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Innovative Exploration
Methods for Minerals, Oil,
Gas, and Groundwater for
Sustainable Development
Edited by

Ajoy Kumar Moitra

Formerly, Director, Geological Survey of India

Jayanta Bhattacharya
Professor, Department of Mining Engineering and School of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur, India

J. R. Kayal
Formerly, Deputy Director General, Geological Survey of
India

Biplab Mukerji
Formerly, Deputy Director General, Geological Survey of
India, Kolkata, India

A. K. Das
Chief General Manager, Sharda Diesels Pvt. Ltd.
 



Innovative Exploration
Methods for Minerals, Oil,
Gas, and Groundwater for
Sustainable Development
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States

Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than
as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they
should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for
any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any
use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

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ISBN: 978-0-12-823998-8

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Typeset by Aptara, New Delhi, India

 



Contents

Dedication xxiii
Contributors xxv
Preface xxxiii
Acknowledgment xxxv

1 Energy resource (Coal, Shale Gas, Geothermal,

Oil, Gas) 1
1.1 Gasification of high ash Indian coals in fluidized bed
gasifier 5
P.D. Chavan, G. Sahu, A. Banerjee, V. Chauhan, N.K. Gupta,
S. Saha, S. Datta, P. Datta and P.K. Singh
Introduction 5
Experimental 5
Results and discussion 6
Conclusions 15
References 15

1.2 Exploration of mining method for coal extraction

in developed bord and pillar property by powered
support long wall equipment 17
M.P. Dikshit

Introduction 17
Shortwall mining 17
Advantages of the method over conventional B&P
mining 18
Selection of site for shortwall 18

v
vi Contents

Geo-mining parameters in an Indian mine 18

Physiomechanical properties of overlying roof rocks 19
Premining scientific studies and observations 19
Production, productivity, and profitability 21
Future scope on production and productivity 23
Induced caving 23
Strata control 26
Strata control, monitoring, and observations 27
Conclusions 27

1.3 Exploration of shale gas in India – Prospects and

challenges 29
Ajoy Kumar Moitra, Aranya Bhaduri, Gopal Chandra
Mukhopadhayay and Ajoy Kr. Das

Introduction 29
Shale gas exploration 31
Shale gas resource potential in India 33
Proterozoic basins – potential areas for closer look 35
Tackling shale gas challenges in India 36
Conclusion 37
References 38

1.4 Synergy through integrated geophysical acquisition

for geothermal and hydrocarbon exploration
and production 43
K. Strack

Introduction 43
System parameters 43
Processing and interpretation 47
Applications 47
Conclusions 52
 Contents vii

Acknowledgments 53
References 53

1.5 3D seismic expression of a paleo channel within

Barail Argillaceous and its hydrocarbon prospect:
Makum field 55
Adam Suting, Sanjiv Kalita, and P.K. Kakoty
Introduction 55
Methodology 56
Seismic signature 56
Discussion 60
Reference 60

1.6 A case study of reservoir parameter estimation in

Norne oil field, Norway by using Ensemble Kalman
Filter (EnKF) 61
Nasima Begum, Mohsen Dadashpour and Jon Kleppe

Introduction 61
Objectives 62
Tasks 62
Parameter estimation 62
Quantifying uncertainty in production forecasts 63
EnKF methodology 63
Managing the uncertainties 64
Advantages of EnKF 64
Sequential Gaussian simulation 64
Case study 65
Norne oil field 65
General geology of Norne field 65
Structure of the Norne field 67
Production history of the Norne field 67
viii Contents

Semisynthetic case: Norne 67

Discussion of the cases on the basis of EnKF 68
Discussion and result 71
Acknowledgments 75
References 76

1.7 Coal bed methane: Changing India’s gas market 79

Gurram Vishwanath Reddy, A.A. Khan and Vaibhav Sharma

Introduction 79
CBM as an energy source 79
CBM extraction technology 81
Challenges in CBM extraction 83
Environmental impact 83
Land acquisition difficulties 84
Hydrofracturing 84
Pricing and marketing of CBM in India 85
Future prospects of CBM 85
References 86

1.8 Identification of gas bearing sweet–spots within

complex reservoir by integrating modern
geophysical measurements – case studies from
upper Assam fields 87
Pradyut Bora, G.K. Duarah and P.K. Kakoty
Introduction 87
Wireline logging technologies, methodologies,
and case studies 88
Discussions 99
References 99
 Contents ix

1.9 Evolution and future prospects for coalbed methane

and coal mine methane in India: Approaches for
addressing mine safety, climate change, and energy
security 101
Ajay Kumar Singh
Introduction 101
Genesis, storage, and transport of methane in coal 102
Coal and lignite deposits in India 104
Coal mining India 106
Mine safety issues and gassiness of coal seams
in India 107
Climate change interlinkages 110
Coalbed methane and coal mine methane as
mitigating measures 112
Coalbed methane development in India 113
Conclusion 123
Acknowledgment 124
References 124

2 Environment (Environment, Assessment and

Control) 127
2.1 Human health risks from potentially toxic elements
in soils of coal mining area 129
R.E. Masto, J. George, V.A. Selvi, R.C. Tripathi and N.K. Srivastava
Introduction 129
Materials and methods 131
Results and discussion 134
Summary 136
References 136
x Contents

2.2 Health risk of exposure to noise in coal preparation

and mineral processing plants 139
Bibhuti B. Mandal, Sumantra Bhattacharya, Veena D. Manwar and
Syed Aftab Hussain

Introduction 139
Noise as an occupational hazard 141
Adverse health effects of noise exposure 142
Field studies 144
Discussion 145
Noise abatement and mitigation measures 147
Conclusion 154
References 155

2.3 Ecological restoration of waste dump generated

from an integrated steel plant: A case study 157
Subodh Kumar Maiti

Introduction 157
Materials and methods 158
Result and discussion 161
Conclusions 169
Acknowledgment 169
References 170

2.4 Environmental sustainability of drilling fluids 171

R.C.S. Siddharth and P.V.S. Eswar

Introduction 171
Drilling fluid and its additives 171
Environmental effects 172
Viable alternatives 172
Drill waste analysis 172
Toxic nature 173
 Contents xi

Reduction of the drilling waste 173

Methods for disposal and treatment techniques 174
Conclusion 174
References 174

2.5 Estimation of CB ratio for opencast mine in

forestry clearance process 177
Manoj Kumar, Praveen K. Singh and R. Nawaz
Introduction 177
Purpose for cost benefit analysis 180
Methodology 180
Box-equations 181
Administration of model 185
Conclusion 185
Acknowledgment 187
References 187

3 Groundwater (Prospecting, Contamination) 189

3.1 Self-potential: A low-cost geophysical method in
investigating groundwater and contaminant
plume 193
Indrajit G. Roy

Introduction 193
Brief phenomenological account of self-potential 194
Techniques of self-potential measurement 199
Processing self-potential data 202
Modeling and interpretation of self-potential data 204
Conclusions 208
Acknowledgment 208
References 208
xii Contents

3.2 Fresh water bearing zone identification using VES

at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Campus, Sylhet, Bangladesh 213
Md. Shofiqul Islam, Md. Ibrahim, A.K.M. Chowdhury,
Emranul Hoque, Hasan Rafin, Md. Hasan Khalid,
Md. Zahidul Islam, Karim Ehsanul, Athay Reashed Kamal,
Asir Awosaf Chowdhury Mohammed and Md. Ashraf Hussain

Introduction 213
Study area and geologic setting 214
Materials and methods 214
Result and discussion 218
Conclusion 224
Acknowledgment 224
References 224

3.3 Integrated geophysical survey for delineating

aquifer zones in Sagar area, South 24 Parganas,
West Bengal 227
D.C. Naskar, R.L. Regar, Dinesh Gupta, P.C. Das and
Manish Chopra
Introduction 227
Geology 228
Hydrogeology 228
Data acquisition & instrument used 229
Data processing 229
Discussion of results 230
Limitations of both methods 237
Conclusions 237
Acknowledgment 238
References 238
 Contents xiii

3.4 Augmentation of arsenic free drinking water supply

in West Bengal through innovative groundwater
exploration technique: A case study 241
Amlanjyoti Kar, D.G. Dastidar, S.K. Adhikari, A.K. Sinha,
T. Talukdar, A.N. Chowdhury, Prachi Gupta, Ankita Bhattacharya and
Sonam

Introduction 241
Infestation of arsenic in West Bengal and its
remediation 243
Case study 243
Way forward 246
Acknowledgment 246
References 247

3.5 Geogenic sulfate-rich wastewater: Sources,

characteristics, effects and treatment technologies 249
Jayanta Bhattacharya, Bidus Das and Shubhabrata Dev
Introduction 249
Sources of sulfate-rich wastewater 250
Characteristic of sulfate-rich wastewater 252
Effect of sulfate-rich wastewater 254
Treatment technologies 255
Microbial sulfate reduction 257
Conclusion 265
References 266

3.6 Pyritic sulphur—Its distribution, origin in coal seams

and production of acid water in mines 273
S.G. Chaudhuri
Introduction 273
Distribution of pyritic sulphur in coals 274
Distribution in coal seams 275
xiv Contents

Microscopic studies of pyrite 279

Mode of occurrence of pyrite 279
Diagenetic changes of pyrite 281
The origin of pyritic sulphur in coal 283
Production of acid water in mines 284
Acid water formation 285
Removal of sulphur from coal 286
Results of investigation 286
Summary and conclusion 289
References 291

4 Mineral Exploration 293

4.1 Modern techniques for identifying mineralization
in virgin area 297
Biplab Mukerji

Introduction 297
Techniques of mineral targetting 297
Data interpretation 299
Statistical methods 300
Conclusion 307
References 307

4.2 Integrated geophysical studies of Precambrian

mobile belts to constrain evolutionary and
mineragenic crustal models (experience from
Fennoscandian Shield) 309
Sokolova Elena Yu, V.A. Kulikov, Mints Michael V.,
Pushkarev Pavel Yu and G. Yakovlev Andrey

Introduction 309
Seismic-based geotectonic model of central
Svecofennian accretionary orogen 311
 Contents xv

Geoelecric-based model of southeastern part of

Svecofennian orogen 312
Mineragenic inferences (Korja, 2002) from the
geoelectric and tectonic models constructed 315
Case study of integrated geophysical prospecting in
the area of highly conductive near surface structures 317
Concluding remarks 318
References 320

4.3 Gravity field: A potent tool in understanding the

tectonic fabric and potential mineralization over
a part of the Bastar Craton, India 323
L.K. Das, Arbind Kumar, Ajay K. Singh and B.N.P. Agarwal
Introduction 323
Geology 323
Gravity anomaly map 325
Results and discussions 326
Conclusions 333
Acknowledgment 333
References 333

4.4 Satellite gravity anomalies: Defining basement

structure of the Northern Bay of Bengal 335
S.K. Dey

Introduction 335
Data source 336
Data analysis and qualitative interpretation 337
Study of selected gravity profiles 341
Conclusions 345
xvi Contents

Acknowledgment 349
References 350

4.5 Essential elements of geostatistics in mineral

Industry 351
B.C. Sarkar

Introduction 351
Necessity of using geostatistics 351
Essential dimensions 352
Geological domaining 352
Semivariography with respect to geological domains 352
Critical decisions on block 353
Essential spotlights 353
Need for additional exploration and risk 354
Concluding remarks 354
References 354

5 Mineral processing 355

5.1 Advanced process control for mineral processing
operations 357
Ashish Rajoria
Introduction 357
Model-based predictive controller BrainWave design
and development 358
Implementation of BrainWave in mineral processing
operations 359
Mineral processing applications 360
Conclusion 366
References 368
 Contents xvii

5.2 Processing of port dredged sand in offshore set-up

for value addition—Approach and constraints 369
Pratik Moon, Ajit Singh Choudhury and Kunal Mukherjee
Introduction 369
Background of port sand dredging 370
Dredger 371
Proposed approach 372
Conclusion 383
References 384

5.3 Utilization of archival exploratory data in coal

washery design 385
Sanchit Agarwal, Ajit Singh Choudhury and Ajoy Kumar Moitra

Introduction 385
Impact of inefficient coal testing 386
Effect and need of proper coal sampling strategy 388
Coal sampling rules and its approach 389
Testing procedures and their approach 390
Sink–float test—use of organic reagents 390
Conclusion 392
References 392

6 Modern appliances and techniques 393

6.1 Wellbore stability modeling for prediction of
mud weight in Krishna–Godavari Basin, India 395
Baisakhi Das and Rima Chatterjee

Introduction 395
Study area 396
Rock failure criteria 396
Wellbore stability analysis 398
xviii Contents

Results and discussion 402

Conclusion 402
References 402

6.2 Impact of modern exploration techniques in oil

& gas reserves to production ratio 405
P. Gopalakrishnan

Introduction 405
Methodology 405
Terms used in petroleum evaluation 406
Evolution of exploration techniques 408
Methods used in petroleum exploration 410
Analysis of production statistics 412
Conclusions 419
References 420

6.3 Effective attenuation of coherent and random

noises in seismic data: A case study from Upper
Assam Basin 421
Kartik Sharma, D.S. Manral and G.V.J. Rao
Introduction 421
Theory 421
Results 424
Conclusion 424
Acknowledgment 428
References 428

6.4 Digitalization in petroleum exploration &

production: The new game changer 429
Shivaji N. Dasgupta

Introduction 429
Digital transformation or revolution 429
 Contents xix

Application on digital transformation in E&P industry 430

Case study for instrumented i-field 432
Geophysical attributes in intelligent field 435
Conclusion 436
Acknowledgment 438
References 438

6.5 New computer technology to solve geological

problems for prospecting and exploration of
mineral resources 439
E.N. Cheremisina, M.Ya Finkelstein, V.A. Spiridonov and
A.V. Lubimova

Introduction 439
Visualization, editing, and geological mapping 439
Geophysical unit 441
Forecast unit 444
Borehole unit 446
Three-dimensional modeling of the territory 446
Conclusions 450
References 452

7 Policies 453
7.1 National geophysical mapping in Geological
Survey of India—An impetus to mineral
exploration 455
Dinesh Gupta, J.V. Rammam Rao and V. Ramamurty
Introduction 455
Importance of integration of geophysical methods 458
Interpretation of geophysical data 461
References 461
xx Contents

7.2 Social license in mining: Can it operate outside the

realm of sustainable development and responsible
mining? 463
Souparna Lahiri

The premise 463

Social license to operate 464
Social license to operate: an extra-legal, amorphous,
and intangible concept? 465
Alternative discourse: toward an improved and
responsible resource governance 466
Consolidating and concluding from Indian
experiences 470
References 473

7.3 Why shale gas is a prime option for us from

energy perspective and the multitasking software
to address the related issues 475
Asit Kumar Samaddder

Global scenario 475

Scenario 475
The software details 478
Total organic content estimation and organic
maturity 480
Fluid and mineral evaluation 480
Advanced saturation modeling: nuclear magnetic
resonance and dielectric volumes 481
Mechanical properties and brittleness 481
3D stress and stress orientation 482
Permeability 482
Pay analysis 482
References 482
 Contents xxi

7.4 Evaluating coal block auctions 483

Dipesh Dipu

Genesis of a crisis 483

New statute and coal block auctions 485
Flaws in coal block auctions 486
Production from the reallocated coal blocks 488
End result of coal block auctions 489
Conclusion 490
References 491

7.5 Minerals for future generations: Indian perspective 493

Ajoy Kumar Moitra, S. Chatterjee and Ajit Singh Choudhury

Introduction 493
Li-ion battery—current Indian Scenario 495
Sources of lithium 496
Lithium in battery industry 497
Lithium market 497
Conclusion 499
References 499

Index 501
 



Dedication

The editors of this publication are grateful to be part of the minerals industry that sustained their
adventure, ambitions, and growth in their careers and in the community, and that provided them
the breads for their families. This book is eminently dedicated to “The Services of the Minerals
Industry.”
Editors
 



Contributors

S.K. Adhikari
Central Ground Water Board, Kolkata, India
B.N.P. Agarwal
DMT Consulting Private Limited, Kolkata, India
Sanchit Agarwal
Synergy Consultancy, Kolkata, India
G. Yakovlev Andrey
Geological Institute Russian Academy of Science (GIRAS), Moscow, Russia
A. Banerjee
Gasification and Liquefaction Research Group, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel
Research Institute, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
Nasima Begum
Geological Survey of Bangladesh, Segunbagicha, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Aranya Bhaduri
ISMAA EXOCMING 2018 Technical Committee member
Ankita Bhattacharya
Central Ground Water Board, Kolkata, India
Jayanta Bhattacharya
Department of Mining Engineering and School of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
Sumantra Bhattacharya
Department of Fuel and Mineral Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), India
Pradyut Bora
Oil India Limited, Geology & Reservoir Department, Duliajan, Assam, India
V. Chauhan
Gasification and Liquefaction Research Group, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel
Research Institute, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
Rima Chatterjee
Department of Applied Geophysics, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India
S. Chatterjee
West Bengal Mineral Development and Trading Corporation Ltd., Kolkata, India

xxv
xxvi Contributors

P.D. Chavan
Gasification and Liquefaction Research Group, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel
Research Institute, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
S.G. Chaudhuri∗
Former Senior Scientist, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, India
E.N. Cheremisina
VNIIgeosystem Department, All-Russian Research Geological Oil Institute of The Federal
Subsoil Resources Management Agency (FGBU “VNIGNI”), Moscow, Russia
Manish Chopra
Geological Survey of India, Western Region
Ajit Singh Choudhury
ELI Tech Earth Science Pvt. Ltd. and Synergy Consultancy, Kolkata, India
A.K.M. Chowdhury
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
A.N. Chowdhury
Central Ground Water Board, Kolkata, India
Mohsen Dadashpour
Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Ajoy Kr. Das
Sharda Diesuls Pvt. Ltd.
Baisakhi Das
Department of Applied Geophysics, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India
Bidus Das
Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India; CEO,
Zelence Industry and Pranam Laboratories, India
L.K. Das
DMT Consulting Private Limited, Kolkata, India; Retired DDG of Geological Survey of India,
Kolkata, India
P.C. Das
Geological Survey of India, Eastern Region
Shivaji N. Dasgupta
RDI, Houston, TX, United States

∗ Deceased.
 Contributors xxvii

D.G. Dastidar
Central Ground Water Board, Kolkata, India
P. Datta
Gasification and Liquefaction Research Group, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel
Research Institute, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
S. Datta
Gasification and Liquefaction Research Group, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel
Research Institute, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
S.K. Dey
Geological Survey of India
Shubhabrata Dev
Mineral Industry Research Laboratory, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, United
States; Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks,
United States
M.P. Dikshit
Indian Institute of Technology – Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Dipesh Dipu
Managing Partner & Principal Consultant, Jenissi Management Consultant, Hyderabad, India
G.K. Duarah
Oil India Limited, Geology & Reservoir Department, Duliajan, Assam, India
Karim Ehsanul
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
P.V.S. Eswar
Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Guntur, AP, India
M.Ya Finkelstein
VNIIgeosystem Department, All-Russian Research Geological Oil Institute of The Federal
Subsoil Resources Management Agency (FGBU “VNIGNI”), Moscow, Russia
J. George
Industrial Biotechnology and Waste Utilization Research Group, CSIR—Central Institute of
Mining and Fuel Research (Digwadih Campus), Dhanbad, India; Environmental Technology
Division, CSIR—National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
P. Gopalakrishnan
Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH), Kanjiramattom, Kerala
xxviii Contributors

Dinesh Gupta
Geological Survey of India, CHQ, Kolkata, India

N.K. Gupta
Gasification and Liquefaction Research Group, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel
Research Institute, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Prachi Gupta
Central Ground Water Board, Kolkata, India

Md. Ashraf Hussain

Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh

Syed Aftab Hussain

Department of Occupational Hygiene, National Institute of Miners. Health, India

Emranul Hoque
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh

Md. Ibrahim
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh

Md. Shofiqul Islam

Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh

Md. Zahidul Islam

Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh

P.K. Kakoty
G&R Department, Oil India Limited, Duliajan, Assam, India; Oil India Limited, Geology &
Reservoir Department, Duliajan, Assam, India

Sanjiv Kalita
G&R Department, Oil India Limited, Duliajan, Assam, India

Athay Reashed Kamal

Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh

Amlanjyoti Kar
Central Ground Water Board, Kolkata, India
 Contributors xxix

Md. Hasan Khalid

Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
A.A. Khan
Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Yusuf Sarai, New Delhi, India
Jon Kleppe
Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
V.A. Kulikov
All Russian Geological Institute of Oil (VNIGNI), Moscow, Russia
Arbind Kumar
DMT Consulting Private Limited, Kolkata, India; Department of Applied Geophysics, IIT-ISM,
Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
Manoj Kumar
Forest Deptt CCL
Souparna Lahiri
Part of Community Conservation Resilience Initiative (CCRI), Delhi, India
A.V. Lubimova
VNIIgeosystem Department, All-Russian Research Geological Oil Institute of The Federal
Subsoil Resources Management Agency (FGBU “VNIGNI”), Moscow, Russia
Subodh Kumar Maiti
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering (Centre of Mining Environment), IIT
(ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
Bibhuti B. Mandal
Department of Occupational Hygiene, National Institute of Miners. Health, India
D.S. Manral
Oil India Limited, Duliajan, Assam, India
Veena D. Manwar
Department of Occupational Hygiene, National Institute of Miners. Health, India
R.E. Masto
Industrial Biotechnology and Waste Utilization Research Group, CSIR—Central Institute of
Mining and Fuel Research (Digwadih Campus), Dhanbad, India
Asir Awosaf Chowdhury Mohammed
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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