrought iron. The tower served as
a gateway to the Exposition.
PILLARS OF EARLY MODERN ARCHITECTURE

1. LOUIS SULLIVAN
2. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
PILLARS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
1. PHILIP JOHNSON
2. LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE
3. LE CORBUSIER
4. WALTER GROPIUS
20 Century “ism’s
Classicism / Neo-Classicism
e Neoclassical, or "new" classical, architecture describes
buildings that are inspired by the classical architecture of
ancient Greece and Rome.
e Neoclassicism is a trend, or approach to design, that can
describe several very different styles.
 Howard Building — Downing College,
Cambridge - 1987

DUFOURS PLACE ERITH & TERRY ARCHITECTS

1984
Quinlan Terry, Richmond Development,
London - 1989
A Neoclassical building is likely to have some (but
not necessarily all) of these features:

Symmetrical shape
Tall columns that rise the full height of the building
Triangular pediment
Domed roof
 Types of Neoclassical Buil|
e Temple: features a design based on an ancient temple. Many temple style
buildings feature a peristyle (a continuous line of columns around a building).

e Palladian: Andrea Palladio was an Italian architect who admired ancient

Roman architecture. His influence is still seen today and he is the best known
neo-classical architect in the western world. A well known Palladian detail is a
large window consisting of a central arched section flanked by two narrow
rectangular sections.

e Classical block: features a vast rectangular (or square) plan, with a flat roof
and an exterior rich in classical detail. The exterior is divided into multiple
levels, each of which features a repeated classical pattern, often a series of
arches and/or columns. The overall impression of such a building is an
enormous, classically-decorated rectangular block.
 Modernism
e Modernist architecture emphasizes function. It attempts to provide f
specific needs.
° Instead of viewing a building as a heavy mass made of ponderous
materials, the leading innovators of modern architecture considered i
as a volume of space enclosed by light, thin curtain walls and resting
slender piers.
e The visual aesthetic of modern architecture was largely inspired by th
machine and by abstract painting and sculpture.
Modern architecture is usually
characterized by:

>» an adoption of the principle that the materials and

functional requirements determine the result
» an adoption of the machine aesthetic
>» an emphasis of horizontal and vertical lines
>» acreation of ornament using the structure and theme
of the building, or a rejection of ornamentation.
>» asimplification of form and elimination of "unnecessa
detail"
» an adoption of expressed structure
» Form follows function
 Larking Building, Buffalo - 1906

Metma Building — New York

1963
 Brutalism
° Rugged reinforced concrete construction, lead to an
approach popularly known as Brutalism.
Common features include:
Precast concrete slabs
PWN Pp

Rough, unfinished surfaces

Exposed steel beams
Massive, sculptural shapes
Brutalism
e Style developed to question the use of classical in the 1940s.
° From Swedish term nybrutalism (new brutalism)
e Style was first used by British architects Alison and Smithson
° In 1955 an essay written by Reyner Banham made the style
known
e Movements like Le Corbusier describe the material beton brut
or raw concrete followed by Louis Kahn, Alvar Aalto and van
der Rohe

e Style more applied to low cost housing, civic buildings,

institutional
e Utilitarian, social style
» Architects such as Louis Kahn, Paul Rudolph, Marcel
Breuer, I.M. Pei and others would respond to the "light" glass
curtain walls advocated by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, by
creating architecture with an emphasis on more substantial
materials, such as concrete and brick, and creating works with
a "monumental" quality. "Brutalism" is a term derived from
the use of "Béton Brut" ("raw concrete"), unadorned, often
with the mold marks remaining, though as a stylistic tendency,
Brutalism would ultimately be applied more broadly to
include the use of other materials in a similar fashion, such as
brickwork. The term was first used in architecture by Le
Corbusier.
The Paulo Mendes da Rocha
Weldon Library, London
Residence in Sao Paulo, Brazil
Functionalism

» Followed the saying that form ever follows function.

» Functionalist architects design utilitarian structures i
which the interior program dictates the outward for
without regard to such traditional devices as axial
symmetry and classical proportions.
» The implication is that if the functional aspects are
satisfied, architectural beauty would naturally and
necessarily follow.
>» The common belief among functionalist architects is
that ornament serves no function.
 5
oe

Van Nelle factory- Roterdam

A series of glass encased walkways linked the

buildings and the circular viewing room at the to
of the factory which housed the canteen

The Tower of Helsinki

Olympic stadium
 i vs a ‘<
_ 113 ifig

cy
. } =

| Pye) tpedges &

-

Salter
i a. a”
: winner
ie Howe
ps /
oe
ow
/ noe
eae Pc ee
ee 1A
cade

i 3: ai, rN
Internationalism
e Architectural style that developed in Europe and the U.S. in the
1920s and '30s and dominated Western architecture in the mid
20th century.
e The style's most common characteristics are rectilinear forms, ope
interior spaces, large expanses of glass, steel, and reinforced-
concrete construction, and light, taut plane surfaces devoid of
applied ornamentation.
ZS LPO”
“Ly For

pr rH Pret prentyetet teat)

(et ee TT rt) en
Trae SETS eh Caen et)
ea) =
ie TSCA Setit hat ittih
ELE LE merrill tht tt
Mie) | DET tb Lb
eh ELL de |
WGPE 2SaE2 ’
i
Villa Savoye, Poissy, France

Seagram Building, New York

Minimalism
e Modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe paved the way
for Minimalism when he said, "Less is more."
e Minimalist architects drew much of their inspiration from the
elegant simplicity of traditional Japanese architecture.
° Valuing simplicity and abstraction, Minimalist architects used
only straight lines and rectangular shapes.
Hallmarks of Minimalism include:

° Buildings are stripped of all but the most essential elements

° Emphasis is placed on the outline, or frame, of the structure
° Interior walls are eliminated
e Floor plans are open
° Lighting is used to dramatize lines and planes
e The negative spaces around the structure are part of the overall
design
 Barcelona Pavilion — by Mies van der
Rohe

Casa de Luis Barragan, - the home and

studio of Mexican architect Luis
Barragan.

This building is a classic example of the

use of texture, bright colors, and diffused
light.
FUTURISM
Futurist architecture early-20th century eM | i
form of architecture in Italy
anti-historicism,
strong chromaticism, long dynamic lines, : j ] rn (\ \f
suggesting speed, motion, urgency and Ab
lyricism:
it was part of the Futurism, an artistic
movement founded by the poet Filippo 7
Tommaso Marinetti, who produced its first
manifesto, the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909.
A cult of the machine age and even a
glorification of war and violence were p 1
among the themes of the Futurists (several / #7] | %,
prominent futurists were killed after | eel LAN |
volunteering to fight in World War I). The 2a WAN
latter group included the architect Antonio rN Ht I I ra A
Sant’Elia, who, though building little,
translated the futurist vision into an urban
form!
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Constructivist architecture modern
architecture in the Soviet Union in the 1920s
and early 1930s.

Following the 1917 revolutions in Russia, the

societal upheaval and change was coupled with
a desire for a new aesthetic, one more in
keeping with the Communist philosophy and
societal goals of the new state, in contrast to the
ornate Neoclassicism that had prevailed prior.
This resulted in a new style, Constructivism.
Konstantin Melnikov, a Russian Constructivist
architect, designed theMelnikov House (1927-
29) near Arbat Street in Moscow.

It combined advanced technology and

engineering with an avowedly Communist Rusakov club by Konstantin Melnikov
social purpose..
The Monument is generally
considered to be the defining
expression of architectural
constructivism rather than a
buildable project

Tatlin’s Constructivist tower was to be

built from industrial materials: iron, glass
and steel. In materials, shape, and function,
it was envisaged as a towering symbol
of modernity. It would have dwarfed
the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The tower's main
form was a twin helix which spiraled up to
400 m in height," around which visitors
would be transported with the aid of
various mechanical devices

Tatlin's Tower
 vA » 7 { 2

fh. ee | Ss
Fl} ey y, ms
uf YY e ey
oe.
, hb qv a
’ rk r 3
J oe, | !

eee
toe em, . J

i eet
: te Bee
Be y jf

~ fy r ao 4 ee
ve

ma SG ir T
I
buy 4 ane
tiene| i
Lu "
PS me Pha:
mie? | i
Ra ash tt eS alee >
Rh VR sas tay ++ oe
te om FM td, 4s, ;
& ay ; | hie mtiet
ik “tii st
®
Pr = aa
y tts $
4+ |

The Narkomtiazhprom (NKTP, : HapkoMTs:kIIpomM) was

a architectural contest for the
, to be constructed in , . Notable entrants included
? 2 and
Expressionism
was an architectural movement that
developed in Northern Europe during the first
decades of the 20th century in parallel with the
expressionist visual and performing arts.
Characteristics:
* early-modernist adoption of novel
materials,
¢ formal innovation, and very unusual
massing, sometimes inspired by natural
biomorphic forms, sometimes by the new
technical possibilities offered by the mass
production of brick, steel and especially
glass

Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built

from 1926 near Basel, Switzerland and the in
Potsdam, Germany.
As the International Style took hold, others
architects reacted to or strayed from its the
purely functionalist forms, while at the
same time retaining highly modernist
characteristics. Eero Saarinen,, Alvar
Aalto and Oscar Niemeyer were three of
the most prolific architects and designers
in this movement, which has influenced
contemporary modernism.

TWA Airport ,John F. Kennedy Airport by Eero

Saarinen ,1962
Caalatrava’s City of Arts andSciences
Calatrava’s Lyon-Saint Exupery Airport Turning Turrso
 Sydney Opera House

The Sydney Opera House, the

most iconic structure of sydne
this is a multi venue performi
arts centre adjacent, to the CB
and the botanic gardens and n
the harbor bridge, the facility
features a modern expressioni
§ design with a series of large p
me cast concrete, most commonly
known as “shells” it design
process started at 1950’s and
construction was finished and
structure opened at 1972
OM her cd Smet RAL
Post Modernism
e Post Modernism rose out of general worldwide loss of
confidence in the international Modern Movement and a
realization of its inadequacies such as lack of historical
reference that could provide a feeling of continuity.
e Post Modernism has been described as theatrical and said to
be trying to create instant or neo-history.
 | a an jak mi peek
Mam INR
cae ina im
Wes ami mt

pee Sean feet tem a |

Staatsgalerie Extension,
Stuttgart — by James
Stirling
AT & T Headquarters/Sony Bldg., New York
By Philip Johnson
Deconstructivism
» “Pure form has been contaminated transforming
architecture in to an agent of instability, disharmony
and conflict”
» seeks to arrive at new forms of expression by turnin
away from structural restraints and functional and
thematic hierarchies, and toward often
nonrectangular, fantastic, and seemingly disjointed
designs.
» Deconstructivism tends to produce a sense of
dislocation both within the forms of projects and
between the forms and their contexts.
Dancing House, Prague Seattle Centre
Parc de la Villette, Paris

By Bernard Tschumi
Eero saarinen
Modern architect, expressionist
e Finnish American architect and industrial designer of the 20th
century famous for varying his style according to the demands
of the project: simple, sweeping, arching structural curves or
machine-like rationalism.
e International Style and Expressionism
¢ Much of his work shows a relation to sculpture.
EERO SAARINEN
° Born on August 20, 1910 in Finland
¢ Son of Eliel and Loja Saarinen
° Devotion to quality and professionalism
e “Next largest context “, man of vision
e Matchstick design contest (Chicago Tribune Tower)
° In 1923 they moved to the United States. Eero became a
naturalized citizen.
° sculpture as his art of choice
FURNITURE WORKS

£ = _~ — THE TULIP

|
=— i
———
Office of Strategic Services
(OSS)
° He was assigned to draw illustrations for bomb disassembly
manuals and to provide designs for the Situation Room in the
White House. Saarinen worked full time for the OSS until
1944.

After his father's death ,Saarinen founded his own architect's

office, "Eero Saarinen and Associates’.
Gateway Arch in St. Louis
Location
St. Louis, Missouri
Date
1947 competition, construction
1961 to 1966
Building Type
memorial arch, monument, observation tower
Construction System
Stainless steel
Style
Structural Expressionist Modern

Arched gateway to the historical American West, on the bank of the

Mississippi River. A 630 foot high graceful sweeping tapered curve of
stainless steel, the St. Louis Gateway Arch is the tallest memorial in
the US.
Kresge Auditorium and chapel
at MIT
TWA terminal at Kennedy
International Airport
aa
CROW ISLAND SCHOOL

WON TWENTY-FIVE YEAR AWRD

 PRIMARY SCHOOL

a41 hem i] [|
YEARpe YEAR
fel fe
nel boLe c —
7 Sent

oe

ant PRIMARY PLAY TERRACE |!

PLAY CROUND STAGE i
>
ASU) Par th po
INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL

=
oR RMON
SCALE Mi TEE cig VEAR ats tal ek

6m pe an os

BASEMENT MAAIN FLOOR

Yale Hockey Rink
Miller House in Columbus, Indiana

The home was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000

WASHINGTON DULLES
INTERATIONAL AIRPORT
OTHER WORKS
¢ General Motors Technical Center (1955, Warren, MI )
Hockey Rink, Yale University (1959, New Haven, CT )
US Embassy, Oslo (1959, Oslo, Sweden )
US Embassy, London (1961, London, England )
IBM Watson Research Center (1961, Yorktown, NY )
Dulles Airport (1962, Chantilly, VA )
TWA Terminal, Kennedy Airport (1962, New York City )
John Deere and Company Headquarters (1963, Moline, IL
CBS Building (1964, New York City )
Vivian Beaumont Theater, Lincoln Center (1965, New York City
)
Gateway Arch (1967, St. Louis, MO)
REPUTATION
° a winner of the AIA Gold Medal
° considered one of the masters of American 20th Century
architecture.
° known for his innovative use of materials and technology
Jorn
Utzon
Born in April 9 1918 in
Copenhagen, Denmark
Died in November 29,
2008 in Helsingor,
Denmark
First influence is his
father who is a Naval
Architect
His father’s name is
Aage Oberg Utzon.
Studied in the Royal
Academy of Fine Arts
 Work at Hakon Ahlberg’s
office
eHakon Ahlberg is responsible
for the restoration of the
Gripsholm Castle
Are Jacobsen Gripsholm Castle *Where he work alongside
Arne Jacobsen and Poul
Poul Henningsen Henningsen
 e After world war Il he
came back to
Copenhagen and later
flew to Finland to work
with Alvar Aalto.
¢ Utzon’s influences
include Frank Lloyd
a | Le Wright, Gunnar Asplund
alvar Aalto prank Lloyd Wright and Alvar Aalto himself.
Jorn Utzon visited the
following countries.
Each country Jorn Utzon
built a structure.
A famous building
constructed by Jorn
Utzon is the Sydney
Opera house found in
Australia.
 e First ever successful project
¢ Was completed in 1952
¢ Located in Svaneke on the
Danish Island of Bornholm.
¢ Shape of the tower is based
from old sea marks that were
used for assisting ships.
e Expressionism was used

Svaneke Water Tower

 ¢ Built in 2008 with the collaboration
of Kim Utzon his son
¢ Itis built with the objective of
understanding the works of Jorn
Utzon.
¢ It has dramatically curved roofs.
¢ Most of the rooms are well lit.
¢ The tent-like spaces reflects the
Utzon Center
times when Utzon visited the
middle east and the Mediterranea.
 ¢ Jorn Utzon’s own residence in which
it was completed in 1952.
¢ When he went back from his job in
Sweden he built and renovated his
old home.
¢ Along narrow one story building with
a flat roof.
Hellebaek House
¢ Southern facade consists solely of
windows for the living room to be
well lit.
¢ Living room is an open plan.
 ¢ Located in Sydney, Australia.
¢ Construction started in March 1,
1959
¢ Construction ended in 1973
e It was opened in October 20 1973.
¢ One of the most famous works of
Jorn Utzon.
Sydney Opera House ¢ A multi-venue for performing arts.
¢ One of the best examples of
Expressionism style.
 Peetetl

e Jorn Utzon uses Additive Architecture where he bases his

designs through the growth patterns in nature.

¢ His movement or architecture a“ iS —

‘A design can grow like a tree, if it grows
naturally, the architecture, will look after
itself.” — Jorn Utzon
 ~ Res Australian
Institute of

i
Architects
Royal Australian Institute
of Architects Gold Medal
was received in 1973

RIBA Royal Gold Medal

or the Royal Institute of
British Architects Gold
C.F. Hansen Medal Medal was received in
where he received in 1978
1967
 ‘THE
DAYLIGHT
AWARD
The Daylight and Building Component Award received in1980

Alvar Aalto Medal which was received in 1982

 Pritzker Architecture Prize is the final award of
Jorn Utzon which was received in 2003
Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement which
was received in 2000
 Jorn Utzon
The Architect's Universe

Additiv Arkitektur: Composes of how Jorn Utzon: The Achitect’s Universe:

Jorn Utzon uses Additive Architecture Comprises of some interviews of Jorn
and some structures that were built Utzon and also how the Sydney Opera
under it house came to be today
 Francoise Fromonot

— Jern Utzon
The Sydney Opera House

CAN LIS
Jorn Utzon’s House on Majorca
' ee j *VeVevrOVAsALoy

Sydney Opera House:

Utzon: Mallorca: This book
This book comprises on
how the Sydney Opera
contains on how and why the
Can Felize was built.
house was built.
References
Biography: J@rn Utzon. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.pritzkerprize.com/biography-jorn-
utzon

Architecture and design by Utzon Associates Architects. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://utzon.dk/

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.utzonphotos.com/philosophy/the-use-of-plateau-and-

element-in-utzons-works/
Jorn Utzon. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/presentation/205088987/Jorn-Utzon
References
Buy access to Guide to Utzon. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.utzonphotos.com/guide-to-
utzon/projects/elineberg-helsinborg/.

Buy access to Guide to Utzon. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.utzonphotos.com/guide-to-

utzon/projects/kingohusene-helsingor/.
Fredensborg Housing - Utzon architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://utzon.dk/portfolio-
item/fredensborg-housing/.
Reference
Buy access to Guide to Utzon. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.utzonphotos.com/guide-to-
utzon/projects/skagen-odden-nature-genter/.
am
 Dom-Ino House

Le Corbusier
Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris
Swiss-French architect
studied in Vienna
He travelled from 1907-1912
embarked on a more
theoretical study for a
structural frame of reinforced
concrete Le Corbusier called
the Maison Dom-ino Drawing of the Maison Dom-Ino
prefabricated system for the General information
construction of new housing in _ocation Unlocated
the wake of World War I's Completed 1914-15
destruction Design and construction
Architect Le Corbusier
l'Esprit Nouveau, founded in 1919 Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau
by Le Corbusier,

Modular dwelling block that can

be attached to form bigger
structure

Open plan
With kitchen and living areas on
ground floor
Bedroom and bathroom on
second floor
Brutalism characteristics
Minimalist
Exposed building materials and structural systems
Angular geometric shape
Monochrome
Unpainted brick or concrete
Other materials: steel, timber glass
FAMOUS WORKS
 International style: Villa Savoye
e Pierre and Emilie Savoye
e 1928-1931
“ye ¢ Shows the 5 points of
e design by Le Corbusier
Expressionist/brutalist style
Notre dame de haut
° Is a chapel that was also known as
Ronchamp
° Completed in 1954
° two entrances, a main altar, and three
chapels beneath towers.
° The structure is built mostly of concret
and stone, which was a remnant of the
original chapel built on the hilltop site
destroyed during World War Il.
e Example of expressionist style

Fond of using concrete and later coined th

beton brut which means raw concrete.
This gave rise to the style of brutalism
making raw concrete as the element of
design
Interior of Notre Dame
Brutalist architect
e Style developed to question the use of classical in the 1940s.
° From Swedish term nybrutalism (new brutalism)
e Style was first used by British architects Alison and Smithson
° In 1955 an essay written by Reyner Banham made the style
known
e Movements like Le Corbusier describe the material beton brut
or raw concrete followed by Louis Kahn, Alvar Aalto and van
der Rohe

e Style more applied to low cost housing, civic buildings,

institutional
° Utilitarian, social style
5 POINTS OF ARCHITECTURE

1. pillars supporting the structure, thus freeing the ground beneath

the building
2. aroof terrace, transformable into a garden and an essential par
of the house
3. anopen floor plan;
4. a facade free of ornamentation
5. windows in strips that affirm the independence of the structural
frame. The interior provides the typical spatial contrast between
open, split-level living space and the cell-like bedrooms.
Brutalist styles:
Buildings in Chandigarh

° Legislative assembly
TY ia) Ree
: _ :

ee) ins ilar

Punjab and Haryana High Court

 Secritariat Building
in
ee
WEE WE ME
wd
ric ;
A a it
Swiss Pavillion
° The Swiss Pavilion was
required to provide 50
beds, kitchens and
common toilets on each
floor, offices and housing
for the director, anda
common area to serve a
a dining room or living
room.
° 1930-1932
Villa Contemporaine
° Was built in 1922
e This is made for 3
million inhabitants
e built on steel frames
and encased in curtai
walls of glass
° skyscrapers were set
within large,
rectangular park-like
green spaces.
 It was in 1945 that Le Corbusier finally
closed the researches on proportion that
he had conducted for twenty years, and
which had won for him, ten years
previously, the degree of Dr. h.c. in
philosophy and mathematics of the
University of Zurich

*16+27/R)
oe
7
ye I Modulor
The Modulor is an anthropometric scale of proportions devised by the
Swiss-born French architect Le Corbusier (1887-1965). It was developed
as a visual bridge between two incompatible scales, the imperial and the
metric system. It is based on the height of a man with his arm raised
Philosophies
“For the first time perhaps, the pressing problems of architecture
were solved ina modern spirit. Economy, sociology, aesthetics: a
new solution using new methods.”

“through the channel of my painting, | arrived at my

architecture”
ityB's Le Corbusier > Awards

Royal Gold Medal

1953

AIA Gold Medal

1961

Legion of Honour
 “Architecture is reaching out for the tr

Louis Kahn
Biography
° Louis Isadore Kahn (born Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky)
born on February 20, 1901
Saarama, Estonia
Leopold and Bertha Kahn
Nationality: American
His family emigrated to the US in 1905
became a naturalized citizen in 1914
Esther Khan
Anne Tyng
Harriet Pattison
Awards: AIA Gold Medal (1971)
RIBA Gold Medal (1972)
died March 17, 1974 (aged 73)
Education
° 1912 starts high school where his talents for art and music are
recognized and he wins prizes and scholarships
° 1920 wins a scholarship to study architecture at the School of
Fine Arts, University of Philadelphia
° Graduated from the University of Pennsylvania (Beaux Art
school of architecture)
° 1928 embarks a two year tour of Europe visiting the UK,
Netherlands, Germany, Scandinavia, Estonia, Latvia,
Switzerland, Hungary, Austria, Italy and France
Personal Life
Kahn had three different
families with three different
women: his wife, Esther,
whom he married in
1930; Anne Tyng, who
began her working
collaboration and personal
relationship with Kahn in
1945; and Harriet Pattison.
When Tyng became i
pregnant in 1953, to mitigate &
the scandal she was sent =
away to Rome, Italy where
their daughter was born.
Style
° notable for its simple, platonic forms and compositions
e use of bricks and poured-in place concrete masonry
° contemporary and monumental architecture that maintained
sympathy for the site
° Influenced by ancient ruins, Kahn's style tends to the
monumental and monolithic; his heavy buildings do not hide
their weight, their materials, or the way they are assembled
Works
° Erdman Hall Dormitories, at Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, 1960 to
1965.
Esherick House, at Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, 1959 to 1961.
Exeter Library, at Exeter, New Hampshire, 1967 to 1972. * 3D
Model *
First Unitarian Church, at Rochester, New York, 1959 to 1967.
Institute of Public Administration, at Ahmedabad, India, 1963.
Kimbell Museum, at Fort Worth, Texas, 1967 to 1972.
National Assembly in Dacca, at Dacca, Bangladesh, 1962 to 1974.
Norman Fisher House, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1960. * 3D
Model *
Richards Medical Center, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1957 to
1961.
Salk Institute, at La Jolla, California, 1959 to 1966.
Trenton Bath House, at Trenton, New Jersey, 1954 to 1959. * 3D
Model *
University Art Center, at New Haven, Connecticut, 1951 to 1954.
Yale Center for British Art, at New Haven, Connecticut, 1969 to
1974. * 3D Model
YALE UNIVERSITY ART GALLERY

° oldest university art museum

in the western hemisphere
° was founded in 1832, when
patriot-artist John Trumbull
donated to Yale College more
than 100 paintings of
the American Revolution and
designed the original Picture
Gallery.
° this building, on Old Campus,
was razed in 1901
° completed in 1953
° considered as Kahn’s first
major work
Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban

° Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban,

the National Assembly of
Bangladesh is located in
the capital Dhaka. It is
one of the
largest legislative comple
xes in the world. It houses
all parliamentary
activities of Bangladesh.
Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Phillips Exeter Academy Library
 The library has an almost cubical
shape: each of its four sides is 111 feet
(33 m) wide and 80 feet (24 m) tall.
Kahn conceived of the three types of
spaces as if they were three buildings
constructed of different materials and
of different scales — buildings-within-
buildings ".
The outer area, which houses the
reading carrels, is made of brick. The
middle area, which contains the heavy
book stacks, is made of reinforced
concrete. The inner area is an atrium.
 Its facade is primarily — brick
with teak wood panels at most
windows.
The bricks are load-bearing; that is,
the weight of the outer portion of
the building is carried by the bricks
themselves, not by a hidden steel
frame.
The corners of the building
are chamfered (cut off), allowing
the viewers to see the outer parts of
the building's structure, the outer
“doughnut”.
e The Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, hosts a small but excellent
art collection as well as traveling art exhibitions, educational programs and
an extensive research library.
* recognized as one of the most significant works of architecture of recent
times
* especially noted for the wash of silvery natural light across its vaulted
gallery ceilings
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad

better known as IIM-A

established in 1961
Public Business School
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
measures 100 acres
Esherick house
Norman Fisher House (1960-1967)

° Hatboro, Pennsylvania, US
* outer coating of the facades
is of cedar wood
° The most complex aspect of
the facade is the disposition
of the windows
* 2 cubes
* contains a hall, lobby, a
bathroom on each floor,
dining room, kitchen, two
bedrooms, a dressing room
and a basement
Franklin D. Roosevelt Four
Freedoms Park
Death

° In 1974, Kahn died of a heart attack in a men's restroom

in Pennsylvania Station in New York. He went unidentified for
three days because he had crossed out the home address on
his passport. He had just returned from a work trip
to Bangladesh, and despite his long career, he was deeply in
debt when he died.
Legacy
e Louts Kahn's work infused the International
style with a fastidious, highly personal taste,
a poetry of light. Isamu Noguchi called him
"a philosopher among architects." He was
known for his ability to create monumental
architecture that responded to the human
scale. His palette of materials tended
toward heavily textured brick and bare
concrete, the textures often reinforced by
juxtaposition to highly refined surfaces such
as travertine marble.
¢ While widely known for his spaces’ poetic
sensibilities
LUDWIG MIES VAN DE ROHE
“Glass and Steel Architecture”

EARLY CAREER
eApprenticed to his father
in the stone masonry from
age of 15 to 19 years old.

*Moved to Berlin, where he — peiht House

worked for Bruno Paul, designed in the age of 21 years.
the art nouveau architect The house was built in 1907 for
; . the philosophy professor
and furniture designer.
*From 1908-11, Mies was
apprenticed to Peter
Behrens, but left in 1912 to
open his own architectural
 UNDER BEHREN’S INFLUENCE:

¢ van der Rohe began to develop his early

sense of style which was a cross of advanced
structuralism and Prussian classicism.

¢ Aesthestically , he was interested in Russian

Constructivism and Dutch De Stij
neoplasticism.
Friedrichstrasse Office Building
1921

Although it was never built, Mies' design for the

Friedrichstrasse Office Building remains one of the
most important structures in 20th century
architecture.
 1925
.. Was appointed VP of the
Deutsche Werkbund.

1926
. given the task to head the Weissenhof Exhibition, a model
housing colony in Stuttgart.
Barcelona chair
He believed that furniture plays an
important role in the design of a
building. The chair was a design for
the exhibition.
 The Barcelona Pavilion
1928 - 1929

lia Pie
NN ee

Mies united sophisticated materials with a fluid open

plan, which together endowed the space with an
unprecedented modern elegance. The architecture's
mass is balanced by a pond (featuring a sculpture by
Georg Kolb) and a shallow pool on either end.
Tugendhat House
1928 - 1930

The next year Mies designed the Turgend house in

Czechoslovakia
 In 1930, Mies met New York architect Philip Johnson,
who included several of his projects in
MoMA’s first architecture exhibition held in 1932, ‘modern
architecture: international exhibition’, thanks to which
Mies’s work began to be known in the United States.

. In 1930, he became
the Bauhaus Director
and served this position fF
till 1933 when the Nazi
Party closed it down. r
Farnsworth House
1946 - 1951

One of his designed minimalist houses; completely enclosed in glass, a

transparent box framed by eight exterior steel columns.
 Masterpiece of skyscraper design
The Seagram Building , New York
1954-1958

Worked with Architect Philip

Johnson

Symbol of
contemporary industrial
world, illustrates the
architect's motto
Philosophy

“Less is more"
AWARDS

Royal Gold Medal

1959

AIA Gold Medal

1960

Twenty-five Year Award

1984, 1981, 1976 - Seagram Building, Far...

Presidential Medal of Freedom

1963
Philosophy

“Less is more’ a phrase adopted in 1947 by

architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
“skin and bones" architecture
"God is in the details”.
Mies architecture:
¢ with a minimal framework of structural
* unobstructed free-flowing open space.
He called his buildings. He sought an objective approach that
would guide the creative process of architectural design, but was
always concerned with expressing the spirit of the modern era.
ARCHITECTS OF THE
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
Architectural style that developed in Europe and the U.S. in the
1920s and '30s and dominated Western architecture in the mid
20th century.
The style's most common characteristics
Box-type forms,
RP WNP

open plans,
NOU

use of glass and steel in building envelop

reinforced-concrete construction, and
No ornamentations
Feeling of lightness
Flat surfaces
Architects of the international style

1. Philip Johnson
2. Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
3. Le Corbusier
4. Walter Gropius
PHILIP JOHNSON
¢ Full Name: Philip
Cortelyou Johnson

° Born: July 8, 1906 in

Cleveland

° Died: January 25,

2005
Philip Johnson
museum director of Museum of Modern Art
(MoMA) writer, and, an iconic architect.

Style:
° Classical
e International style
° Post-modernism
Education
e 1930: Architectural History, Harvard
University

e 1943: Architecture, Harvard University

e Johnson returned to Harvard University in
1940 to study architecture under Marcel
Breuer.

e Designed the “Glass House” as his master’s

thesis
¢ In 1928 Johnson met with architect Ludwig Mies
van der Rohe
¢ Johnson returned from Germany as a
proselytizer for the new architecture.

e Went to Europe to examine new trends in

architecture.
¢« Co-author of the book titled “The International
Style” with Henry Russel Hitchcock

e Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and other

architects were introduced.
» 1949: Glass House, New Canaan,
° 1958: Seagram Building (with Mies van der
Rohe), New York
» 1962: Kline Science Center, Yale University,
New Haven, CT
» 1964: NY State Theater, Lincoln Center, New
York
» 1980: Crystal Cathedral, Garden Grove
» 1984: AT&T Headquarters, New York,
» 1984: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company,
Pittsburgh
» 1964: Transco Tower, Houston
Architectural style-changing
e Modern international
e Post modern

e Philip Johnson's buildings were luxurious in

scale and materials.

e Symmetry and elegance were also

somehow emphasized.
 Philip Johnson in front of the Glass House, Source: ©The New Yorker

“All architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the

design of space that contains, cuddles, exalts, or
stimulates the persons in that space.”

“Doing a house is so much harder than doing a

skyscraper’
 The Glass house

« Geometric
¢ Transparent due to
glass
Seagram building
x » 516 ft tall
38 stories
Philip Johnson and Mies
van dere Rohe-architects

Modern international
style architecture.
PUERTA DE EUROPA
e PUERTA DE EUROPA
e ALSO KNOWN AS
THE GATES OF
EUROPE.

e HEIGHT:114M

e 2ND TALLEST TWIN

TOWERS IN SPAIN

e CONSTRUCTED
FROM 1989 TO 1996
° Lipstick building

Red granite and stainless steel

Form resembled like lipstick tube
Style post modern due to the
presence of colonnades
AT&T BUILDING/SONY BUILDING

Pr ° post modern style

woes el = =
ee
sss ee
=
_-—
° broken pediment as
roof termination

feads pp iH abl
7: iy de data | yd. ae
del: hi a Hac ida ak a
Chrystal Cathedral
Post-modern neo Gothic form
e The entrances—simple, rectangular
breaks in the glass
° The lattice of white steel forms a
continuous membrane of walls and
ceiling, enclosed by the transparent glass
beyond.
° At first glance, the triangular balconies
appear to rest within the steel frame, ia
but are supported by massive columns at Fa
each vertex.
“we can say that
Johnson was the
Andy Warhol of
architecture ; He was
instrumental in
transforming modern
practice into an issue
of style, and the
status of the architect
into celebrity.”

» -Anonymous-
Santiago Calatrava au
-Born in Valencia, Spain, on July 28,
1951

-An Architect, Artist, and Engineer

-Married Robertina (An office manager

and attorney); He has 4 children.
Style And Material

-expressionism.

-As both Engineer, Architect, sculptor his works take

materials like concrete, glass and steel beyond the
normal bounds.
-projects-bridges, museums. Railway stations

-concepts buildings following biomorphic forms

Lyon Airport Railway Station, 1989-94
Satalas, Lyon, France

The airport and the train station was renamed Lyon in honor of the aviation
pioneer and writer Antoine de Saint-Exupery
Lyon-Saint Exupery Airport Railway Station

¢ 40 meters high in Steel and

concrete
° Buildings refer to “Bird | And Bird
1”

¢ The central building is given

endowed with a symbolic
image of flight, which facilitates
its association with the
character of the region,
bringing together the idea
of alpine landscape with pulse
progress.

¢ “The projected cover is like a

giant bird that rises above the
train tracks” i
Tenerife Auditorium —
arts venue located at
the seafront of
Tenerife, Spain
“arc” shape 15-20 cm
thick first applied in
the building
Two points o the large
arch touching the
ground and the end is
suspended.
“the Sydney of
Atlantic” appeared to
be similar with Sydney
Opera House
Planetarium of the Valencia Science Center 1991-1998

It is an entertainment-based cultural and architectural complex in the city

of Valencia, Spain. It is the most important modern tourist destination in the city
of Valencia.
 City of Arts and Sciences Valencia Spain

.
Inspiration-giant human eye
Building is known as “Eye for
Knowledge”

ote

Fig. 1. Calatrava’s Sketches

Ponte della Costituzione, Venice

The bridge is important both functionally and symbolically, connecting arriving

visitors to the city and welcoming them to Venice with a panoramic view of the
Grand Canal
gi wail ayer) >
mini digit) 11) )
romirrrrm PONT. So i
HSB Turning Torso, Malmo, Sweden

Is the tallest skyscraper in Sweden and

the Nordic countries, situated
in Malmo, Sweden
Montjuic Communications Tower, 1989-92
Barcelona, Spain

The white tower was built for Telefénica to transmit television coverage of
the 1992 Summer Olympics Games in Barcelona.
-In 1979 he won the Auguste Perret award for rekindling the quality
of Perret's structural work and for re-emphasizing the importance of
primary structure in defining form.

“lam very happy that people have understood our

desire to develop this design beyond the ideas we
first presented. Now we have taken everything a
step further, in order to connect this building to the
city around it”
-Santiago Calatrava
WALTER GROPIUS
1883-1969
 The pillars of the International
Style

Walter Gropius
wn bP

Phillip Johnson
Mies van de Rohe
Le Corbusier
P
PERSONALITY
INTELLECTUAL STRUCTURE
« he is govern by sternly disciplined
rational thinking
meh,
NS

x ¢ he has an instinct for the line of

x

future development that far

TE,
aE

transcends the logic

Te
RCI

Pl rs
a

¢ he laboriously works out problem

FP

2. i
_ ¢ teamwork is a part of Gropius’ natu
Gropius Philosophies

“to build is to create events”

“architects, sculptors, painters, we must all return

to the crafts. For art is not a profession. There is no
essential difference between the craftsman and
the architect. The architect is the exalted
craftsman”
Gropius buildings
Seen in his buildings
Clean lines
Horizontal composition
Modern materials like glass
and steel
Box-type
Simple
Smooth surfaces
primary colors
 Fagus House
¢ ashoe-last factory in alfeld on the
i: Leine in Germany
el
reese Pa pera c

* commissioned by Carl Benscheidt

mm
hfe

¢ designed by Gropius and Adolf Meyer

!
is

-¢ jthas the influence of the AEG’s turbine

}

factory designed by Peter Berhens

* constructed between 1911 and 1913

ry
foe
FS MA : a aye, FS
—pip eh See eee
cee eens Vca IU (7)
e Bauhaus School
Gropius was the founder of the
Bauhaus in 1919 and its director until
1928, designed the building on behalf
of the city of Dessau and in
cooperation with Carl Fieger, Ernst
Neufert.
The Bauhaus
connects the workshop wing with
the vocational school. A single-
storey building with a hall, stage
and refectory, the so-called Festive
Area, connects the workshop wing
to the studio building. The latter
originally featured 28 studio flats
for students and junior masters,
each measuring 20 m?.
GROPIUS HOUSE

¢ located at 68 baker bridge road, Lincoln,

Massachusetts

-——° _ it was designed by Gropius in 1937 and built

iil in 1938

: ail * Gropius combined traditional elements of

‘ New England Architectural such as clapboard,
bricks, and fieldstone with new, innovative
materials such as glass block, acoustical
plaster, chromed banister

it was his house until his death

HARVARD GRADUATE CENTER

it the first modern architecture on

the campus of a modern style by a
major university

it was also the first endorsement

it has large windows, flowing

rooms, floating fagade on raised
pilotis

it was commissioned by tac of

Harvard University in 1948
METLIFE BUILDING

it was located at 200 park avenue in

Midtown Manhattan, New York City

its construction started in 1958 and

finished in 1962

it is one of the fifty tallest building in

USA

it is owned by Tishman Speyer

it was designed by Emry Roth and

sons and Pietro Belluschi with the
assistance of Walter Gropius
US EMBASSY IN ATHENS,
GREECE
SIEMENSSTADT HOUSING*STATE
GROPIUS PHILOSOPHIES

° to build is to create events

e Architects, sculptors, painters, we must all return to the crafts.
art is not a profession. There is no essential difference between
the artist an the craftsman. The artist is the exalted craftsman.
° The final goal of all artistic activity is architecture
BAUHAUS PHILOSOPHIES
Bauhaus translation construction house
Combines arts with fine arts and crafts that influence modern
and contemporary art
Characteristics
° Form follows function
° There is no border between artist and craftsman
e The artist is an exalted craftsman
¢ Minimalism
e Use of technology
e Wise use of resources
° Integrity of materials
 Won the Royal Gold
Medal forhis buildings
~ and his contributions to
the theory and teaching
of contemporary
peer calico
| aoe

AWARD-
I.M. PEI
Post-Modern Architect
Modern Architecture,
Futuristic Architecture,
International Style
 FAMILY

• Pei's ancestry traces back to the Ming dynasty

• born in Canton, China
• from Anhui province to Suzhou
• family moved to Shanghai, China

• Chinese-American Citizen
• Died at the age of 102 years old
• one of the world's most sought-after architects
EDUCATION
Pei attended St. Johns
Middle School
• University of Pennsylvania
• Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) in Boston,
Massachusetts
• Harvard Graduate School of Design
Hi! I’m
Vanya
 PEOPLE WHO INFLUENCED IM PEI

1. Lien Kwun, I.M. Pei's Mother

2. Marcel Breuer and Walter Gropius
3. Le Corbusier
BOOKS PUBLISHED BY IM PEI
1. Suzhou: Shaping an Ancient City
for the New China : an
EDAW/Pei Workshop
Published on 1988, This book is based on a two-
week charette conducted in July 1996 in Souzhou,
China. Extensive documentation of this charette is
presented here, including dozens of sketches,
drawings and details developed by the members of
the charette.
2. I.M. Pei: Mandarin of
Modernism
Published on 1995, About the first biography of
an amazing modern master whose
architectural vision and political skill have
shaped our environment. Michael Cannell
reveals here the history and personality behind
the enigmatic Pei, our most famous living
architect.
3. I.M. Pei
Published on August 19, 2005, This book is about
Ieoh Ming Pei’s Biography In 1935, 17-year-old I.M.
Pei left his family in Shanghai, China, to study
architecture in the United States. Though he had
intended to return home after earning his college
degree, the Japanese invasion of China and the
outbreak of World War II changed his plans.
Following the Communist takeover of China in
1949, Pei decided to remain in America to develop
his budding architectural career, becoming a U.S.
citizen in 1954.
 PHILOSOPHIES/FAMOUS STATEMENTS
"Architecture is the very mirror of life. You only have to
cast your eyes on buildings to feel the presence of the
past, the spirit of a place; they are the reflection of
society."
• “I believe that architecture is a pragmatic art. To
become art it must be built on a foundation of
necessity.”

• form follows intention

• creating a bridge between the present and the past. These
core beliefs explain how Pei designs a wide variety of
structures that are all consistent to his vision.
 ICONIC WORKS

CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF T HE ARCHITECTS

• a large glass and
metal pyramid IN SKETCHES/DOODLES
• surrounded by three
smaller pyramids
• the pyramid measures 116
feet wide and 70 feet high.
95 tons of steel and 105
tons of aluminum support
the structure
 ICONIC WORKS

CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS

• clean, reserved, sharp- IN SKETCHES/DOODLES
edged and unapologetic
• "H"-shaped façade
matches the equally severe
walls of the West Building
• lavender-pink marble from
the same quarry in
Tennessee
• massive towers with
connecting bridges
 ICONIC WORKS

• tallest building in Hong Kong CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS

and Asia from 1990 to 1992,
the first building outside the IN SKETCHES/DOODLES
United States to break the 305
m (1,000 ft) mark
• supported by the four steel
columns at the corners of the
building
• triangular frameworks
transferring the weight of the
structure onto these four
columns
• covered with glass curtain
walls
 ICONIC WORKS

• asymmetrical, conical shape CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS

with a spiral walkway and a IN SKETCHES/DOODLES
large atrium inside
• Galleries lead off the
walkway, mainly consisting
of interactive exhibits aimed
at science education
 ICONIC WORKS

CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS

• utilized creamy limestone forIN SKETCHES/DOODLES
the outer facades
• Features a stand-alone island
for the structure
• decorated by several Islamic
arts
ICONIC WORKS

CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS

IN SKETCHES/DOODLES
ICONIC WORKS

CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS

IN SKETCHES/DOODLES
ICONIC WORKS

CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS

IN SKETCHES/DOODLES
 ICONIC WORKS
The Grand Duke Jean
Museum of Modern Art
Location: Luxembourg
City, Luxembourg
Architectural style:
Modern Architecture
Characteristics: CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS
IN SKETCHES/DOODLES
 ICONIC WORKS
Luce Memorial Chapel
Location: Taichung City,
Taiwan
Architectural style: Modern
Architecture/ Asian
Architecture
Characteristics: CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS
• Features an irregular IN SKETCHES/DOODLES
hexagonal base
• church itself is a tent-like
conoid structure
• covered with yellow, glazed,
diamond-shaped tiles
echoing the diamond-
shaped coffer beams on the
building’s interior
Born on 4 September 1913 in Osaka, Japan, Tange
spent his early life in the Chinese cities
of Hankow and Shanghai; he and his family returned
to Japan after learning of the death of one of his
uncles. The Tange family took up residence in a
farmhouse in Imabari on the island of Shikoku.

After finishing middle school, Tange moved

to Hiroshima in 1930 to attend high school. It
was here that he first encountered the works
of Swiss modernist, Le Corbusier.

Although he graduated from high school, Tange's

poor results in mathematics and physics meant
that he had to pass entrance exams to qualify for
admission to the prestigious universities.
In 1946, Tange became an assistant professor at
the university and opened Tange Laboratory. In
1963, he was promoted to professor of the
Department of Urban Engineering. His students
included Sachio Otani, Kishio Kurakawa, Arata
Isukazi, and Fumihiko Maki

Tange started to work as an

architect at the office of Knia
Maekawa
List of selected projects
•1955: Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Hiroshima
•1957: (Former) Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, Yūrakuchō
•1958: Kagawa Prefectural Government Building the east offices, Takamatsu,
Kagawa
1960: Kurashiki City Hall, Kurashiki, Okayama
•1964: Yoyogi National Gymnasium for the 1964 Summer Olympics, Tokyo
•1964: St. Mary's Cathedral (Tokyo Cathedral) (Roman Catholic), Tokyo
•1966: Master plan for rebuilding of Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, then part
of Yugoslavia after the 1963 earthquake
1967: Towers of Fiera district (Regional administration of Emilia-
Romagna), Bologna, Italy
1970: Site of Expo '70, Suita, Osaka
1970: Librino New Town Project, Catania City Italy
1977: Sogetsu Kaikan, Aoyama, Tokyo
1979: Hanae Mori Building, Aoyama, Tokyo
1982: Centro Direzionale, Naples
1982: Central Area New Federal Capital City of Nigeria, Nigeria
1986: Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
1986: OUB Centre, Singapore
1987: American Medical Association Headquarters Building, Chicago, Illinois,
USA
1991: Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, Shinjuku, Tokyo
1992: UOB Plaza, Singapore
1993: Pho My Hung Saigon South Master Plan, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
998: University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
1998: WKC Centre For Health Development, Kobe, Hyōgo
2000: Kagawa Prefectural Government Building the main offices, Takamatsu,
Kagawa
2000: Tokyo Dome Hotel
2003: The Linear – Private Apartments, Singapore
2005: Hwa Chong Institution Boarding School, Singapore
Tange refined this concept to place
the museum prominently at the
centre, separate from the utility
buildings.
In addition to architectural
symbolism, he thought it
important for the design to centre
around the building that houses
the information about the atomic
explosion
Tange's own home, designed in
1951 and completed in 1953,
uses a similar skeleton structure
raised off the ground as the
Hiroshima Peace Museum;
however, it is fused with a more
traditional Japanese design that
uses timber and paper.
Kagawa Prefecture Office 1958

The Kagawa Prefectural Government

Hall on the island of Shikoku was
completed in 1958. Its expressive
construction could be likened to the
Daibutsu style seen at the Todai-
ji in Nara. The columns on the elevation
bore only vertical loads so Tange was
able to design them to be thin,
maximising the surfaces for glazing.
Although the hall has been called one
of his finest projects, it drew criticism
at the time of its construction for
relying too heavily on tradition.
Yoyogi National
Gymnasium 1961-1964

The Yoyogi National Gymnasium is

situated in an open area in Yoyogi Park on
an adjacent axis to the Meiji Shrine. The
gymnasium and swimming pool were
designed by Tange for the 1964 Tokyo
Olympics, which were the first Olympics
held in Asia. Tange began his designs in
1961 and the plans were approved by the
Ministry of Education in January 1963. The
buildings were placed to optimize space
available for parking and to permit the
smoothest transition of incoming and
outgoing people
which opened in 1991, Tange designed a large civic centre with a
plaza dominated by two skyscrapers. These house the
administration offices whilst a smaller seven-storey building
contains assembly facilities. In his design of a high tech version of
Kofu Communications Centre, Tange equipped all three buildings
with state-of-the-art building management systems that
monitored air quality, light levels and security. The external skin of
the building makes dual references to both tradition and the
modern condition. Tange incorporated vertical and horizontal lines
reminiscent of both timber boarding and the lines on
semiconductor boards.
 Tokyo Metropolitan
Government Building, 1991

a large civic centre with a plaza

dominated by two skyscrapers. These
house the administration offices whilst a
smaller seven-story building contains
assembly facilities.
Tange equipped all three buildings with
state-of-the-art building management
systems that monitored air quality, light
levels and security. The external skin of
the building makes dual references to
both tradition and the modern condition
St. Mary’s Cathedral
Tokyo, Japan

The plan of the building is in the form of a cross,

from which eight hyperbolic parabolas rise in a
manner similar to a contemporary landmark
cathedral in San Francisco, also known as St.
Mary's Cathedral. These open upwards to form a
cross of light which continues vertically the length
of the four facades. To this rhomboid volume other
secondary constructions are added, including the
baptistry and the baptismal font. Their rectangular
volumes contrast with the symbolic character of
the cathedral. The exterior surfaces are clad
in stainless steel, which gives them a special
radiance in keeping with the religious character of
the building.
METABOLIST IDEA OF THE CITY OF THE
FUTURE
“Architects today tend to depreciate themselves, to regard
themselves as no more than just ordinary citizens without the
power to reform the future”.
Kenzo Tange

“Designs of purely arbitrary nature cannot be expected to last

long”.
Kenzo Tange

“I am aware of changes gradually taking place in my own

designs as part of my thinking on this matter”.
Kenzo Tange

“I feel however, that we architects have a special duty and

mission... (to contribute) to the socio-cultural development of
architecture and urban planning”.
Kenzo Tange
“In my opinion, further consideration of those views will help us find a way
out of the current impasse, and reveal to us the kinds of buildings and cities
required by the informational society”.
Kenzo Tange

“Technological considerations are of great importance to architecture and

cities in the informational society”.
Kenzo Tange

“There is a powerful need for symbolism, and that means the architecture
must have something that appeals to the human heart”.

“Tradition can, to be sure, participate in a creation, but it can no longer be

creative itself”.
Kenzo Tange
KISHO KUROKAWA
 Japanese Contemporary Architect
‘Metabolism movement’
(Organic Architecture, Sustainable
Architecture, Modern Architecture,
Contemporary Architecture)
FAMILY
EDUCATION
PEOPLE WHO INFLUENCED KISHO KUROKAWA
 • Honorary Doctorate of
BOOKS AWARDS Architecture by
University Putra
Malaysia
• 49th Building
Contractors Society
Award (BCS Award),
Japan(2008) for
National Art Center,
Tokyo
• 9th Public Building
Award Prize, JAPAN
(2005)Osaka
International
Convention Center
• The 9th JIA 25years
Award, 2010 for Head
Office of the Fukuoka
Bank
PHILOSOPHIES/FAMOUS STATEMENTS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS IN SKETCHES/DOODLES
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS IN SKETCHES/DOODLES
SHIGERU BAN
JA PA NESE A RCHI T EC T
MODE R N ST YL E
I N T ERNATI ONAL
ST Y L E
JA PA NESE ST YL E
FAMILY

Masako Ban
EDUCATION
PEOPLE WHO INFLUENCED SHIGERU BAN
WORKS AND AWARDS
PHILOSOPHIES/FAMOUS STATEMENTS
ICONIC WORKS
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS
ICONIC WORKS
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS
ICONIC WORKS
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS
 ICONIC WORKS
Furniture House 1
ICONIC WORKS
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS
ICONIC WORKS
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS
ICONIC WORKS
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS
ICONIC WORKS
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS
ICONIC WORKS
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS
ICONIC WORKS
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS
 Finish
Thank you
TADAO ANDO
JAPANESE
CONTEMPORARY
ARCHITEC T
MODERNISM
MINIMALISM
FAMILY
EDUCATION
PEOPLE WHO INFLUENCED TADAO ANDO

photos
AWARDS

BOOKS
PHILOSOPHIES/FAMOUS STATEMENTS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
ICONIC WORKS
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF T HE ARCHITECTS IN
SKETCHES/DOODLES (for each building if possible)
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS IN
SKETCHES/DOODLES
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS IN
SKETCHES/DOODLES
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS IN
SKETCHES/DOODLES
CONCEPTS , IDEAS OF THE ARCHITECTS IN
SKETCHES/DOODLES
PILLARS OF EARLY MODERN ARCHITECTURE
1. LOUIS SULLIVAN
2. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
Frank
Lloyd
Wright
Education and work for Silsbee (1885-1888)

1885
*Madison High School
1886
*University of Wisconsin — Madison
*Worked with a professor of civil engineer Allan D.
Conover.

1887
* left school
* arrived in Chicago
*Hired as draftsman with architectural firm of Joseph Lyman Silsbee
*Two other family projects: - All Souls Church in Chicago
- Hillside Home School |

1888
* apprentice in Adler and Sullivan
 Adler & Sullivan (1888-1893)

*Wright did not get along well with Sullivan's other draftsmen; he wrote
that several violent altercations occurred between them during the first
years of his apprenticeship. For that matter, Sullivan showed very little
respect for his employees as well. In spite of this, "Sullivan took [Wright]
under his wing and gave him great design responsibility." As a show of
respect, Wright would later refer to Sullivan as Lieber Meister (German
for "Dear Master").
1889
¢ (June 1) Married his first wife, Catherine Lee “Kitty” Tobin(1871-
1959)
* had his 5 year employment contract.
* purchased a lot at the corner of Chicago and Forest Avenues in the
suburb of Oak Park.

1890
¢ head draftsman
Did you Know that.............ssesseeeeees

Wright was constantly short on funds

because of his expensive tastes in
wardrobe and vehicles.
-To supplement his income and repay his debts , he accepted
independent commissions for at least 9 houses.
°“Bootlegged” houses
¢ Designed in variations of Queen Anne and Collonial Ravival
styles.
eSimple geometric massing
¢ bands of horizontal windows
* occasional cantilevers
¢ open floor plans
Thomas Gale House (1892)
Parker House
George Blossom House (1892)
Robert Emmond House (1892)
Walter Gale House (1892)
Transition and experimentation (1893-1900)

* established his own practice on the top floor of Schiller Building.

* Cecil Corwin followed Wright. But within the year, Corwin decided that he
did not enjoy architecture and journeyed east to find a new profession.
* With Corwin gone, Wright moved out of the Schiller Building and into the
nearby and newly completed Steinway Hall Building.
¢ shared with Robert C. Spencer, Jr., Myron Hunt, and Dwight H. Perkins
-would form the prairie school.
O Prairie school architects usually marked by horizontal lines, flat or hipped
roofs with broad overhanging eaves, windows in horizontal bands

* Marion Mahony joined them.

Prairie Houses
¢ extended low buildings
¢ shallow sloping roofs
¢ clean sky lines
* suppressed chimneys
* overhangs and terraces

Example:
 Winslow house (1893)

*Simple geometry and horizontal lines

Rollin Furbeck House (1897)
Unity Temple
* First modern building
* because of its unique construction of only one
material: reinforced concrete
* become a hallmark of the modernists who
followed Wright
ORGANIC
ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
where the building
co-exist with nature
• Local materials

Vernacular in nature
“No house should
ever be on a hill or on
anything. It should be
of the hill. Belonging
to it. Hill and house
should live together,
each the happier for
the other.” FFW
Taliesin- “shining brow” “radiant
brow”

Wright’s home in Wisconsin

One story on a hill

Materials-yellow limestone
were sourced from the area

Yellow pigment used for the

interior wall plaster making the
building blend with the color of
the river bank in the area

Exterior in grey pigment that

blended with the environment Frank Lloyd Wright’s Taliesin House
 Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Johnson Wax offices as a forest open
to the skv
Library of Congress

Detail of Johnson Wax Headquarters designed by Frank Lloyd W...

Manhattan, New York City
Use: Museum for contemporary art,
expressionism, post expressionism
Organic Architecture
Inspiration: spiral exhibit floor resembled
nautilus shell
 THe: LTREENO IS
MILE - HIGH CANTILEVER
SKY - CITY TO HONOR
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
AND CITY OF CHICAGO
see fLcoOe@ny sao GHAoEe TO LAKO
es oF Top Ficon citvatos

MEMORE A L TO
OE SE ee oe cen
weet "Hh Tack Perce vee

SLISKWA oTic¢
(ever o® 0 (fee eeeweer crac

4Ouw ROCELING
reer erase , Vawsion oe Yee
CUES PEALE. THE S¥SoeLY SY 84:56

Lioecsawoond eure. nee

eter Cchae eee HURL. Wance
weay (7 of ThBev

COIGNIT € MONIER
iver Oacee eeveseve”
ver soov oe owe WEStTCe wees

ALVTATIONE
EPVAIOS TOPSDIA
PROFE
TSC ORS SEGS SCOTT
sees haat
rtoreitor rice iviot agevi
ecetesue ome
oe 24. POLIVEA ae vese

| MAILLART os

FRANK L1AOVD es of Gmeeee

eee geese .
aaee ecans
vee , ‘
‘ re a o> :
at . ?
. sue eserves .
cour 3 . . co 7a ’
“a ar : at ‘ , ,
Tee . are e % » er

cvaTrttrice
nets 4564 6463 605 00
saber Apeerer veer wes
Seer
. cs teeter
oe ' e '? =

ge ,080 teen
© . ~
. AUDIBGCE es r %3 Ae: ~

zs tT? 1492, COP oy

 FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT#ANC
TWO MA. SS MEETINGS
70 BE HELD SUNDAY, MRS. CHENEY TRACED TO
EUROPE—ON WAY TO
JAPAN.

ik atlilli
CHICAGO, Nov, 13.—Franl

amas) THE OGDEN STANDARD ita?

Lioyd Wright, whose fame as a de
signer of original conceptions ir

a
residence buildings, extends to for
eign shores, left his Oak Park resi
OGDEN CITY. CUTAN, SATURDAY, SEPTP AER dence early in October, ostensibly

pHETERRIBLE FATE
to publish a portfolio of plans ir
Berlin. He sailed from New York
and was heard from in the Germar
eapital,

“ », OF MAMAH BORTHWICK IN
About the time of his departure
Mrs. Kdwin H. Cheney, wife of the
president of the Wagner Electric
Manufacturing company of Chi

HER BUNGALOW OF LOVE HE PUBLIC SQUARE| cago, disappeared from the resi
dence of a friend in Colorado
where she had been spending the
Woman, Who With
summer.
whereabouts
Efforts to
of Mrs. Cheney,
establish _
guid Ca Wright Bares ; Lacy Hotel Plans¢:"
Plar “era
Frank Lloyd Wright,
ed by circumstances which
had linked ber name and
ead)
that o! 25 Preliminary Sketches Finished: Nev aie
Dared Live Con-
Mr. Wright
gossip,
in Oak
led
Park
to the discovery
society
that PA Capitalist Determined to Build| Ss
she had been the companion of the
trary to Accepted architect for a month in German)
and probably is with him on the
Rules of Conduct, way to Japan.
In Berlin Wright bad apartments
Meets Disaster at the Hotel Adion, where he regis
tered as “Frank Lloyd Wright an¢
in a Few wife, Caleago.” His business ad
Short Years ERE WAS LITLE WILE!
grams and letters to Mrs. Chene;
from relatives here have been re
ceived there by her, Neithe
Wright nor Mrs. Cheney, wh
posed as man and wife, had an;
explanation to offer when Mra
ey claimed letters and des
hes in her own name, Fou
fev ago they gave up their apart
ments In the Hotel Adlon, leavin;
no address, but announced the;
were going to Japan
That Wright is the victim of 1
strange infatuation against whicl
he has battled for ye
statement of Mrs, Wright in th
seclusion of her Oak Park res!
dence surrounded by her children
POST MODERN
THEORIES
The first actual use of the term “Post-Modernism” to define a stylistic period is
not very clear.
Joseph Hudnut used the term in an essay in 1945 when he wrote in defence of
humanist design values and a critique of the industrial houses of Walter
Gropius.
After that there had been many instances where this term was used by
historians, architects and others mainly in a critical sense of anti-modernism
However, the turning point was the essay published by Charles Jencks in 1975
in Architectural Association quarterly, called “The Rise of post Modern
Architecture”
From this moment the term was quickly adopted in to architectural language
Robert Venturi
Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture
New York, 1966

Venturi used the Guild House ( a retirement Home) he disigned in Philadelphia

to illustrate what is ugly, banal and symbolic in architecture
The small house he built for his mother reflected his ideas on variety and
contradiction and broke with all conventions of functionalism
Since the 1980s Venturi’s buildings have been characterized by the playful use
of elements of classical architecture
Guild House

Vanna Venturi House

Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture
In the introduction Venturi states that his idea is to offer a critique to
justify his own work
He examines those aspects of architecture that interests him such as,
complexity and contradiction
In response to Mies van der Rohe’s saying “less is more”, Venturi
proposes that , “ more is not less”.
According to him the modernist architects ignored many factors and
worked against the needs of the society
For Venturi the demonstrative “less” and the ambiguity of Modernist
architecture is quite simply “boring”
Venturi repeatedly refers to literature and art, where variety and
contradiction are indispensable
It was a main concern of Venturi, as a theorist and architect to
rediscover architecture as a bearer of symbols
He found models in history and also in his own surroundings
Designs for
eclectic
facades,
Drawn by Venturi in 1977-
in Garden Party of Styles

Post – modernism has been

popular since the 1960s
because it exhibits variety
and contradiction through
playfulness and an optimistic
relation to history and
everyday culture.

It would be almost
unimaginable without the
theories and sketches of
Robert Venturi
Charles A. Jencks
The Language of Post Modern Architecture
New York, 1977
In 1977 Charles Jencks published his
best selling book, “The Language of
Post Modern Architecture”
This is one of the most successful
works on architectural theory from
the post – 1945 era.
It has been translated into 10
languages
Jencks was one of the first to
transfer the term “Post modern”
from literary expression to
architecture
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF
POST MODERNISM
The death of Modern
Architecture
Part 1 of the book titled “The
death of modern architecture”
refers to the demolition of several
high-rises which were built
between 1952 and 1955.
These were part of the modern
residential complexes in St. Louis,
Missouri, and they were
demolished in 1972, because of
social problems which were out of
control. “Happily we can date the death of
Modern architecture... It expired
finally and completely in1972” –
Charles Jencks
Jencks criticizes the “elitist reductionism” of modern architecture.
Emphasizes the need to “enlarge the vocabulary of architecture in
different directions – to include native (local), traditional and
commercial jargon of the street”.
In the Post-modern architecture, Jencks sees a “radical eclecticism” in
which different architectural languages make ironic comments and in
this he sees a “double standard... which appeals to the elite as well as
the man on the street”.
Types of architectural
communications
-Jencks tries to analyse architecture as a semantic (meaning) system.
First there is a metaphor as an architectural form
The metaphors for Modernist buildings are cardboard boxes and
checked paper.
He says the more metaphors architecture triggers, the greater the
dramatic effect.
However, the more these metaphors remain mere suggestions, the
greater the semiotic ignorance.
Jencks’ example of metaphoric architecture with ambivalent
symbolism
SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE CARICATURE OF THE SYDNEY
BY JORN UTZON OPERA HOUSE
Ronchamp Chapel, by Le Corbusier
For Jencks, the most successful use of not-so-obvious metaphors is Ronchamp
in 1955
As per Jencks architectural language of form is made up of words.
This includes established motifs and elements like the column and the
pitched roof.
Jencks claims that architects should once again employ an explicit
system of semantic order and he goes on to suggest a mixture of styles
According to him, an important development in Post-modern
architecture was the “reanimation down-to-earth architecture”, which
he finds in decorative forms and building materials.
In the conclusion to his book, Jencks notes a tendency in Post-modern
architecture toward “the mysterious, ambiguous and lustful” and toward a
“radical eclecticism” as a “naturally developed response to a culture of
choice”.
Post-modernism and Critical
Regionalism
In its underlying theory, Post-modernism also evolved during the 1980s.
At the start of 1980s, the inaugural issue of Harvard Architectural
Review carried editorial “Beyond the Modern Movement”. They
described the phenomenon of post-modernism through the five
characteristics of the use of;
1. History
2. Cultural allusionism
3. Anti-utopianism
4. Urban design
5. Contextualism
In summery, Post-modernism re-introduced an awareness of the past.
As per Philip Johnson “you can not know history”. Post-modern
architects may have sometimes designed amusing buildings, but unlike
their international style predecessors, they made a intensive effort to fit
their work into the urban fabric, which led to a revived awareness of the
well established traditions of city planning, and ultimately to the new
urbanism movement.
Frank Gehry
 Architectural style
• Deconstructivism is a development of postmodern architecture that began

in the late 1980s. It is characterized by ideas of fragmentation, an interest in

manipulating ideas of a structure's surface or skin, non-rectilinear shapes

which serve to distort and dislocate some of the elements of architecture,

such as structure and envelope.

• Much of Gehry's work falls within the style of Deconstructivism, which is

often referred to as post-structuralist in nature for its ability to go beyond

current modalities of structural definition.

 Frank Owen Gehry
• Frank Owen Goldberg

• born; February 28, 1929

• In 1947 Gehry moved to California and studied at Los Angeles City

College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern
California's School of Architecture.

• He is a Canadian American Pritzker Prize-winning architect based in Los

Angeles, California. His parents were Polish Jews.
• He studied city planning at the Harvard Graduate School of Design
for a year, leaving before completing the program.

• a Distinguished Professor of Architecture at Columbia University

and teaches advanced design studios at the Yale School of
Architecture.
 works
• Guggenheim Museum
• Ray and Maria Stata Center Cambridge
• Walt Disney Concert Hall
• Experience Music Project
• Weisman Art Museum
• Dancing House
• the Vitra Design Museum
• MARTa Museum
• the Art Gallery of Ontario
• the Cinémathèque française
• 8 Spruce Street
 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
• completed since 1980 in the
2010

• Museum, of modern and

contemporary art

• Bilbao, Spain
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
 Ray and Maria Stata Center
• is a 67,000 m2 academic
complex he designed for the
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT).

• The building opened for initial

occupancy on March 16, 2004.
Ray and Maria Stata Center
 Walt Disney Concert Hall
• Los Angeles

• Built 1999–2003
• it seats 2,265 people and
serves (among other purposes)

• Los Angeles Philharmonic and

Los Angeles Master Chorale
headquarters
Walt Disney Concert Hall
Walt Disney Concert Hall
 EMP Museum
• Seatle, Washington DC

• Museum for history and

exploration of both popular
music and science fiction

• The EMP Museum

• Commissioned by Paul Allen,

founder of Microsoft in 2000
EMP Museum
EMP Museum
EMP Museum
 Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum

• Art museum

• University of Minnesota
Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum
Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum
 Awards
• In 1989, Gehry was the recipient of the Pritzker Prize for architecture.
• In 1994, Gehry was the recipient of The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize.
• In 1995, Gehry was the recipient of the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award.
• In 1998, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.
• In 1999, he was awarded the AIA Gold Medal.
• In 2000, Gehry was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Cooper-Hewitt
National Design Museum
• In 2004, on November 3, Gehry was awarded the prestigious Woodrow Wilson Award
for public service by the Woodrow Wilson Center of the Smithsonian Institution in New
York City.
• In 2006 on December 6, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady
Maria Shriver inducted Frank Gehry into the California Hall of Fame located at The
California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.
• 2008 Medal of the Order of Charlemagne, Principality of Andorra (declined honor).
LOUIS SULLIVAN
LOUIS HENRY
• Father of skyscrapers
• Father of modernism
• Famous Chicago architect
• Frank Lloyd’s Wright mentor

• Famous for his statement “form follows

function” in reference to Vitruvius Trinity
of Architecture: utilitas, venustas, firmitas
(function, beauty and strength
respectively)
• Took architecture in Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and Ecole des
Beaux Arts in Paris
• Awarded AIA gold medal after his death
• Worked with Dankmar Adler in Chicago
and later became partners in the Adler
and Sullivan firm (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924)
FAMOUS WORKS
Developments resulted in
skyscraper construction
• lower cost of mass produced
steel for buildings
• Technological improvement
• skyscrapers as symbol of social
and economic growth
• “column-frame” construction
loads were carried by the
structural system resulted to
non- load-bearing walls or
curtain walls, thinner walls
• Allowed bigger fenestrations in
glass and steel
Architectural character of Sullivan’s buildings

• Sullivan used art nouveau or

Celtic revival as decorations
for his building in contrast
with the sharp angular forms
• Organic forms and geometric
shapes in terra cotta or cast
iron as building decorations
• Presence of massive circular
arch in entrances, windows
and interiors

Guaranty Building
• Largest and tallest
building in the USA that
time (completed in 1889)
• Adler and Sullivan-
architects
• Home of Chicago Civic
Opera and Chicago
Symphony Orchestra
• Load-bearing outer stone
wall on raft foundation
• Organic ornamentations
in the interiors
• Presence of arches, Chicago Auditorium Building
entrance and windows
Michael Graves
Report
Michael Graves
• Graves was born on July 9, 1934, in Indianapolis,
Indiana, to Erma (Lowe) and Thomas B. Graves.
• He died at his home in Princeton, New Jersey, on
March 12, 2015 at the age of 80
• He was an American architect and designer, who is
one of the principal figure of the postmodern
movement.
Education
• Graves earned a bachelor degree in 1958 from
the College of Design at the University of
Cincinnati, Ohio.
• He earned a master’s degree in architecture at Harvard University
Harvard University’s School of Architecture in
1962.
• Grave studied in the American Academy in
Rome.

University of Cincinnati
Career
•After graduation from college, Graves spent a
year working in George Nelson's office. Nelson,
a furniture designer and the creative director
for Herman Miller. George Nelson
• When he returned in the United States, he was
accepted in a teaching position at Princeton
University’s School of Architecture in 1962.

Princeton University
Works
1. Plocek House
• Architectural style: post modernism
• It was constructed for Michael Plocek and his
family.
• This project was Graves' first in a series of post
modern classical buildings, creating a new
architectural style.
• The structure is reminiscent of an Italian
palazzo with its classical yet abstracted
columns, with an exaggerated arch signifying
the entrance.
• heavy columns bear down on the entrance
with a sense of compression that calls to mind
Egyptian architecture.
2. Portland Building
• Architectural style: post modernism
• a 15-story municipal office building located at
1120 SW 5th Avenue in downtown Portland,
Oregon.
• considered the first major built work of
Postmodernist architecture.
• The design, which displays numerous symbolic
elements on its monumental facades, stands in
purposeful contrast to the functional
Modernist architecture that was dominant at
the time.
PORTLAND BUILDING
• The building attempts to create a continuum
between past and present: it’s a symmetrical
block with four off-white, stucco-covered
rectangular facades featuring reinterpreted
Classical elements, such as over-scaled keystones,
pilasters and belvederes.
• The building is set on a two-story base,
reminiscent of a Greek pedestal, which divides it
into the Classical three-part partition of base-
body-top.
• Graves added symbolism through color—green
for the ground, blue for the sky, etc—in order to
visually tie the building to its environment and
location.
4. Denver Public Library
• Architectural style: post modernism,
international style
• the 8th largest library in the United States
• Graves was commissioned in 1990 to renovate
and design an extension to the Denver Central
Library.
• Graves’ implemented traditional post-modern
motifs of abstracted classical forms, natural
materials, and colors commonly found in past
centuries.
• The interior of the library is fairly conservative
when it comes to the decorative
aesthetics. Most of the spaces appear as
traditional library spaces composed of natural
wood evoking a sense of grandeur and
extravagance.
• One begins to understand the abstracted
colonnades, vaulting, and colorful painting
creating more of a fun learning environment
rather than a stark, serious library space.
5. Humana Building
• Architectural style: post modernism,
• a 1985 skyscraper in downtown Louisville,
Kentucky, located at 500 West Main Street and
headquarters of the Humana Corporation.
• Each side of the building is designed slightly
differently, up to a sloping pyramid style for the
upper few floors.
HUMANA BUILDING
• The building is also known for its exterior
construction of flat pink granite. The north
facade's loggia is respectful of the older
downtown architecture, being flush with the
original Main Street storefronts.
• The open-air front portion of the loggia contains
a large fountain.
• The large, curved portion towards the top of the
building is an open-air observation deck.
• The outermost point of the circle has space for a
few people at a time to be surrounded by glass,
allowing for views of the Ohio River and Main
Street.
6. St. Coletta of Greater Washington
• Architectural style: post modernism
• is a nonprofit charter school that serves
individuals with cognitive disabilities, autism,
and physical disabilities.
• Guided by the school’s philosophy that all
children are special, the architects Michael
Graves & Associates, addressed formal,
functional, social and ecological concerns in
the design.
•The 30,000 square meter building’s entrance
and common facilities are expressed as
geometric pavilions clad in colorful glazed tile.
• The interior of each house is painted a
different color, which becomes a way-finding
device and also helps the students identify
with their “community,” a vital part of the
school’s teaching philosophy.
7. Washington Monument Restoration
• Architectural style: post modernism
•begun in 1998
• Michael Graves was hired by the National Park
Service to design scaffolding that would not
obscure the monument.
• Graves' design covered the aluminum
framework with a translucent mesh, patterned
to look like the monument's stones.
• The actual obelisk shone through even as it
was being repaired.
8. Nishinippon Institute of Technology
• Architectural style: post modernism
• located in Kitakyushu, Japan.
• white tiled facades rising above the blue stone
base
• The simplicity of the facades provides a
suitable backdrop to the historic temple
immediately behind the building.
9. Capital Regional Medical Center
• Architectural style: post modernism
• located in Tallahassee, Florida.
• the exterior used massing and color to
differentiate the programmatic requirements
of the building.
• On the ground floor, Graves grouped the
reception, classrooms and visitor services
surrounding a wood-paneled rotunda that
exudes a sense of warmth and welcome in
comparison to the more typical large-scale
glass atriums found in many modern hospitals.
10. Martel College
• Architectural style: post modernism
• located in Houston, Texas.
•Martel College, the ninth residential hall at
Rice, is named for Marian and Speros P. Martel,
generous donors to Rice University.
•Graves thinks in terms of the context so the
stone columns and cipollinno marble accents
echo motifs in the Jones College buildings
nearby.
• Like many of Graves' buildings, this entrance
has a clear sense of a base and top, as well as a
monumental portal.
• The four-story Martel College is built around a
central quadrangle, with various entrance
points in addition to the monumental entrance,
and with a gap by the adjacent Jones Colleges.
Philosophy

• Architecture is meant to be legible and part of

everyday life.
• reworking the commonly accepted language of
architecture into a uniquely personal
expression without losing its style.
Architectural Style
• Grave was a disciple of Modernism.
• Rejection of past references hallmark his early
style.
• by late 1970s, he rejected modernism and
focused on post-modernism.
Famous Quote

“I SEE ARCHITECTURE NOT AS GROPIUS DID, AS A

MORAL VENTURE, AS TRUTH, BUT AS INVENTION, IN
THE SAME WAY THAT POETRY OR MUSIC OR PAINTING
IS INVENTION”

Michael Graves
Books

Michael Graves: Images of a Grand Tour

• collects the stunning artwork produced during Graves’
trip around the world
Michael Graves: Design for Life
• shows the famous structures of Michael Grave
 Awards

National Medal of Arts in 1999 National Medal American Institute of National Driehaus Architecture
Architects’ AIA Gold Medal in 2001 of Prize in 2012 Medal of Arts in
Arts in 1999 1999
Robert Charles Venturi
Jr.
Report
Robert Charles Venturi Jr.
• Father of Post Modernism Architecture
•Born on June 25,1925 up to September 18,
2018
•Died because of a complications of Alzheimer’s
disease.
•One of the founding principal of the firm
Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates.
•the most popular architectural figure during
the twentieth century.
•“Less is Bore”
Education
•He graduated Suma Cum Laude for Princeton
University in 1947.
•Where he was a member of “Phi Beta Kappa”
and won the “D’ Amato Prize in Architecture.
He received his M.f.a from Princeton in 1950.
•In 1951 he briefly worked for Eero Saarinen in
Bloom field hills Michigan, and later on for
Louis khan in Philadelphia.
Works
The Guild House
• Is a residential building in Philadelphia.
•Completed in 1963
•It shelters and a apartment for the low income
senior citizens.
• Considered as one of the earliest expressions
of post modernism.
•It represented a conscious rejection of
modernism architecture.
Gordon Wu Hall
•The interior of the building was planned not
only to create a series of spaces to
accommodate the social and dining activities
of 500 students.
•The long dining room with a tall bay window at
its end provides a sense of grandeur and
recalls Princeton's Neo-Gothic dining halls, but
low ceilings, large windows and natural wood
furnishings create another scale of intimacy
and comfort that allows the large room to
become a pleasing cross between a cafe and a
grand dining commons.
First Campus Center
•Is the focal point of social life in Princeton
University.
•The campus center is a combination of the
former Palmer Physics Lab and a modern
movement.
•The building consists of modern expansion to
the existing collegiate Gothic Palmer Hall.
•The building volume fills up the whole
courtyard.
Seattle Art Museum
•The Seattle Art Museum's growing collection
contains nearly 25,000 works of art from
around the world.
•Hammering Man would have been installed in
time for the museum's opening, but on
September 28, 1991, as workers attempted to
erect the piece, it fell, was damaged, and had
to be returned to the foundry for repairs.
Vanna Venturi House
• The five room house stands only about 30ft
tall at the top of the chimney.
•Has a monumental façade, an effect achieved
by the intentional manipulation of the
architectural elements.
• The non-structural applique arch and hole in
the wall windows, among other elements,
together with Venturi‘ s book Complexity and
Contradiction in Architecture were an open
challenge to Modernist orthodox.
Allen Memorial Art Museum
•located in Oberlin, Ohio, and is run by Oberlin
College. It was founded in 1917.
•The collection contains over 15,000 works of
art.
•The AMAM is primarily a teaching museum,
and it is aimed at the students, faculty, and
staff of Oberlin College as well as the
surrounding community.
Freedom Plaza
•Originally known as Western Plaza, is an open
plaza in northern Washington dc, united
states, located at the corner of 14th
street and Pennsylvania avenue NW, adjacent
to pershing park.
•The john a. Wilson building, the seat of
the district of Columbia government , faces
the plaza
•the historic national theatre, which has been
visited by every U.S. President since it opened
in 1835.
Fire Station in Columbus, Indiana
• This clean, simple brick building was meant to
be a functional and inexpensive space.
• Unlike many of his architectural peers, Venturi
delivered a design that actually met those
criteria.
•The tower and contrasting color of the bricks
exemplified Venturi’ s “billboard architecture”
concept, offering a flash of excitement on an
otherwise bland roadway.
Franklin Court
• Another subtle but significant design by a
master of symbolism, this addition to
Independence National Historic Park.
•Venturi, Brown, and then collaborator and
colleague John Rauch set two “ghost houses,”
representing the Franklin residence and office.
•The white tubular steel outlines, award-
winning examples of playful place making that
allow visitors to reconstruct the buildings in
their imaginations, have become icons and
object lessons for architecture students.
Sainsbury Wing
•Venturi and Brown achieved both a
postmodern, and political, masterstroke with
this design, delivering an eclectic yet unified
blueprint to patch up a massive row in British
architecture.
• Venturi and Brown design was selected, this
site had become the site of a battle between
different stylistic camps; a previous design was
described by Prince Charles as looking “like a
monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much
elegant friend .”
• Venturi and Brown design managed to make
everyone happy without selling out, laying out
a series of galleries and exteriors, including an
“echo facade” facing Trafalgar Square, that
blends new and old ideas without being
watered down.
QUOTES
“When circumstances defy order, order should bend or break: anomalies and uncertainties
give validity to architecture.”
“ Modernism is about space. Postmodernism is about communication. You should do what
turns you on.”
“ The World cannot wait for the Architect to build utopia, and in the man, the Architect’s
concern ought not to be with what is- and how to help improve it now.
“ Less is Bore”
-Robert Venturi
Books
Iconography and Electronics Upon a
Generic Architecture
•This new collection of writings in a variety
of genres argues for a generic architecture
defined by iconography and electronics,
an architecture whose elemental qualities
become shelter and symbols.
Complexity and Contradiction in
Architecture
•The most influential books by any
architect of our era—the one celebrating
complexity in architecture, the other the
uses of symbolism in commercial and
vernacular architecture and signage. This
new collection of writings in a variety of
genres argues for a generic architecture
defined by iconography and electronics,
an architecture whose elemental qualities
become shelter and symbol.
 Awards

•The Pritzker Architecture Prize

To honor a living architect or architects whose
built work demonstrates a combination of those
qualities of talent, vision, and commitment, which
has produced consistent and significant
contributions to humanity and the built
environment through the art of architecture.
•Robert Venturi, who has always identified himself
as a Philadelphia architect, but whose projects
are international in scope, has been selected to
receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize of 1991,
generally acknowledged as architecture's highest
award. Venturi, often described as one of the
most original talents in contemporary
architecture, has not only made his mark with
built works, but with his writings, teaching and
theories.
References:
•https://www.pritzkerprize.com/announcement-robert-venturi
•https://www.curbed.com/2018/9/20/17879874/robert-venturi-works-vanna-venturi-
postmodern-architecture
•https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/76282.Robert_Venturi
•https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/iconography-and-electronics-upon-generic-architecture
Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-
Duc (1814 – 1879)
VIOLLET-LE-DUC
French architect who wrote many books outlining his architectural
theory
His interpretation of architecture had a great impact on the conceptual
tools of modern 20th century architecture

His idea:
the structure and the function of
architecture as its sole determinants
 He no longer regarded the theory of architecture as a
speculative, aesthetic system, but rather as the result of
scientific research.
 During his career he became a restorer and began
surveying and restoring medieval churches and
fortresses.
 The expertise he acquire through this became the basis
for his books – “Detailed Encyclopedia of French
Architecture”, “Dictionary of French Architecture” and
“ Discourses on architecture”
Notre Dame Cathedral Basilica St. Denis

Mont Saint Michel La Sainte Chapelle

Viollet-le-Duc’s theory of building is based on the
precise and extensive knowledge of the building
and construction techniques in the Middle Ages,
that he acquired as a restorer.
He consciously chose the Gothic style of
architecture, not as a 19th-century revival style
based on emotional associations but as a logical,
reasoned, functional expression.
The ideal Cathedral

As a case of trying to
achieve an ideal system
of proportion as well as a
construction method,
Gothic skeleton form
of architecture was
considered as the pinnacle
of progress
 It was a way of building that
can accommodate structural
elements in a dynamic
relations of forces.
 This quality justifies the
opinion that Gothic
architecture constituted a
unique “style”.
Viollet-le-Duc adapted
Gothic forms to metal
and iron and was
interested in the
decorative possibilities
of the material.

His "vaulting systems for

large spaces" utilized
diagonal and vertical
supports in compression
and tension, as supports
and hangers. In some
cases wrought-iron
decoration was fastened
to the structure
 Viollet-le-Duc's own architectural compositions
were comparable to the bold and forceful
creations of the High Victorian Gothic style in
England.
 His books contained his ideas on iron
construction, the relationship between form and
decoration, and the role of new materials, all of
which, together with the plates, can be seen to
have been influential on a number of
practitioners of Art Nouveau at the turn of the
century.
 His interpretation of Gothic
was as a rational style, the
construction clearly defined by
buttresses and flying buttresses
supporting ribs and vaults, the
whole essentially a skeletal
system, with curtain-walls and
webs really non-structural infill.
 Forces were transferred to the
ground by these systems, and
this notion of Gothic became
widely accepted, for the much
later Modern Movement
 he suggested similarities between iron structures and
Gothic systems, and proposed new techniques to design
framed buildings that would be a modern equivalent of
Gothic.
 His ideas had a profound effect on many architects,
including Perret and Frank Lloyd Wright, especially his
insistence on the importance of structure, purpose,
dynamics, techniques, and the visible expression of these.
 Viollet-le-Duc is considered by
many to be the first theorist of
modern architecture.
 In several un built projects for
new buildings, Viollet-le-Duc
applied the lessons he had
derived from Gothic
architecture, applying its rational
structural systems to modern
building materials such as cast
iron. He also looked at organic
structures, such as leaves and
animal skeletons, for inspiration.

Design for a Concert Hall expressing Gothic

Principles in modern material: brick, stone
And cast iron.
The relevance to modernist approach stems from
the fact that Viollet-le-Duc developed counter-
positions with a radicalism
Gothic versus Classicism, construction versus
ornamentation, truth versus lies, engineering
versus architecture as art.
 Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
Born c. 80-70 BC, died after c. 15 BC
Famous Roman Architect in the 1st
century BC.
Born in Verona
Prominent architectural theorist in
the Roman Empire, written De
Architectura

Little is known about Vitruvius’ life, most inferences about him are extracted
from his only surviving work: De Architectura
De Architectura
A treatise written of Latin and Greek
on architecture
Dedicated to the Emperor Augustus
Summary of Vitruvius’ own
experience in the field of
architecture
Only major contemporary source on
classical architect to have survived.
Greek House Plan by Vitruvius
Greek House Plan by Vitruvius
 No use of atriums, but make
passageways for people
entering the door, with stables
on one side and doorkeepers'
rooms on the other, and shut
off by doors at the inner end.
 Θυρωρειον “concierge”, place
between the two doors. From
it, one enters the peristyle with
a recess distance one third
less than the space between
antae.
Intercolumniation
 Intercolumniation:
 Spacing between columns in a
colonnade as measured at the
bottom of their shafts

Pyconostyle: one and half

diameters
Systyle: two diameters
Eustyle: two and quarter
diameters (best
proportion)
Diastyle: three diameters
Araeosystyle: Alternating
araeostyle and systyle
 Fundamental Principles
Fundamental Principles

Order Arrangement Eurythmy Symmetry Propriety Economy

Order: due measure to the members of a work considered

separately
Arrangement: includes the putting of things in their proper
places
Eurythmy: is beauty and fitness in the adjustments of the
members.
 Fundamental Principles
Fundamental Principles

Order Arrangement Eurythmy Symmetry Propriety Economy

Symmetry: Symmetry is a proper agreement between the

members of the work itself
Propriety: Propriety is that perfection of style
Economy: Economy denotes the proper management of
materials and of site
Vitruvian Man
The man is called after the
Roman architect, Vitruvius
Who believed that the
proportions of body
should be taken forward
into architecture
Vitruvius
According to Vitruvius, architecture is an imitation of
nature. As birds and bees built their nests, so humans
constructed housing from natural materials, that gave them
shelter against the elements.

Vitruvius is sometimes loosely referred to as the first

architect, but it is more accurate to describe him as the first
Roman architect to have written surviving records of his
field.
Theories in the
antiquity
Ten books on
architecture
BY VITRUVIUS
THREEFOLD PRINCIPLES – by
VITRUVIUS

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio is the author of De architectura, known today as

The Ten Books on Architecture, a treatise written of Latin and Greek on
architecture, dedicated to the emperor Augustus.

Vitruvius is famous for asserting in his book De architectura that a

structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, and
venustas — that is, it must be firm (strong or durable), useful, and
beautiful.
Firmness -
Every time a building is put up, it fights a perpetual war with gravity, and
how the architect equips his or her building decides how long it will be
able to withstand the inevitable.
 Utility –
Buildings are too expensive and time -consuming to build for the sake of building,
and every building erected serves a purpose to its patrons or contractors. That is to
say, every building serves a specific utility, be it religious, civic, educational, or so
on.
 Beauty: Architectural Aesthetics
and the Element of Enjoyment
Beauty, or delight, is the trickiest element of Vitruvius’, but as important as the
other two. It is concerned with manifold issues, such as how color and light
interrelate with each other inside and outside of the building, how the texture of
the building is felt, with both the eyes and the skin, and how the ornamentation is
handled.
Buildings are everywhere, and so long as they meet Vitruvius’ trinity of terms, they
are generally accepted and enjoyed by humankind.
 TEN BOOKS ON ARCHITECTURE
BOOK – 1- ARCHITECTURAL
PRINCIPLES
Chapter 1 – Education of the architect
The architect should be equipped with the knowledge
of many branches of study .
Theory, manual skills (drawing), naturally gifted,
amenable to instruction, wide knowledge of history,
(Ex: Caryatids), Philosophy, music, mathematical
theory, climate, etc., and function of the architect need
training in all department of learning.
Chapter 2 – Fundamental principles of architecture
Architecture depends on order, arrangements, eurhythmy, symmetry, propriety &
economy.
Chapter 3 – departments of architectureT
here are 3 departments of architecture – 1. Art of building 2. Making of timepiece,
3. Construction of machinery
Chapter – 4 – the site of a city
For fortified towns - Choice of a very healthy site, climate, wind, nature and aquatic
nature, food
Chapter – 5 – City WallsTowers must be
projected beyond the line of the walls.
Layout of towns, thickness of walls

Chapter -6 – Directions of the streets

with remarks on the winds

Chapter -7 – The sites for public

buildings
 BOOK II. - EVOLUTION OF
BUILDING : USE OF MATERIALS
Ch-1 – Origin of the dwelling house
Ch-2 – Primordial substance
Ch-3 - Brick - Vitruvius’s brick bond
Ch-4 - Ch-10 – Building materials Sand,
Lime, Pozzalana kind of powder (similar to
Volcanic ash) used mixed with lime & rubble,
stone, Methods of building walls, timber,
highland and lowland fir
BOOK III. - IONIC TEMPLES
Ch-1 – symmetry as manifest in the human body and as applies to the
design of temples

Ch-2 – 7 classifications of temples based on placement and number of

rows of columns
Ch-3 – Analysis of the plans of temples

Ch-4 – Laying of the foundation and the base of the temple

Ch-5 – Specifications for the Ionic order

 BOOK IV. - DORIC AND
CORINTHIAN
Ch-1 – origins of 3 orders
TEMPLES
Ch-2 – rules for work in marble & other stone
Ch-3 – Proportions and symmetry for Doric order
Ch-4 – Details the Cella
Ch-5 – Facing of the door
Ch-6 – Construction of temple doors
Ch-7 – Rules for constructing a Tuscan temple
Circular
Temple
BOOK V. - PUBLIC BUILDINGS,
THEATRES (AND MUSIC), BATHS,
HARBOURS.
Ch-1 – Forum & basilicas
Ch-2 – Treasury, prison & Senate
house
Ch-3 – The Theatre – its site,
foundation & acoustics
Ch-4 – Harmonics
Ch-5 – Soundings vessels in the
theatre

Forum -
Ch-6 – Plan of the theatre
Ch 7 – Greek Theatres
Ch-8 – Acoustics of the site of a
theatre
Ch-9 – Colonnades and walks
Ch-10 – Baths
Book VI – Theoretical principles of
Private Houses

Ch-1 – Climate as determining the style of the house

Ch-2 – Symmetry and modifications to suit the site

Ch-3 – Proportions of the principle rooms

Ch-4 – Proper exposures of different rooms

Ch-5 – How the rooms should be suited to the station of the owner
Ch-6 – The Farm House

Ch-7 – Greek House

Ch-8 – Foundations and sub-

structures

Roman Farm
House
Plan – Greek Roman House -
House Pompeii
Book VII – Finishing and methods
of giving beauty & durability

Ch-1 – Floors

Ch-2 – Ch-6 - Stucco work – Using lime, vaulting, in damp places,

decorations, using marble & Fresco Painting

Ch-7 – Ch-14 – COLORS - Natural & Artificial

Quick silver, Cinnabar, black, Blue – burnt ochre, white lead, Purple,
Substitute for purple yellow ochre, malachite green & indigo
Book VIII – How to Find water &
Localities

Ch-1 – Ch-6 - How to find water, Rainwater, Various properties of

different waters, Tests of good water, Leveling & Leveling Instruments,
Aqueducts, Wells and cisterns
 path
Ch-1 – The Zodiac and the planets

Ch-2 – The Phases of the moon

Ch-3 – The course of the sun through 12 signs

Ch-4 – The Northern Constellation

Ch-5 – The Southern Constellations

Ch-6 – Astrology and Weather

Ch-7 – The Alalemma and its applications

Ch-8 – Sundials and water clocks

 Book X – The principles which
governs Machines
Ch-1 – Machines and implements

Ch-2 – Hoisting Machines

Ch-3 – Elements of Motion

Ch-4 – Engines for raising water

Ch-5 – Water Wheels and Water Mills

Ch-6 – Water Screw

Ch-7 – Pump Ch-12 – The stringing and tuning
catapults

Ch-8 – The Water Organ

Ch-13 – Siege machines (battering rams)

Ch-9 – The Hodometer (Measure

distance when travelling in water) Ch-14 – The Tortoise (filling ditches)

Ch-10 – Catapults Ch- 15 – Hegetor’s Tortoise

Ch-11 – Ballistae (machine used to Ch-16 – Measures of Defence

throw stones)
Zaha Hadid
“ I am eccentric, I
admit it, but I am
not a not a
nutcase”

“there are 360

degrees so why
stick to one”
Zaha Hadid
•Birth: October 31, 1950 in Baghdad Iraq
•Civil Status: single, No Children
•Nationality: Iraqi, holds British
Citizenship
•Father: Muhammad al- Hajj Husayn
Hadid
•Mother: Wajiha al- Sabunji
1977:
• Completes study at Architectural
Associates, London
• becomes partner with Office for
Metropolitan Architecture
1980:
• Establishes Zaha Hadid Architects
1993:
Vitra fire station in Weil-am-Rhein,
Germany opens
1994:

•Teaches in the United States: the Kenzo

Tange Chair at Harvard University’s School
of Design, Sullivan Chair at the University
of Illinois’s School of Architecture, and
Master Studio at Columbia University;
-Competition Winner, Cardiff Bay Opera
House, Cardiff, Wales.
1997: Competition Winner, MAXXI: National
Museum of XXI Century Arts, Rome.
1999: LF One/Landesgartenschau
completed, Weil am Rhein, Germany.
•2000: Honorary Fellowship, the
American Institute of Architects

•2001: Begins teaching at University of

Applied Arts Vienna
2002: Hoenheim-North Terminus and Car
Park opens in Strasbourg, France;
-opening of Bergisel Ski Jump, Innsbruck,
Austria;
2003: Rosenthal Center for
Contemporary Arts completed,
Cincinnati, USA.
•2003: The Richard and Lois Rosenthal
Center for Contemporary Art opens in
Cincinnati, Ohio

•2004: Awarded the Pritzker Prize

2005: Phaeno Science Center
completed, Wolfsburg, Germany;
2006 Maggie’s Centre completed, Fife,
Scotland.
Dorobanti Tower
Beethoven Concert Hall
Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre
Thyssenkrupp Headquarters
Guangzhou Opera House
UY)
=
Q_
LL
CO)
=<
©
©
What is a Concept?

Architectural concepts
“Bright ideas
*Unique solution to a problem
*the designer’s way of responding to the design situation
presented in the program
* means for translating the non-physical statements in to physical
building product
*Each project has within it critical issues or essential problems
*The designer must establish what they are, and in response to
them, create concepts for dealing with them architecturally
The building projects may begin with one concept or single overall direction
of how to respond to the problem

° PARTI-The basic, central, or main concept, drawing, or scheme of an

architectural design.
However, any building design is composed of many concepts
The designer must divide the project situation into a manageable number
of parts, deal with them individually and then synthesize them in to one
whole simultaneous building
° Example:
° Circulation concept
Tropical design concept
oO

° Environmental concept
Behavioral concept
oO

Spatial concept
oO
How to make a concept??

A Concept is a Statement of an ideal set of relationships

among several of the elements under an architect’s control
— such as; Form, material, texture, colour and adjacency

A Concept Statement is made up of a simple diagram and a

few words

A Concept may encompass the entire problem or can

illustrate the ideal solution for a small part of the project
Analogies and Metaphors

Analogies
* are very useful in generating overall design concepts because it is fairly easy
to make the necessary comparisons with known objects to generate new
ideas about the object to be designed
 Architect: Daniel libeskind
American-Polish Architect
Deconstructivist

Architecture is a Language: Daniel Libeskind at TEDxDUBLIN

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEkDosanxGk

—
Royal Ontario Felix Jewish Museum of Libeskind Michael Lee- IWM North Frederic C.
Museum Nussbaum Museum Military Tower Chin Crystal Hamilton
House / Mu... Berlin History Building
 RENZO PIANO
Contemporary Architect

The genius behind some of the world's most

famous buildings | Renzo Piano

https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=GRfudKFLAm|

The Centre The Shard Tjibaou

Pompidou Cultural
Center
 Bjarke Ingels

Bjarke Bundgaard Ingels is a Danish architect,

founder and creative partner of Bjarke Ingels
Group. In Denmark, Ingels became well known
after designing two housing complexes in @restad:
VM Houses and Mountain Dwellings.
Wikipedia

CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECT
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECT

Bjarke Ingels: Architecture should be more like

a i FE : ie

MY AECLUA as
ree i : a: | 3] ' 5
eo

Bjarke Ingels, the architect enamoured Bjarke Ingels Tapped to Build Project ... Bjarke Ingels | NUVO New York Apartment Building . Bjarke Ingels Group - The Sky..
thenewbarcelonapost.com architecturaldigest.com nuvomagazine.com nymag.com skyscrapercenter.com

Jmutterstock com » 1698448573

5 Bjarke Ingels Buildings that are Eco . Bjarke Ingels Images, Stock Photos Bjarke Ingels: Creating a New Great Buildings by Bjarke Ingels Group 7
 Cc @ youtube.com/watch?v=6200mdSZzBs

MICK PIERCE
©2Youlube * biomimicry
Zimbabwean
Architect

Sustainable architect

Sustainable project-
Eastgate shopping
center

Naturally low
temperature
building
> pl @) 002/31 Inspiration-
biomimicry inspired
#NationalGeographic #Decoder #Termites
See How Termites Inspired a Building That Can Cool Itself | Decoder from termite mound
©\Youlube biophilia
a oe~
¥

Sy gt LIVING FUTURE

BIOPHILIC DESIGN

Biophilic Design
10,257 views * Aug 14, 2019 242 4 SHARE SAVE

Cf _youtube.com/watch?v=N1CkwnaqrYrE

© YouTube council house

| ee ee, Dt

Council House 2 ( CH2 ) Animation | City of Melbourne

Examples
A building lying on a hill
Examples
A building cooled like a tree — Responding to environment

Office building like an apple — Space organization

Sydney Opera House is like a ship sailing in the harbour— Symbolic form

Pavilions like foot prints - context

Natural ventilation for
high-rise buildings
(termite model)
chimneys direct hot air out of the
building, hot air could be used for
energy production if, for example,
vertical axis wind turbines or sterling
engines are mounted on the chimneys

@ - warm air
© - cool air vegetation, reduces.
.
sunlight heating

<
<
<
<
heat core
ee —_,
<
a connection to
heat core <
"nea
accumulation box
|] <
— —_—

Schematic of the natural ventilation of the building ™

 n~ INCcCW lav

c
L CegQIABAA&oq= anthill+biomimicry+structure... w

aS
SAAS
Ailes.

ss

¥
»
>?
ot

Saleh

ee WA
|
ss
aaah
au

Ws
eu)

ate
er
COUNCIL
HOUSE 2
Biomimicry: Inspiration from Nature...
A good Concept Diagram
1. Simple — simple diagram giving
full representation of the idea
Strong visual impact — minimal
detail, strong lines, arrows
showing direction where
necessary
Brief verbal description — few
words as possible to make the
meaning clear
Four Significant Phases

1.0 Definition of the project

2.0 Development of Design Strategies and Concepts
3.0 Development of Design and Appreciation
4.0 Final Design and Appreciation
1.0 DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT
1.1 Background of the Project
Discussion about the project touching on the basic needs such as shelter,
recreational, institutional , cultural, industrial and other uses. What is the
intention why the project is being proposed?
1.2 Scope of the project
Embraces the needs of the project that can be translated into spaces or
architectural undertaking within the realm of architect’s service. Proper
hierarchy of needs should be observed
1.3 Project Objectives

Reflects the intentions of the project owner in putting up a building.

Contains the enumeration of the intentions why the prospective client is
proposing a building or a project.
Influence the direction of the design objectives and approaches set by
the architect
oSort out all the client’s objectives in relation to architectural activities.
oObserve hierarchy of objectives
oProject objectives-client
oDesign objectives-architect
Goal –broad, vague statements of what to achieve
at the end of the process
Example: provide a living environment that
will make family members happy
Objective-specific activities to be done to reach the
goal
Example: DESIGN OBJECTIVES
1. to design a family room that will encourage
maximum bonding with family members
2. to design bedrooms that will provide family
members with maximum comfortability
3. to design a residence that will stand the test of
time, calamities and obsolescence.
Example: Mr. Juan dela Cruz Objectives:

1. to put up a residential structure for investment

2. to provide a house where everybody enjoys privacY
3. to provide a house for his family where they can experience closer bonding
4. to house his cherished possessions
5. to provide his family space for healthy living
6. to provide his family a house adapted to the interest of his family members
7. You may notice that project objective 1 is the only objective that is not within the
service of an architect. But take note that the client’s objective a house is an
investment must also be considered since this statement should influence the
design of the structure making the house increase its property value as time
went by.
1.4 Site of the Project

Contains information about the site: location, size and shapes,

measurements others. The information stated in the TCT is very
important as preliminary site research and inventory. Detailed site
analysis will be done at a later stage.
1.5 Building Requirements

All requirements and data needed in putting up a specific building: legal,

space requirements, standards, needs and wants of the user/owner,
cultural, others
2.0 DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN STRATEGIES

2.1 Design Objectives

2.2 Design Considerations
2.3 programming
2.4 Technical space analysis
2.1 Design Objectives

Architect’s intention on what to accomplish at the end of the design

process

Influence by project objectives

Answers the needs of the project which can be translated into spatial or
architectural activities

Influence by other factors that the architect will include in his statement
of objectives. These factors influencing his objectives are the design
considerations
2.2 Design Considerations

Influencing factors that are considered in developing the building and its
environ. These are factors may not be directly related in architecture but
are needed since they affect the design of the building

Geared toward the attainment of the design objectives

Also hinge on the project objectives

AR 132 THEORY OF ARCHITECTUR
MA. SOCORRO A. GACUTAN
ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMING
Webster definition; “a plan or procedure

•Duerk’s definition

• architectural programming is process of managing

information so that the right kind of information is available
at right stage of the design process and the best possible
decisions can be made in shaping the outcome of the
building design.

•It also creates the structure for fulfilling the hopes, wishes,
and desires of the building’s future inhabitants.
•Architectural programming is the problem-
seeking phase
•Design-problem solving phase

Programming is the first step of the design

process
Information provided by the client/user
Design team or
Program consultant
Programming is the first step of the design process
•Information provided by the client/user
•Design team or
•Program consultant
Two main concerns of programming
1. Analysis of the existing state
•Site analysis
•User profiles
•Codes
•Constraints such as climate
2. projection of the future state
•Set of criteria that the design must meet in order to be
successful and includes
•the mission,
•goal,
•concepts and
•performance requirements
Design Issues
• is defined as an area of concern that demands
a design response
•Are categories for searching for information or
data about the existing state as topics for goals,
performance requirements, concepts that are
develop to describe the future state.

.
 PRE-DESIGN
SERVICE
Programming
Feasibility
Master plans
prototypes

SCHEMATIC
DESIGN

DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT

POST DESIGN
Post occupancy evaluation
User’s manual
Evaluation research

AIA DESIGN
PROCESS
LE

DESIGN PROCESS AS CYCLIC

PROCESS

Program document-
•states the mission (purpose) of the
project and serves as a repository of all
relevant factual material pertaining to
the project
•documents all relevant factual materials
and decisions about the scope and
direction of the project
Analysis- is the breaking up of any whole into
parts so as to find out their nature, function,

Synthesis –putting together of parts or

elements to form a whole.
Facts-site, user, culture economics must be
uncovered
Data about site
•Cultural
•Natural
•Aesthetics
Organizing framework
Pena (1987) design issues
•Form
•Function
•Economy
•Time
Palmer (1981)design issues
•Human factors
•Physical factors
•External factors
 Duerk

ISSUES PRIVACY SECURITY TERRITORIALI IMAGE MAINTENANC PHYSICAL AUDIBILIT ETC

TY E COMFORT
Y

FACTS

VALUES

GOALS

PERFORMA
NCE
REQUIREM
ENT

CONCEPTS
HIERARCHY OF DECISIONS
MISSION- should answer the questions

•Why are we doing this project?

•What is the contribution that this project will make
to the world?

All goals requirements concepts performance

requirements must be parallel to the mission
.
Professional issues and concerns
Limits creativity
Too complicated
Increase cost, waste, energy

Importance
Give architects info for projects big or small
Stage for gathering info and decisions

Preparation

Program form
Content
Prliminarie
Executive summary
Values and goals
Design considerations
Project requirements
Space identification
And allocation
.
Mission- defines special purpose that the building
project must fulfil to succeed. Contains set of
values that were part of the impetus that
generated the project.
“Why do we need to do this project?”.
Mission and issues should be stated so that goals
can be formulated.
EXAMPLE :
Mission statement: to create an educational
facility that supports 7,8, and 9 graders in making
an easy transition from childhood to adulthood.
Goal-
•must be developed
•Clearly expresses the level of quality to be reached
by the final design regarding all design issues have
been uncovered in the analysis phase.

•It is a statement of an ideal quality level in which

the design should have to be 100% successful.
Types of goals
Process/resource goals
•Time
•Financial
•Talent
•Skill
•Critic
•Evaluators
Types of goals
Educational goals-opportunity of the design
team to learn something
Personal goal-what the design team wants
to get from the project
Project goals-relate only to the outcome
desired from the project
Techniques in developing goals
•Interview
•Observation
•Scenarios
•Existing documents
Good goal statement
• level of quality or degree of excellence that the ideal
solution or final product will achieve.

•resolve the question raised about the role of a

particular issue in the design project.

•embodies the aspirations of the client and the users

so that the designer is inspired to fulfil those dreams.

•focuses on the quality of environment to be achieved

for the issue that the goal is delineating.
Method of formulating goal
•focus on the designer’s search for a solution to
problem without limiting the potential for
multiple, alternative design concepts that would
fulfil the goal’s intention

•Heuristic method

•Goal should be general

•It should avoid words that are open to wide range

of interpretation
Writing goal statement
1. answers the question “how is the mission for this
project to be accomplished?
2. is a statement of quality of the ideal solution
therefore: there should have some adjectives/adverbs
3. words with should be
4. simply stated as possible and should allow all
relevant performance requirements to be covered in its
scope.
5. cover a priority issue and be same scope and
importance as the rest of the other goals of the
projects
6. positive and proactive
Example: the facility should provide and extremely clear, simple,
and exciting circulation system for members of the college of
architecture and environmental design as well as for the visitors.
Mission statement:
To create a residential environment that blends easily into a
variety of anew England settings, yet, at the same time, provides
space and support features necessary to habitation of severely
retarded/disabled adults
Goal: the meal preparation/dining areas should promote active
participation by the residents and facilitate the learning of daily
living skills.
(issue: social interaction/learning)
Goal:
Parking should be within a few minute walk from the downtown
core(issue: circulation)
Performance requirements-

•Way of achieving goal

•Level of excellence to be attained

•Synonymous to “design criteria” of

Pena
How to write PR

1. should answer HOW IS TH FUNCTION OF THIS

GOAL TO BE IMPLEMENTED?
2. SUB-ISSUE: develop a specific, measurable,
and operational. Use adjectives and adverbs that
will clearly describe the level of function.
Dominant verb should be used
3. use of word should
4. Simply stated yet allow for all relevant
concepts to be included
5. Should cover a sub-issue.
6. should be proactive and positive
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT
Statement about measurable level of function that the
designed object, building, or place must provide for a
goal to be met. It is also called performance
specification standard or a criterion and is often labelled
as an objective.
Example:
Goal-the house should maintain a moderate level of
physical comfort.
Moderate quality
physical comfort. Issues
a PR is more specific than goal since it relate to function
(a doing) instead of quality ( a being).
Three performance requirements per goal is a good
average for schematic design
What makes a good performance requirements
•Specific
•Measurable
•Operational
Measures:
•Binary measures either yes or no. Whether or not something
works or whether or not it meets the required level of
performance.
•Scalar- measures within acceptable range of values using
physical measurements
•Judgment- evaluation based on values, verification, ranking,
estimation, approximation, guess, anticipation.
Example:
Goal: the major portion of the parking should be short,
pleasant walk from the shopping destinations
PR: shoppers coming to downtown should have to walk
less than five minutes to get from their car to 90%
destination.
Goal: building should encourage efficient and
responsible use of energy
PR: the building should use passive solar technology to
maximum extent possible for space heating.
Heat loss be kept at an absolute minimum.
75% heating should be coming from the sun
Building should take advantage of day lighting.
 concep
P t
R concep
t
concept

mission
goa
concep
l
PR t
concep
t
concept

PR concept

concep
t
concept
 VALUEs -different building types require different
responses to the same issues based upon the values
of different users.

CONCEPT
fact PERFOR
MANCE
VALUE REQUIRE
ISSUE GOAL
fact MENT
CONCEPT
fact

CONCEPT

VALUES INFLUENCE ISSUES TO FORM GOALS

Concepts-
.
FITTING PROGRAMMING
TO THE DESIGN PROCESS

When doing both programming and

design, it is difficult to keep from
jumping to solutions and using the
program to justify the design.
DEFINING ISSUES

Sort out all architectural concerns into issue –

based categories:
Issues are means to any matter that
demands a design response in order for
building project to be successful for its clients
and users
ISSUE CHECKLIST
AUDIBILITY
•Behaviour setting
CIRCULATION
•Information
•Material
•Parking
Elegant means
Phasing
Quality
Energy efficiency
Environmental impact
Flexibility
•Adaptability
•Choice/variety
•Expansion/contraction
•Multi-use
Image
•Identity
•Message
•Ordering/proportion
•Status/hierarchy
•symbolism
Interaction
•Group participation
•Social
Legibility
•Layering
•Orientation
•Plan recognition
•Sequence

COMFORT
•Physical
•Psychological
Convenience
•Durability
•Economy
Mood/ambience
•Attitude
•Emotional response
•Spirit of place
Olfactory
Personalization
•Group
•Individual
Resource management
Safety
•Accident
•Hazard
Security
•Assault
•Robbery
•Unauthorized access/.entry
•Vandalism
Territory
•Group
•Individual
Visibility
Facts
•Are objectives
• specific,
• verifiable by some measurements or observation

Site
•Climate
•Wind
•Sun
•Temperature
•Humidity
•Wind speed and direction
Codes
Site conditions
Building codes
Subdivision regulations
Fire code
Water code
Others

Traffic
Bicycles
Pedestrians
Vehicles
Person/user
•Activity analysis
•Age group
•Anthropometric
•Disability
•Environmental history
•Density
•Organizational structure
•Others
Perceptual abilities
•Personality
•Roles
•Rules
•Values

Context
•Cultural
•Demographic
•Economic
•Ethnical
•Historical
•Political
•Social
•Others
FACTS
TRAFFIC LEVELS
Location of existing transit
stops
Number of pedestrian s
Number of mobility
impaired users
Existing communication
channels
Amount ot material moved
per unit of vehicle
Number of bicycle
Frequency of people
moving between
departments
ISSUE SOLUTION
Circulation Location of entries to site
Sub-issues
Location of new transit stop
Vehicles Location of building on site
Pedestrians Circulation patterns
Mobility impaired (site and building)
Information movement Location and amount of parking for
mobility impaired
Services
Installation of new communication tech.
Bikes/motorcycle
Location of ramps
Related issues: security,
legibility, convenience Location of size of recycling storage
,safety Location of parking for bikes and
motorcycle
Size of circulation
Preparation
Program content
Preliminaries
Executive summary
Values and goals
Design considerations
Project requirements
Space identification and allocation
Relationship matrices and diagrams
Space programsheet
Budget and cost
Design analysis
Appendix
Dr. Yasser mahgoub
www.slideshare.net/ymahgoub/architectual-professional-practice-programming
www.neoconeast.com/tasks/site/NeoconEast/assets/File/T28.pdf